a comprehensive presentation on air pollution made by mujahid hussaini from university of sargodha,sargodha

3. What is air
 A mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and minute amounts of
other gases, surrounds the earth and forms its atmosp
here.
 It is the clear gas in which living things live and
breathe.
 It has an indefinate shape and volume.
 It has no color or smell.
 It is a matter as it has mass and weight.

4. What is Air

5. What is air

7. Air POllution
• Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals,
particles or biological material that cause harm or
discomfort to humans or are unhealthy for humans or
other living organisms plants and animals, or damage
the natural enviornment into the atmosphere.
 Any visible or invisible particle or gas found in the air
that is not part of the origional, normal composition.

8. Pollutants

9. What are air pollutants
 A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans
other living organisms (including plants and animals)
or the enviornment is known as air Pollutants
 Or
 Things that pollute air are call air pollutants

10. Classification or
Types of air pollutants
based on origin
 There are two types of pollutants
 Primary
 Secondary

11. Types of pollutants
Primary pollutants(Halogen compounds)
 A primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from
a source .
 Some examples are under as
 Carbon monoxide ( CO )
 Lead ( Pb )
 Sulphur dioxide ( SO2 )
 Carbon dioxide ( CO2
 Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2)
 Nitrogen oxide ( NO )
Volatile organic compounds ( CH4 )

23. Types of pollutants
Secondary pollutants
(formaldehydes)
 A secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but
forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the
atmosphere. E.g (smog)
 SO3 , SO4 , H2SO4 , HNO3 , NO3 , O3
Salts , H2O2 , peroxyacetyl nitrate (PANs)
 Are even more dangerous than primary

26. smog

30. Types of pollutants

31. Forms of air pollutants

32. Forms of air pollutants
 They can be in the form of
 Solid partices
 Liquid drops
 Or gases

33. causes of air pollution OR
Sources of air pollution
 The Sources of air pollution may be classified into
two groups
 1 .Natural sources
 2.Man made sources

34. Natural sources
 Atmospheric reactions
 Dust and aerosol
 Microorganisms
 Pollen
 Radioactive substances

35. Natural sources
I. Atmospheric Reactions
In the atmosphere, different types of chemical reactions
are always going on.
In the lower atmosphere the gases and vapours are
always converted into solids and liquids by
condensation or oxidation.
In the upper atmosphere, the photochemical reations
are going on by the absorption of ultra-violet solar
radiations.

36. Natural sources
 Atmospheric Reactions
It breaks the complex molecules of organic
matters.
The products of atmospheric reactions come
down to earth by rain, snowfall, etc

37. Natural sources
“2’ Dust and aerosol
The dust and aerosol which are present in atmosphere cosist
of salt particles from Sea water, airborne particles,
bacteria, …etc
The particles remain suspension in air .

38. Natural sources
 ‘3’ Micro-organisms
 The are in the form of yeast , algae, fungi ,bacteria,
…etc.
 These organisms can be transported by wind to far
distances and can affect plants, animals, and human
beings.

39. Natural sources
 ‘4’ pollen
 These may enter from the flowers of plants including the
trees, grasses, and weeds and may be transported from
place to place by wind.

40. Natural souces
Radioactive substances
 The radioactivity of the atmosphere is caused by the
radioactive materials present the crust of the earth and the
action of cosmic rays.
 The radioactive substances such as radium, uranium,
thoridium, …etc are responsible for the imparting the
radioactivity of air.

41. Man made sources
 There are so many man made sources that cause
pollution in air , from which some are discused under
here
 Combustion of fuel
 Thermal and nuclear power plants
 Industries
 Vehicular popullation
 Construction materials
 System of sanitation
 Nuclear combustion

42. Man made sources
Combustion of fuel
 In domestic areas, the burning of coal, wood, oil, and LPG
(Liquefied petroleum gas) form harmfull gases which
pollute the air and cause different diseases in humans as
well as in other organisms.

43. Man made sources
Thermal and nuclear power plants
 The thermal power plants contribute sulphur dioxide ( a
cause of acid rain).
 The nuclear power plants contribute radioactive fly ashes
to the atmospheric air.

44. Man made sources
Industries
 The industries like iron and steel manufacturing, oil
refinery, chemical factories, petrochemical plants, pulp and
paper , …etc cause a serious air pollution.
 The smelting and refining of non-ferrous metals also
impart much air pollutants.

45. Man made sources
Vehicular pollution
 The towns and cities are crowded with trucks, buses,
minibuses, cars, taxies, …etc. which exhaust carbon mono
oxide
( CO ) in large scale. This gas is very dangerous to human
health.

46. Man made sources
Construction materials
 The manfacture of bricks, cement, stone chips, …etc.
 Pollute the atmosphere by discharging smoke, gases and
dusts.

47. Man made sources
System of sanitation
 The unscientific disposal of garbage products foul gases ,
bad odour and insanitary condition.
 In towns where the conservancy system is followed, the
system of disposal of night soil produces foul gases , fly
irritaiton …etc

48. Man made sources
Nuclear combustion
 The expermental combustion of nulear weapons pollutes
these atmosphere by radioactive ashes.
 Again the combustion in nuclear research centre ,also
develops radioactive substances which pollute the
atmosphere

49. Mining operations
 Mining is a process wherein minerals below the earth
are extracted using large qeuipments.
 During the process dust chemicals are released in air
causing massive air pollution.
 This is one of the reason which is responsible for the
deteriorating health conditions of workers and neardy
residents,

50. Sources of air pollution

52. Effects of air pollution
 Global warming
 Acid rain
 Smog
 Ozone deplition
 Diseases
 Respiratory problems
 Asthama
 Heart problem

53. Effects of air pollution
 Mortality
 Cardiovescular
 Cystic fibrosis
 Lungs diseases
 Cancer
 Dificulty in breathing
 Wheezling

54. Effects of air pollution
 Irritation of eyes , noise , mouth , throat ,
 Coughing
 Bronchitis
 Reduced energy level


56. Management

57. Difference between perfect
combustion and typical engine
combustion
 Perfect combustion
 Fuel + air  CO2 + H2O unaffected nitrogen
 Typical engine combustion
 Fuel + air  unburned hydrocarbons + nitrogen oxides
(Nox) + carbon monoxide CO + CO2 + water

58. Air pollution management
Air pollution management aims at the elimination, or
reduction to acceptable levels, of airborne gaseous
pollutants, suspended particulate matter and physical
and, to a certain extent, biological agents whose
presence in the atmosphere can cause adverse effects
on human health
Or
To reduce or eliminate the air pollutants from air which
is harmful for humans and other organisms is known
as air pollution management

59. Air pollution management
 Typical measures in air quality management are
control measures at the source
 for example
 enforcement of the use of catalytic converters in
vehicles or of emission standards in incinerators,
land-use planning
 shut-down of factories or reduction of traffic during
unfavorable weather conditions.

60. Air pollution management
 implementing a wide range of measures
 covering land and sea transport
 power plants
 non-road mobile machinery to reduce air pollution.
 electricity generation by fuel (minimum it)

61. Air pollution management
Ways to Reduce Air Pollution
We make choices everyday that can
help reduce air pollution. Below are
a few ideas that you can take to
help clean our air.

62. Air pollution management
 At Home
 Conserve energy - turn off appliances and lights when
you leave the room.
 Recycle paper, plastic, glass bottles, cardboard, and
aluminum cans. (This conserves energy and reduces
production emissions.)

63. Air pollution management
 Buy green electricity-produced by low-or
even zero-pollution facilities.
 Connect your outdoor lights to a timer or
use solar lighting.
 Wash clothes with warm or cold water
instead of hot.

64. Air pollution management
 Lower the thermostat on your water heater to 120F.
 Use low-VOC or water-based paints, stains, finishes,
and paint strippers.
 Test your home for radon-a dangerous, radioactive gas
that is odorless and tasteless. If the test shows elevated
levels of radon, the problem can be fixed cost
effectively.

65. Air pollution management
 Choose not to smoke in your home,
especially if you have children. If you or your
visitors must smoke, then smoke outside.

66. Air pollution management
Buy Smart
 Buy ENERGY STAR products, including energy
efficient lighting and appliances. They are
environmentally friendly products.
 Choose efficient, low-polluting models of vehicles.

67. Air pollution management
 Choose products that have less packaging
and are reusable.
 Shop with a canvas bag instead of using
paper and plastic bags.
 Buy rechargeable batteries for devices used
frequently.

68. Air pollution management
Drive Wise
 Plan your trips. Save gasoline and reduce air pollution.
 Keep tires properly inflated and aligned.
 In the summertime, fill gas tank during cooler evening
hours to cut down on evaporation. Avoid spilling gas
and don't "top off" the tank. Replace gas tank cap
tightly.

69. Air pollution management
 Avoid waiting in long drive-thru lines, for example,
at fast-food restaurants or banks. Park your car
and go in.
 When possible, use public transportation, walk, or
ride a bike.
 Get regular engine tune ups and car maintenance
checks (especially for the spark plugs).

70. Air pollution management
 Use an energy-conserving (EC) grade motor
oil.
 Report smoking vehicles to your local air
agency.
 Join a carpool or vanpool to get to work.

71.  Assignment of : Ecology
 Submitted to : Dr. Ghani
 Submitted by : Mujahid hussain
 Roll No. : 127
 Class : Bs botany 6th (S.S)
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
THANK YOU 