1. GRAMMAR BOOK
By: Carla Shockey

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Preterite
 Demonstrative Adjectives/Pronouns
 Ordinal Numbers
 Prepositions
 Future
 Imperfect
 Possessive Pronouns/Adjectives
 Reflexives

3. PRETERITE
Trigger Words
A pretérite is a perfected
action in the past.
Snake Verbs
Dormir
Snakey Verbs
Leer
Dormí Leí
Dormimos Leimos
Dormiste Leiste
Durmió Leyó
Dumieron Leyeron
Snake verb: Repetir, Pedir, and Dormir
Snakey Verbs: Creer, Destuir, Construir
Andar Anduv-
Estar Estuv-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Querer Quis-
Saber Sup-
Tener Tuv-
Venir Vin-
-e -imos
-iste -isteis
-o -ieron
Dar (give) /
Ver (see)
Di
Vi
Dimos
Vimos
Diste
Viste
Dio
Vio
Dieron
Vieron
Ir (go) /
Ser (be)
Fui Fuimos
Fuiste
Fue Fueron
Hacer ( do /
make)
Hice Hicimos
Hiciste
Hizo Hicieron
Spock Verbs
Cucaracha

4. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES/ PRONOUNS
 These words demonstrate and point out nouns.
 They also agree with the gender and number of modified nouns.
Masculine Feminine
this; these Este Esta
That; those Ese Esa
That; those
(over there)
Aquel Aquella
Singular
Masculine Feminine
this; these Estos Estas
That; those Esos Esas
That; those
(over there)
Aquellos Aquellas
Plural AQUI
ALLI
ALLÁ
*This and these get the “T”*
The adjective or
pronoun used relies
on the distance from
speaker, and the
proximity to listener.
•Demonstrative Pronouns have an accent of the first
e:é
•Demonstrative Pronouns are used when identity of
noun has already been established.
* 3 Neuter Demonstrative Pronouns*
Esto
Eso
Aquello
Not Male or
Female
(NEUTRAL)

5. ORDINAL NUMBERS
 When you talk about the
order of items, you use
ordinal numbers.
 When used with nouns
they must agree in
number and gender.
 Primero and tercero drop
the “o” before a masculine
singular noun.

6. PREPOSITION
encima (de)
Debajo (de)
Dentro (de)
Fuera (de)
arriba
abajo
•You can talk about the
location of things using
prepositions.
•Other prepositions include:
cerca (de), entre (de), delante
(de), detrás (de), izquierda
(de), derecha (de), al lado (de),
and lejos (de).
*Use de only
when a specific
location follows
the expression.* *The words
abajo and
arriba are
never followed
by de.*

7. FUTURE
 One way to talk about the future is to do:
ir + a + infinitive
 You can use the present tense when the context makes it clear that you are
talking about the future.
 You can also use the future tense by adding a special set of endings to the
infinitive.
Infinitive Future stem
Decir Dir-
Hacer Har-
Poner Pondr-
Sali Saldr-
Tener Tendr-
Valer Vald-
Venir Vendr-
Poder Podr-
Querer Querr-
Saber Sabr-
Endings
é
ás
á
emos
éis
án
You still use the
same future
tense endings.

8. IMPERECT
 A past tense can include imperfect.
*Here are the only verbs that don’t follow the regular pattern*
-ar
Cantar
-er
Tener
-ir
Salir
Canteba Tenia Salia
Cantabas Tenias Salias
Cantaba Tenia Salia
Cantabamos Teniamos Saliamos
Cantabais Teniais Saliais
Cantaban Tenian salian
ser ir ver
era iba veia
eras ibas veias
era iba veia
éramos íbamos veiamos
erais ibais veíais
eran iban veian

9. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS/ADJECTIVES
All possessive adjectives agree in gender
and number with the nouns they describe.
Also, they have a long form which is more
expressive.

10. REFLEXIVES
 Reflexives are used to describe people doing things for themselves.
 In the reflexive construction, the subject is also the object.
 The subject, the pronoun and the verb are all in the same form.
Ex: Yo me levanto a las ocho de la mañana.
Form the verb
Levantarse
Conjugate the verb…
me levanto nos levantamos
te levantas es levantáis
se levanta se levantan