1. Inquiry 1010 DEPOPULATION EUROPEAN CONTACT AND INDIAN IN THE NORTHEAST: THE TIMING OF THE FIRST EPIDEMICS http://www.andreas.blicher.info/images/hochland_paper.jpg
19. what biological traits did they have?http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/archeo/oracles/draper/drap1.jpg
20.
21. THESIS Using the timing of the first epidemics of the Caribbean and Mexico we can determine when such epidemics reached the Northeast. With that information we can make a more accurate assumption regarding the size of the native population before these epidemics spread and how much of an effect they had on decreasing their population. X
41. the elder may have been “Europeanized”EVIDENCE: Williams, a European native linguist says that a Narragansett elder told him plagues hit the tribe 4-5 years after earthquakes. Plagues coming in 1568, 1574, 1584 and 1592
42.
43. 1576 epidemic could also have been yellow fever or typhoid
45. John Smith, Jacques Cartier and Purchas describe thriving coastal populations in 1604-05EVIDENCE: Plague began in Mexico and spread northward. Symptoms from 1576 Mexican epidemic indicate the plague.
46.
47. no correlation between dated relocations and dated epidemics
48. widely accepted that relocations are a result of depleted resourcesSeneca tribe relocations are evidence of a pandemic EVIDENCE: Combines Williams claim with archaeological relocation evidence and interprets it as proof of pandemic.
61. SO WHY THE TIME LAG? http://www.fm.coe.uh.edu/exhibition/screen/images/cortes_sidea_lg.jpg http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/837/5111787.JPG
62.
63. pandemic assumptions are unnecessary and only serve to suppose unrealistic pre-epidemic population sizes
77. THAT’S WHAT IT MEANS? Maybe… Maybe not… FALLACIES? AD HOC RESCUE: “Perhaps he misunderstood what his informant had said, but this interpretation seems unlikely and would in any case deny the only evidence from the Northeast a fair consideration” (Snow and Lanphear 20) “Perhaps Williams was using his own theory of disease causation in the interpretation of an Indian statement. Alternatively, the source might have been a converted Indian repeating something he had learned or telling Williams what he thought the latter wanted to hear.” (Snow and Lanphear 20-21)
78. THAT’S WHAT IT MEANS? Maybe… Maybe not… FALLACIES? CIRCULAR REASONING: “Documentary evidence of epidemics north of Mexico is sparse for the sixteenth century, and our understanding of epidemics there necessarily depends upon assumptions about how they spread (if they occurred at all). The product of our assumptions can only occasionally be tested by documentary or archaeological evidence, and the evidence is so scanty and ambiguous that it can be made to support almost any reasonable hypothesis”(Snow and Lanphear 16)
83. Dean Snow and William A. Starna wrote “Sixteenth-Century Depopulation: A view from the Mohawk Valley” – follows same fallacies
84.
85. Critical: “If Snow and Lanphear did read my actual analysis of the 1556-59 influenza epidemic, then they have deliberately falsified their description of the analysis by not citing it”(Dobyns 288)
86. Believes there is little evidence and some scholars don’t think that evidence matters
87.
88.
89.
90. Henige, David. “On the Current Devaluation of the Notion of Evidence: A rejoinder to Dobyns.” Ethnohistory 36:3 (1989) : 304
91.
92. Snow, Dean R. and Kim M. Lanphear. “European Contact and Indian Depopulation in the Northeast: The timing of the First Epidemics.” Ethnohistory 35:I (1988) : 15-28
93. Snow, Dean R. and William A. Starna. “Sixteenth-Century Depopulation: A view from the Mohawk Valley.” American Anthropologist 91 (1989) : 143