1. TERM PAPER
IIT Delhi
Management of Intellectual Property Rights
SML 802
MUKTESH CHANDER IPS
2006 SMZ 8216
Prior Patents in Finger Print Systems

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DACTYLOGRAPHY
The Science of Fingerprints is also called
Dactylography

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- William Herschel (1833-1918)
• Working as the Assistant Joint Magistrate and
Collector in colonial India, Herschel is credited with
being the first European to recognize the value of
fingerprints for identification purposes.
• In 1859 he began collecting, as keepsakes, the
fingerprints of his friends and relatives and took note
of how each impression was unique to the individual
and observed that the patterns did not change over
time.
PIONEERS

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1858 CONTRACT

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Sir Edward Henry (1850 - 1931)
• As the Inspector General of Police for Bengal
Province in India, he set out to solve the problem of
fingerprint classification.
• Henry went back to India and assigned two Bengali
police officers to study the classification problem.
• Hemchandra Bose,(1897) Aka Rai Bahadur
Hemchandra Bose was one of the Indian Police
Officers in Bengal who worked for Sir Edward
Richard .
• Haque, Azizul (1800's)Aka Khan Bahadur Azizul
Huq wasthe other Indian Police Officers in Bengal
who worked for Sir Edward Richard Henry and
helped him develop the Henry System of
Classification.
• Haque devised a mathematical formula to
supplement Henry's idea of sorting slips in 1024
pigeon holes, based on fingerprint patterns.
• Henry's team in India was successful in setting up a
classification system called Henry System of
Classification which was officially adopted by British
India in 1897.
The first “Finger Print Bureau” in the world
was officially established in Kolkatka on 12
june 1897 at Writers’ Building.

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Fingerprint Detector and Developer
Patent No. 1540680
Date of filing December 23, 1923
Date of patent issued June 2, 1925
Patentee Arthur E. Bergouist of Lindstrom
Minnesota
Description :
The receptacle formed by the casing 1 is supplied with a sufficient
quantity of chemicals adapted to adhere to the lines of a finger
print and hence bring the said lines out for identification purposes.
The face of the device is then placed over the finger print and the
crank 12 is turned whereupon the chemicals will be picked up by
the cross slats 10 as said slats pass over the large pulleys, and
thereafter the chemicals will be thrown by the cross slats against
the surface bearing the finger print with the result indicated.
Manifestly some of the chemicals will adhere to the lines of the
finger print and the excess chemicals will fall and be caught in the
receptacle afforded by the casing
PRIOR PATENTS

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Latent Print Lifting Means
Patent No. 1937575
Date of filing November 19, 1928
Date of patent issued December 5, 1933
Patentee Richard M. Joyee, St. Louis
Description:
The device consists of a flexible material, such as a fabric E, having an
even coating of a finely textured, gum-like substance F, by which the
print is lifted, and upon which it is recorded and preserved. While there
are a number of materials suitable for this purpose, crepe rubber,
rendered plastic by treatment with a suitable rubber softener, and
intermixed in suitable pro-portions with guayule, cottonseed oil, carbon
black, and pine tar, has been found to produce a compound having the
desired qualities. The surface is provided with a covering, preferably
of transparent material. Clear celluloid has been found to be a suitable
material. To lift a latent print from an object, the impression first is
lightly dusted with a suitable powdered pigment, for example,
aluminum powder. It provide a contrasting image against the darker
field of the rubber lifting and preserving medium.

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Method of Obtaining Fingerprints
Patent No. 2028619
Date of filing March 14, 1935
Date of patent issued
Patentee J. MeCarthy, Boston, Mass
Description:
It is a new finger print powder preferably consisting of
hydroquinone and acacia ground together by mixing eight
parts hydroquinone and one part acacia by weight. A
sensitized sheet such as photographic film or sensitized
paper is used for taking the finger print impression, first
wetting it in an alkaline solution preferably consisting of
sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphite and sufficient water. The
sensitized sheet is soaked in this solution for one or two
minutes and excess moisture is then removed from it before
taking the impression. Finger print is sprinkled with the
powder and finger print lines are then brushed out carefully
in accordance with the present practice soaked in an
alkaline solution for one or two minutes, which solution may
consist of sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphite and water, as
previously described. The sensitized sheet is placed face
down on the finger print and pressed down to eliminate any
air bubbles.

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Fingerprint Machine
Patent No. 2153684
Date of filing July 23, 1937
Date of patent issued April 11, 1939
Patentee Harold L. Ballard, Syracuse
Description:
This invention relates to fingerprint machines for use in
conjunction with the identification cards. It is a simple and
efficient device by the use of which the fingers can be linked
and the cards held in a plurality of positions for taking the
different impressions without harming the card or blurring
the impressions.

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Fingerprint Card or Sheet Holder
Patent No. 2254530
Date of filing October 2, 1940
Date of patent issued Sept. 2, 1941
Patentee Edward Kessick
Description:
This invention relates to new and useful improvements in a
fingerprint card or sheet holder. The purpose of having the
flat downwardly and rearwardly extending rear portion of the
support strip is that the four fingers of each hand may be
conveniently rested or rolled thereon to obtain good plain or
rolled fingerprints. The support strip may be tilted to various
positions so that its flat downwardly extending rear portion
may assume various inclinations.

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Finger Printing
Patent No. 2313807
Date of filing February 3, 1941
Date of patent issued March 16, 1943
Patentee G.P. Churry
Description:
Prior to the present invention, it has been very difficult to make
finger prints of a deceased person and often the prints obtained
have been unsatisfactory. In the present system the end portion of
the finger is coated with a solution of a plastic composition capable
of drying or solidifying by mere exposure to air. By exposing the
coating to the surrounding air for a short period of time, a solid
flexible coat is produced having accurately molded in its inner
surface an impression representation of the marking upon the
finger. The coat then is removed from the finger and turned inside
out so that the impression of the markings on the finger now is
located in the outer surface of the coat. The solution of plastic
composition used in the preferred practice of the invention is a
colloidal solution of rubber or latex in a volatile solvent containing
sufficient ammonia to prevent coagulation of a latex when not
directly exposed to the air but insufficient to prevent coagulation
when a thin film of the solution is exposed to the air.:

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Fingerprint Powder and Method of Application
Patent No. 4176205
Date of filing March 24, 1976
Date of patent issued November 27, 1979
Patentee Orlando G. Malina
Assignee Rockwell International Corporation,
EI Segundo, Calif
Description:
Fingerprint powder and method for developing latent
fingerprints therewith, such powder comprised of a
powder carrier, especially a mixtue of silica and talc,
containing a coloring agent, preferably a fluorescent
dye such as Morton Fluorescent Yellow. The
fingerprint powder can be applied by blowing the
powder over a surface containing latent fingerprints,
or by brushing or pouring the powder on such
surface, or by immersion thereof in such powder,
thus developing and revealing a bright, sharp
fingerprint, which can be photographed or lifted by
applying tape or a strippable coating over the print.

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Pattern Recognition System
Patent No. 4525859
Date of filing September 3, 1982
Date of patent issued June 25, 1985
Patentee Romald E. Bowles, David E. Bowles
Description:
A pattern recognition system which detects line bifurcations and line
endings, denoted minutiae, in a pattern of lines such as are found in a
fingerprint is disclosed. In one embodiment, an image of a pattern is
focused on a conventional matrix of image sensors or pixels. An
interface circuit serially reads the voltages from the pixels and applies
them to an automatic, programmable threshold detector which
optimally selects a cutoff voltage and outputs a binary signal
representative of the presence of a point to a minutiae detection circuit.
One part of this circuit electrically reforms the matrix on a first-in-first
out basis and simultaneously forms a smaller submatrix or window.
Another part of the detection circuit determines firstly if a point is
present in the central array of the window, and if so, secondly whether
no more than two points, which are also contiguous, are present in the
peripheral part of the submatrix. In such a case, a minutia has been
located and a memory stores the address of the window.

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Image Enhancer
Patent No. 4832485
Date of filing September 3, 1982
Date of patent issued May 23, 1989
Patentee Romald E. Bowles
Assignee Commonwealth Technology, Inc.,
Alexandria, Va.
Description:
An image enhancer for providing a sharp, contrasting image of
a pattern, such as a fingerprint pattern is disclosed. In one
embodiment, an image enhancer is comprised of a viscous,
opaque liquid interposed between an optical glass window and
a reflective electrometric membrane. Artificial lighting is evenly
focused on the underside of the membrane and a sharp
fingerprint image of a finger pressing said membrane against
the window is produced. The image can be either
photographed or focused on a conventional matrix of image
sensors or pixels.

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Automatic Fingerprint Identification System including
Processes and Apparatus for Matching Fingerprints
Patent No. 4790564
Date of filing February 20, 1987
Date of patent issued December 13, 1988
Patentee Philippe Larcher, Francois Irigoin-
Guchandut, Daniel Vassy, Michel
Lenci, Patrick Longepierre, Bernard
Didier
Assignee Morpho Systems, Avon, France
Description:
The invention is an automatic method and related apparatus
for identifying fingerprints by means of comparing the minutiae
of each fingerprint in a data base of fingerprints with selected
ones of pre computed vector images order to determine the
existence or not of a fit between the minutiae of a file print and
the pre-selected search minutiae images, in position and angle.

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Automatic Fingerprint Classification/
Identification System and Method
Patent No. 5465303
Date of filing November 12, 1993
Date of patent issued November 7, 1995
Patentee Laurence L. Levison, Paul B.
Goldberg, Scott D. Stanek
Assignee Aeroflex Systems Corporation,
Plainview, N.Y.
Description:
An automated fingerprint classification and identification system used
to determine or verify the identity of an unknown person by comparing
one or more of the person’s fingerprints (I.e., the unknown fingerprints)
to known fingerprints stored in a database. The components of the
present invention include: (1) an apparatus and method for
automatically classifying and storing the fingerprints in the database
according to a lesser known manual 10 fingerprint classification
method (the Vucetich classification and sub classification method), and
(2) an apparatus and method for limiting the search of the database to
only those fingerprints that are of the same classification as the
unknown fingerprint(s). By endowing the standard automatic
fingerprint identification systems with automated fingerprint
classification and storage features of the present invention, the present
invention reduces the amount of time required for an automated
fingerprint identification system’s “matcher” (the processing unit that
searches the database) to complete a database search, thus
increasing the speed of the system and/or reducing the number of
matches required to obtain a desired processing speed. In practical
terms, the effect of the present invention is to lower the cost of the

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Fingerprint Identification System
Patent No. 5799098
Date of filing April 3, 1997
Date of patent issued August 25, 1998
Patentee James R. Ort, Douglas L. Lange,
Frederick W. Kiefer, Raymond J.
Dennison
Assignee Calspan Corporation, Buffalo, N.Y.
Description:
In this method for comparing one fingerprint to another, there is
recorded for each fingerprint the location and angle of minutiae
along with a quality measure of each minutiae, and the core
and delta location along with the local average image. As
image state map defining high quality image areas with and
without minutiae and areas of low image quality is also
recorded. In matching fingerprints, ridge angle maps are used
to align fingerprint images, then state maps are compared
followed by a comparison of minutiae locations. Fingerprints
are scored according to closeness of march using a dual
hypothesis technique where corresponding areas on file prints
and candidate prints are provided with a positive score based
when there is correspondence between good quality areas
containing minutiae and good quality areas containing no
minutiae, and a negative score is generated when minutiae are
present in a good quality area in one fingerprint and where no

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Hand-Held Fingerprint Recognition and
Transmission Device
Patent No. 6111977
Date of filing April 17, 1997
Date of patent issued August 29, 2000
Patentee Walter Guy Scott, James E. Davis,
Ellis Betensky
Assignee Cross Match Technologies, Inc.
Description:
A portable fingerprint recognition transmitter that is compact,
being less than the size of a cigarette pack, allowing the
fingerprint recognition transmitter to be carried by an individual
in a pocket or purse. The fingerprint recognition transmitter
operates to take the image of the fingerprint and formulates a
fingerprint image capable of transmitting through infrared or
radio frequency to a receiver having previously stored
fingerprint images so as to cause a comparison between the
image taken and the image stored for purposes of unlocking a
security area.

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System and Method for Automatically
Verifying Identity of a Subject
Patent No. 5917928
Date of filing July 14, 1997
Date of patent issued June 29, 1999
Patentee Mikhail Shpuntov, Alexandre
Pletnev, Mikhail Berestetskiy
Assignee BES Systems, Inc., Brooklyn, N.Y.
Description:
The system employs a novel global image comparison
approach by first acquiring a reference fingerprint image from a
user during an enrollment stage, obtaining a set of multiple
reference segments from the reference image representative
of unique portions thereof, and later during a verification stage
obtaining a verification fingerprint image from a user seeking
access to the secured area of object, determining the most
likely positions for the multiple reference segments over the
verify image, and then comparing all pixels of the reference
image enclosed by the multiple reference segments to all
pixels in a portion of the verify image overlaid by the multiple
reference segments in their current positions over the verify
image in accordance with a dynamically determined threshold
that is individually tailored for the user providing the reference
image during the enrolled stage.

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Latent Fingerprint Lifting and Recordation
Device
Patent No. 6494489
Date of filing May 24, 2001
Date of patent issued December 17, 2002
Patentee John M. Massimo, Sr.
Assignee Pro-Lift Fingerprint Collection
System, Inc., Bradenton, FL(US)
Description:
A latent fingerprint lifting and recordation device of the type which
provides a permanent and official fingerprint document. The device
includes a flexible transparent latent fingerprint lifting sheet having one
adhesive surface and a flat opaque somewhat thicker, less flexible
sheet defining a perimeter frame and a removable central area which
defines a protective cover, the perimeter frame being substantially
similar in size and shape to that of, and adhered in generally
coextensive fashion on one surface thereof against the adhesive side
of the fingerprint lifting sheet. When the transparent fingerprint lifting
sheet, with the perimeter frame adhesively attached thereto, is
separated from the protective cover, an imaged latent fingerprint may
be lifted and recorded on the adhesive surface. The latent fingerprint
thereafter is protectively sandwiched for viewing through the
transparent sheet when the protective cover is adhesively reattached
to the adhesive surface to form a permanent fingerprint document.

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Method and System for Quality based
Fingerprint System
Patent No. 6973206
Date of filing April 29, 2004
Date of patent issued December 6, 2005
Patentee Peter Lo
Assignee Motorola, Inc. Schaumburg, IL(US)
Description:
A method including the steps of receiving (202) a search
record; generating (206) at least one hierarchical cluster, each
having a difference minimum quality level; for each cluster,
generating (210) at least one corresponding search package
having a first set of search prints; selecting the highest quality
cluster (218), a search package (222) and corresponding the
records for performing a search (226); determining (230)
whether a hit was found between any file print in the
corresponding file records and any search print in the selected
search package; and proceeding with the search process
through the remaining quality clusters in an order based on
decreasing quality until a match is found or until there are no
remaining file records against which to compare a search

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