Dell Hymes was an influential linguist known for developing the concept of communicative competence. He argued that knowledge of grammar rules alone is not sufficient for language use, and that speakers must also understand appropriate social usage. Hymes proposed that communicative competence includes not only linguistic competence, but also sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competence. Lyle Bachman later expanded on this model by dividing organizational competence into grammatical and textual competence, and pragmatic competence. Together, Hymes and Bachman shaped understanding of the full range of knowledge and skills required to communicate effectively.

1. DE GUZMAN, MIA MILAGROS T.
II-17 BSE ENGLISH
ESL/EFL
PROF. M. PALMA

2. HYMES
BACHMAN

3. Getting to
Know…
DELL
HATHAWAY
HYMES

4.  Born in Portland, Oregon on the 7th of June,
1927
 Died on the 13th of November, 2009 in
Charlottesville, Virginia due to the
complications of his Alzheimer’s disease
 Linguist, sociolinguist, anthropologist, and
folklorist
 “Two Types of Linguistic Relativity” (1966);
“On Communicative Competence” (1972)

5.  His work in the Army as a DECODER is part of what
influenced him to become a linguist
 INFLUENCES ON HIS WORKS:
 American Tradition:
Franz Boas, Edward Sapir and Harry Hoijer
 Prague Linguistic Circle:
Roman Jakobson
 Sociologist:
Erving Goffman
 Ethnomethodologist:
Harold Garfinkel, Harvey Sacks, Emanuel SChegloff and Gail
Jefferson

6. Hymes
Pioneering the study of
the relationship between
language and social
context
Focused on poetics
(poetic organization
of Native American
oral narratives)

8.  Sometimes referred to as pragmatic or
sociolinguistic competence
 Knowledge necessary to use language
in SOCIAL context, as an object of
linguistic inquiry
 Coined by DELL HYMES (1966) in
reaction to Noam Chomsky’s notion of
“linguistic competence” (1965)

9. Question:
What do you (as a
language learner) think is
the goal of LANGUAGE
COURSE?

10. Probable Answer:
It is to teach the
GRAMMAR and
VOCABULARY of that
language.

11. Question:
What is YOUR own
PERSONAL GOAL as an
L2 learner?

12. Probable Answer:
It is to be able to
COMMUNICATE in the
L2 of your choice.

13. In linguistics terminology, a
language course should not
only have “linguistic
competence” as its goal, but
“communicative competence”
in GENERAL.

14.  “…a normal child acquires knowledge of
sentences not only as grammatical, but also as
appropriate. He or she acquires competence as
to when to speak, when not, and as to what to
talk about with whom, when, where, in what
manner. In short, a child becomes able to
accomplish a repertoire of speech acts, to take
part in speech events, and to evaluate their
accomplishment by others.”
(Hymes 1972, 277)

15.  A language learner/user
needs to use the
language not only
CORRECTLY but also
APPROPRIATELY.

16. LINGUISTIC DISCOURSE
SOCIO
LINGUISTIC
STRATEGIC

17.  Linguistic competence is the knowledge of the
language code, i.e. its grammar and vocabulary, and
also of the conventions of its written representation
(script and orthography).
 grammar component includes:
 Phonetics
 Phonology
 Morphology
 Syntax
 Semantics

18.  Sociolinguistic competence is the knowledge of
socio-cultural rules of use, i.e. knowing how to use and
respond to language appropriately.
 appropriateness depends on:
 setting of the communication
 Topic
 relationships among the people communicating
 knowing what the taboos are
 what politeness indices are used
 what the politically correct term would be for something
 how a specific attitude (authority, friendliness, courtesy,
irony etc.) is expressed

19.  Discourse competence is the knowledge of how to
produce and comprehend oral or written texts in the
modes of speaking/writing and listening/reading
respectively. It’s knowing how to combine language
structures into a cohesive and coherent oral or written
text of different types.
 discourse competence deals with:
 organizing words, phrases and sentences in order to
create conversations, speeches, poetry, email messages,
newspaper articles etc.

20.  Strategic competence is the ability to recognize and
repair communication breakdowns before, during, or
after they occur.
 For instance:
 the speaker may not know a certain word, thus will plan
to either paraphrase, or ask what that word is in the
target language.
 During the conversation, background noise or other
factors may hinder communication; thus the speaker
must know how to keep the communication channel
open.
 After, clarifications can be made if the presentation of
the topic was not clear enough.

21.  Hymes developed a valuable model to
assist the identification and labeling of
components of linguistic interaction
that was driven by his view that, in
order to speak a language correctly, one
needs not only to learn its vocabulary
and grammar, but also the context in
which words are used.

22.  The model had sixteen components that can
be applied to many sorts of discourse:
message form; message content; setting;
scene; speaker/sender; addressor;
hearer/receiver/audience; addressee;
purposes (outcomes); purposes (goals);
key; channels; forms of speech; norms of
interaction; norms of interpretation;
and genres.

23.  Hymes constructed the acronym SPEAKING, under
which he grouped the sixteen components within
eight divisions:
 S - Setting and Scene
 P - Participants
 E - Ends
 A - Act Sequence
 K - Key
 I - Instrumentalities
 N – Norms
 G - Genre

24.  Setting – physical
circumstances
Scene – psychological setting or
cultural definition

26. • Speaker and
audience
- Audience can be
distinguished as
ADDRESSEES
and OTHER
HEARERS
Participants

27. Ends
Purposes, goals,
and outcomes
Act Sequence
Form and order
of the event

28. Key
Clues that establish the
"tone, manner, or spirit"
of the speech act
Instrumentalities
Forms and styles of
speech.

29. Norms
 Social rules governing the
event and the
participants' actions and
reaction.
Genre
 The kind of speech act or
event; for the example
used here, the kind of
story.

31. Getting to
Know…
LYLE
BACHMAN

32.  Chair of the Department of Applied
Linguistics and TESL at the University of
California, Los Angeles
 “ Fundamental Considerations in Language
Testing” (1990) and “Language Testing in
Practice” (1996), co-authored with Adrian
Palmer
 lfb@humnet.ucla.edu

33. Language
Competence
Organizational
Competence
Grammatical
Competence
Textual
Competence
Pragmatic
Competence
Illocutionary
Competence
Sociolinguistic
Competence

34. • The organizational competence is divided into grammatical
competence and textual competence.
• Bachman’s grammatical competence is consonant with Canale
and Swain’s grammatical competence.
The textual competence, pertains to the knowledge of
conventions for cohesion and coherenceand rehetorical
organization. It also includes conventions for language use in
conversations, involving starting, maintaining, and closing
conversations.
• Bachman’s textual competence have both the part of Canale and
Swain’s discourse competence and
the part of their strategic competence.

35.  Bachman’s pragmatic competence, mainly focuses on
the relationship between what one says in his or her
communicative acts and what functions
he or she intends to perform through his or her
utterances.

36.  Bachman, Lyle (1990). Fundamental Considerations in
Language Testing. Retrived from
http://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Fundamental_C
onsiderations_in_Language_T.html?id=5_KJCfkWgqcC&re
dir_esc=y
 Chomsky, Noam (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.
Cambridge: M.I.T. Press
 Hymes, Dell H. (1966). “Two Types of Linguistic Relativity.”
In Bright, W. Socioliguistics. The Hague: Movton pp. 114-
158
 Hymes, Dell H. (1972). “On Communicative Competence.”
InPride, JB; Holmes, J, Sociolinguistics: Selected Readings.
Harmonds Worth: Penguin pp. 269-293

37.  http://humanidades.uprrp.edu/smjeg/reserva/Estudios%20Hisp
anicos/espa3246/Prof%20Sunny%20Cabrera/ESPA%203246%20-
%20On%20Communicative%20Competence%20p%2053-73.pdf
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Hymes
 http://anthropology.virginia.edu/node/1366
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_competence
 http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/10400/1/RAEI_21_09.p
df
 http://www.zoltandornyei.co.uk/uploads/1995-celce-murcia-
dornyei-thurrell-ial.pdf
 http://www.appling.ucla.edu/faculty/bachman/
 http://elearning.la.psu.edu/aplng802/lesson-3/four-areas-of-
communicative-competence-discourse-and-strategic-
competence