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Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows
Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals


 It’s hard to attend a dairy meeting these days
     without hearing the term “oxidative stress”
                    at least once.

But very few people, nutritionists included, have
          a full understanding of the term.
What is Oxidative Stress?

 In the cow’s body there is a natural balance between
    the formation of free radicals during the normal
  metabolism of the cells and the internal antioxidant
capacity of the animal that would prevent free radicals
       from accumulating and harming the cells.
     Free radicals are atoms, molecule, or ions with
  unpaired electrons. Free radicals may have positive,
  negative, or zero charge. These unpaired electrons
     cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive.
What is Oxidative Stress?
What is Oxidative Stress?

 In situations where the levels of free radicals exceed
the antioxidant capacity of the animal, oxidative stress
    occurs. High-producing dairy cows are prone to
oxidative stress, and the situation can be exacerbated
under certain environmental, physiological and dietary
                       conditions.
  Free radicals can damage the cells by oxidizing the
 essential fatty acids of the lipid membranes, protein
  and DNA structure. This will impair production and
        compromise health status of the animal.
What is Oxidative Stress?

 Dietary lipids such as supplemental fat, oil seeds and
    distiller grains if not stabilized can be significant
 contributors to the load of free radicals in the animal
in addition to their negative effect on rumen microbial
                           growth.
  Once critical structural damage occurs, antioxidants
    may no longer be able to repair the problems.
Therefore, it is crucial that dairy producers understand
the need for proper balance and the role that nutrition
                           plays.
What is Oxidative Stress?
What is Oxidative Stress?

A cow with a large amount of oxidation occurring will
have more tissue damage and it will have an increased
                cost of maintenance.

 This cow will be spending a larger proportion of its
 energy fixing and repairing processes and tissues,
       rather than producing and reproducing.
Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals


Dietary antioxidants (by protecting dietary lipids from
     being oxidized in the final feed and digesta) can
      reduce the damage of free radicals to rumen
        microorganisms, the feed and digesta and
     therefore reduce the damage of free radicals to
         rumen microorganisms and the animal.
Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals

     In dairy cattle, commercially available dietary
    antioxidants have been shown to improve fiber
digestibility in the rumen as well as milk yield, fat and
          the antioxidant status of the cows.
 The antioxidant defense mechanism of the animal is
  also dependent on other dietary nutrients. Dietary
deficiencies in Se, Cu, Zn, Mn and vitamin E contribute
 to oxidative stress by compromising the endogenous
antioxidant enzymes and the immune response of the
                         animal.
Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals

   Feeding adequate (but not toxic) levels of trace
minerals has been shown to benefit the health status
of the cattle by improving the immune response and
     antioxidant status, leading to better animal
                    performance.
 However, not all trace minerals sources are equally
 available. Under dietary antagonisms, organic trace
mineral have been shown to have higher bioavailability
              than the inorganic forms.
Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals
Causes and Signs of Oxidative Stress

There are many causes of oxidative stress:
Metabolic stress (milk fever, ketosis etc.)
Disease challenges (both bacterial and viral)
Early 1st lactation, low or high body condition score can also
elevate oxidative stress.
Environmental conditions such as heat stress and social stress
increases oxidative stress.
Vitamin and mineral imbalances can be linked to oxidative
stress as well.
Mycotoxins loads are among the most important feed-born
factors contributing to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.
•
Causes and Signs of Oxidative Stress

Clinical signs can include:
Lower dry matter intake and milk production
Retained placenta and other metabolic issues
Udder edema
Mastitis
Delayed first estrus
Delayed first breeding
Repeat breeding resulting from failure to conceive or
from early embryonic death.
Nutrition and Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals

Nutrition plays an important role in oxidative balance.
    Specific ingredients provide protection against
pathogen invasion or exposure. Certain nutrients also
 play a role in oxidative balance by increasing tissue
  integrity, strengthening the barrier to free-radical
                        attack.
  A dairy cow’s nutrition program can help maintain
 oxidative balance. The nutrition program can benefit
from the proper balance of antioxidants, minerals and
                      amino acids
Nutrition and Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals

Talk to your nutritionist about:
Commercially available antioxidant products which
may fit into your herds program. This is particularly
pertinent if you are feeding fat in your TMR.
Make sure that the Vitamin E in your cows’ programs
reflect current recommended standards. I balance for
1000 KIU/head/day in the milking herd and 2000-4000
KIU in the dry herd.
Ensure that trace mineral nutrition in your herd is
adequately addressed; I prefer chelated minerals.
Nutrition and Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals


 Ensure amino acids are balanced in all of your herd’s
  programs. This is particularly true for methionine.
  Methionine can also be converted to the amino acid
  cysteine, which is used extensively by the immune
  system.
Nutrition and Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals

At the barn level:
   Watch vitamins, mineral, amino acids in your herds’
    nutrition.
   Reduce metabolic diseases in your herd with a
    comprehensive dry cow program.
   Vaccinate regularly
   Control heat stress
   Lower social stresses as much as possible with grouping
    strategies.
   Mycotoxins have no place in dairy nutrition, manage them
    accordingly.
   Body condition score regularly.
Jaylor: Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals

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Jaylor: Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals

  • 1. Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows
  • 2. Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals It’s hard to attend a dairy meeting these days without hearing the term “oxidative stress” at least once. But very few people, nutritionists included, have a full understanding of the term.
  • 3. What is Oxidative Stress? In the cow’s body there is a natural balance between the formation of free radicals during the normal metabolism of the cells and the internal antioxidant capacity of the animal that would prevent free radicals from accumulating and harming the cells. Free radicals are atoms, molecule, or ions with unpaired electrons. Free radicals may have positive, negative, or zero charge. These unpaired electrons cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive.
  • 5. What is Oxidative Stress? In situations where the levels of free radicals exceed the antioxidant capacity of the animal, oxidative stress occurs. High-producing dairy cows are prone to oxidative stress, and the situation can be exacerbated under certain environmental, physiological and dietary conditions. Free radicals can damage the cells by oxidizing the essential fatty acids of the lipid membranes, protein and DNA structure. This will impair production and compromise health status of the animal.
  • 6. What is Oxidative Stress? Dietary lipids such as supplemental fat, oil seeds and distiller grains if not stabilized can be significant contributors to the load of free radicals in the animal in addition to their negative effect on rumen microbial growth. Once critical structural damage occurs, antioxidants may no longer be able to repair the problems. Therefore, it is crucial that dairy producers understand the need for proper balance and the role that nutrition plays.
  • 8. What is Oxidative Stress? A cow with a large amount of oxidation occurring will have more tissue damage and it will have an increased cost of maintenance. This cow will be spending a larger proportion of its energy fixing and repairing processes and tissues, rather than producing and reproducing.
  • 9. Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals Dietary antioxidants (by protecting dietary lipids from being oxidized in the final feed and digesta) can reduce the damage of free radicals to rumen microorganisms, the feed and digesta and therefore reduce the damage of free radicals to rumen microorganisms and the animal.
  • 10. Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals In dairy cattle, commercially available dietary antioxidants have been shown to improve fiber digestibility in the rumen as well as milk yield, fat and the antioxidant status of the cows. The antioxidant defense mechanism of the animal is also dependent on other dietary nutrients. Dietary deficiencies in Se, Cu, Zn, Mn and vitamin E contribute to oxidative stress by compromising the endogenous antioxidant enzymes and the immune response of the animal.
  • 11. Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals Feeding adequate (but not toxic) levels of trace minerals has been shown to benefit the health status of the cattle by improving the immune response and antioxidant status, leading to better animal performance. However, not all trace minerals sources are equally available. Under dietary antagonisms, organic trace mineral have been shown to have higher bioavailability than the inorganic forms.
  • 12. Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals
  • 13. Causes and Signs of Oxidative Stress There are many causes of oxidative stress: Metabolic stress (milk fever, ketosis etc.) Disease challenges (both bacterial and viral) Early 1st lactation, low or high body condition score can also elevate oxidative stress. Environmental conditions such as heat stress and social stress increases oxidative stress. Vitamin and mineral imbalances can be linked to oxidative stress as well. Mycotoxins loads are among the most important feed-born factors contributing to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. •
  • 14. Causes and Signs of Oxidative Stress Clinical signs can include: Lower dry matter intake and milk production Retained placenta and other metabolic issues Udder edema Mastitis Delayed first estrus Delayed first breeding Repeat breeding resulting from failure to conceive or from early embryonic death.
  • 15. Nutrition and Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals Nutrition plays an important role in oxidative balance. Specific ingredients provide protection against pathogen invasion or exposure. Certain nutrients also play a role in oxidative balance by increasing tissue integrity, strengthening the barrier to free-radical attack. A dairy cow’s nutrition program can help maintain oxidative balance. The nutrition program can benefit from the proper balance of antioxidants, minerals and amino acids
  • 16. Nutrition and Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals Talk to your nutritionist about: Commercially available antioxidant products which may fit into your herds program. This is particularly pertinent if you are feeding fat in your TMR. Make sure that the Vitamin E in your cows’ programs reflect current recommended standards. I balance for 1000 KIU/head/day in the milking herd and 2000-4000 KIU in the dry herd. Ensure that trace mineral nutrition in your herd is adequately addressed; I prefer chelated minerals.
  • 17. Nutrition and Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals  Ensure amino acids are balanced in all of your herd’s programs. This is particularly true for methionine. Methionine can also be converted to the amino acid cysteine, which is used extensively by the immune system.
  • 18. Nutrition and Oxidative Stress in Dairy Animals At the barn level:  Watch vitamins, mineral, amino acids in your herds’ nutrition.  Reduce metabolic diseases in your herd with a comprehensive dry cow program.  Vaccinate regularly  Control heat stress  Lower social stresses as much as possible with grouping strategies.  Mycotoxins have no place in dairy nutrition, manage them accordingly.  Body condition score regularly.