Denver Post Iraq War coverage and Brutal Interrogation Tactics investigative reporting

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Allies take cities, oil sites;
troops halfway to Baghdad
Forces race
toward capital,
but tank clash
causes concern
By Michael Booth
and Karen Augé
Denver Post Staff Writers
U.S. and British forces rolled
across the Euphrates River and
pushed more than halfway to Bagh-
dad on Saturday, securing southern
Iraqi cities and key oil facilities
without major bloodshed, although
a fierce tank battle and huge explo-
sions from 500 cruise missiles
warned of bleaker scenes ahead.
American tanks and troop carri-
ers raced 200 miles north of Ku-
wait, leapfrogging at least one
problem area in Basra by sur-
rounding it and moving on. Bagh-
dad suffered most of the continu-
ing “shock and awe” aerial cam-
paign, with a new round of furious
explosions from Tomahawk cruise
missiles and guided bombs hitting
the capital just after sunset.
Invading forces captured and
crossed an important bridge
across the Euphrates, opening the
way for a parallel race up another
highway toward Baghdad.
Iraqis lit pools of oil afire south
of the capital city, reportedly to
make U.S. bombing runs more diffi-
cult.
In Kuwait, a soldier from the
101st Airborne Division was killed
and 16 were wounded Sunday
morning local time when two hand
grenades were thrown into the 1st
Brigade technical operations cen-
ter at Camp Pennsylvania, U.S.
Army officials said.
An American soldier was held as
a suspect, an Army spokesman
said. The soldier, who was not iden-
tified, is a member of the 101st Air-
borne and was found hiding in a
Associated Press / Takanori Sekine
bunker after the attack.
An Iraqi soldier is detained by Army 3rd Infantry Division troops after he surrendered Saturday at An Nasiriyah in southern Iraq. Up to 2,000 Iraqi soldiers have surrendered. Max Blumenfeld, an Army
spokesman, said the soldier’s mo-
tive “most likely was resentment.”
Marine platoon deals with death
EXPANDED COVERAGE Accidental deaths continued to
BEGINS ON PAGE 4A dominate the casualty reports, as
two British navy helicopters collid-
ed over the Persian Gulf, killing
GRENADE ATTACK the seven on board, including one
Blasts kill one, Comrade killed during first combat that also took lives of five Iraqi soldiers U.S. Navy officer. On Thursday,
eight British and four U.S. Marines
died when their helicopter crashed
hurt up to 16; qi soldier in the first action by scores of Iraqi soldiers surren- and you see these four guys walk-
By Doug Mellgren south of the port Umm Qasr, again
without enemy fire anywhere in
Echo Company’s 1st Platoon of the dered, many walking toward the ing toward you with their hands
The Associated Press
the area.
15th Marine Expeditionary Unit af- Americans in strict military for- up. We knew they were surrender-
U.S. soldier SOUTHERN IRAQ — Lance
Two U.S. Marines have died in
ter it entered Iraq from northern mation under a white flag. ing.”
Cpl. Joseph Willems was approach-
combat: one battling Iraqi infantry
Kuwait on Friday. But there were still a few hold- “But then somebody shouts,
ing one of many bunkers dug into
is held. 4A in southern areas to secure an oil-
“The only time I freaked was outs. The Marines, covering each ‘There’s two in the hole! There’s
Iraq’s desert when he saw the muz-
pumping station, the second fight-
when I saw his eyes, and my weap- other, stopped and scrambled over two in the hole!’ ” said Jacobs, who
zle fire.
ing near Umm Qasr.
on jammed. I kept backing up and the ground, repeating the move- leads the 1st Platoon.
“I looked down and saw shots be-
Iraqi pronouncements said more
it kept jamming,” Willems said. ments as they approached each The Marines reacted immediate-
ing fired, and I just went ‘ooooh,’
HONORING THE FALLEN than 200 civilians were injured in
It was early morning. By the bunker. There were bursts of gun- ly, and shot both, then threw in a
and jumped back,” said the 19-
the waves of missile strikes on
end of the day, Echo Company had fire, often from machine guns, and grenade that blew a plume of sand
year-old Marine from Kenosha,
Profiles of Baghdad. The Arab-language net-
lost one Marine, killed five Iraqis the heavy thud of hand grenades. and black smoke out of the bunker.
Wis. “Saw a guy in a blue sweat
work al-Jazeera showed gruesome
and taken 400 prisoners. “It was very eerie,” said Lt. Will- “I didn’t want to get shot, so I
shirt, and took a hip shot with my
soldiers who images of children and other al-
The Marines were clearing an iam Todd Jacobs, 24, of Cincin- shot him first,” Cpl. Juan B.
saw.”
leged casualties from bombing as
area of bunkers in southern Iraq, nati. “There was smoke every-
With his “saw” — slang for ma-
forces surrounded Basra.
Please see FRONT on 9A
near the port of Umm Qasr, after where. It’s our first time in Iraq,
chine gun — Willems killed the Ira-
have died. 8A An apparent car bomb killed an
Australian journalist and four Ira-
Tens of thousands in U.S. qis in Kurdish areas of northern
Iraq, where a radical Kurdish
HEADING OUT group with ties to al-Qaeda prom-
hit streets, decry attacks ised terrorist strikes. Three British
Fort Carson journalists traveling on their own
were missing in southern Iraq.
troops prepare U.S. forces chief Gen. Tommy
Staff and wire reports chanting, “This is what democra- Franks offered the first local brief-
cy looks like.” Then, gesturing to- ing of the invasion’s progress from
Anti-war activists throughout
to depart. 18A ward the president’s residence, Central Command headquarters in
the nation and around the world
they shouted, “That is what hypoc- Qatar, promising the fighting
returned to the streets Saturday
would be “unlike any other in histo-
risy looks like.”
to protest the U.S.-led war in Iraq,
SEEKING SOLACE ry.” Franks described both the suc-
In Salt Lake City, demonstra-
with demonstrations underway in
cess of seeing hundreds of Iraqis at
tors held a “Funeral for Democra-
a number of U.S. cities, including
In anxious a time heeding U.S. leaflets to sur-
cy,” carrying coffins they said rep-
New York, where a 3-mile-long
render in mass formation, and the
mass of marchers paraded down resented the death of the United
grief from even limited casualties
times, a turn Broadway. Nations, civil liberties, and civil- as pockets of Iraqi forces put up a
New York’s rally was the larg- ians and soldiers in Iraq. fight.
est, but there were other demon- In Chicago, about 500 war pro-
toward the “There may be tough times
strations and acts of civil disobedi- testers faced 3,000 people who ahead,” Franks said.
Associated Press / Franck Prevel ence across the country. In Wash- gathered in Federal Plaza in sup- President Bush, in his weekly ra-
familiar. 24A ington, a few thousand people
Activists in Paris wave an Iraqi flag, left, and a partially burned U.S.
Please see PROTESTS on 20A Please see WAR on 4A
flag while protesting the U.S.-led war on Iraq. WORLD PROTESTS, 21A marched near the White House,
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Sunday, March 2, 2003 · News updates at DenverPost.com
‘Kingpin of al-Qaeda’ arrested
WAR WATCH
Pakistan turns over suspected planner of 9/11 attacks to U.S.
Missiles destroyed: Iraq begins
destroying its Al Samoud 2
missiles, as ordered by the United
over to the United States and taken to 400 al-Qaeda suspects have been de- called a joint operation in capturing Mo-
By Erik Eckholm
Nations. 27A an undisclosed location out of the coun- tained in a cooperative effort that has hammed.
The New York Times
U.S. troops rejected: Turkey’s try, a senior Pakistani official told The opened President Pervez Musharraf to “Khalid Shaikh Mohammed is one of
ISLAMABAD, Pakistan — Khalid
Associated Press today. criticism from Islamic political forces Osama bin Laden’s most senior and sig-
parliament deals a blow to U.S. Shaikh Mohammed, suspected of plan- at home.
The arrest represents a major victo- nificant lieutenants, a key al-Qaeda
war plans by refusing to let ning the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on New ry in the U.S.-led global search for piv- “We have finally apprehended Khalid planner and the mastermind of the
American troops begin preparations York and Washington and one of the otal leaders of al-Qaeda — the men Shaikh Mohammed,” Musharraf spokes- Sept. 11 attacks,” said the statement,
Mohammed:
to open a northern front. 27A FBI’s most wanted terrorists, was ar- who planned the suicide hijacking at- man Rashid Qureshi said late Saturday. issued by Ari Fleischer, the White
One of three rested by Pakistani authorities on Satur- tacks on the World Trade Center and “He is the kingpin of al-Qaeda.”
Arab summit: The United Arab House press secretary.
terror suspects day morning, officials here said. Pentagon, and other terrorist acts. In Washington on Saturday, the White Officials suspect that Mohammed
Emirates calls for Saddam Hussein
arrested Satur- After he was interrogated by Paki- It was also the most prominent ar- House issued a statement praising Paki-
to go into exile. 22A
Please see ARREST on 27A
stani officials, Mohammed was handed
day in Pakistan. rest yet in Pakistan, where more than stani and U.S. officials for what it
Academy
‘If they are above 10 years old, they will not take them. Once they turn 12, they send them home.’
M.D. Zahuruislam, trainer in Kuwait camel racing stables, on the child jockeys
haunted
by culture
of distrust
Rape victims’ treatment leads
to calls for fundamental change
By Amy Herdy, Erin Emery and Miles Moffeit
Denver Post Staff Writers
AIR FORCE ACADEMY — At the academy, fe-
male cadets who have been raped face a culture that
commonly neglects and even vilifies them for report-
ing the crime.
The academy itself has described an environment
that can be “offensive, intimidating or threatening to
women.” That was a decade ago, in a survey of ca-
dets.
More than two dozen interviews with current and
former cadets, military officials including the secre-
tary of the Air Force, parents, counselors and experts
indicate little has changed.
Women are offered little counsel or support if they
are attacked. They live in a realm in which upper-
classmen wield great power. Their complaints often
are sidetracked, or their own behavior is used against
them. They sometimes remain in close quarters with
the men who raped them.
The atmosphere is so bad, said former cadet Libby
The Denver Post / Craig F. Walker
Saum, “they need to prepare freshman female cadets
A young jockey prods his camel toward the finish line at the third annual Kuwait Championship. Most jockeys are from outside Kuwait.
for being raped, if not physically, then mentally.”
And the leadership of the academy, while express-
Saddled with a risky ride ing concern about sexual assault, rarely takes strong
enforcement action against attackers, and is so dis-
trusted that many women seek outside, civilian help.
“Clearly, we’ve got a problem, and we need to fix
it,” said Lt. Gen. John Dallager, superintendent of the
academy. “The entire military atmosphere and the
atmosphere within the Air Force and at the Air Force
Child jockeys key to sport of camel racing in the Kuwaiti desert Academy is built upon trust and confidence. And, in
my view, that is a character issue.”
Please see ACADEMY on 6A
cardboard boxes into trucks They also take turns The Kuwaitis for whom these Sudanese boys
By Jim Hughes
sitting astride milk crates. race refer to them in Arabic as “chicks.” They are
Denver Post Staff Writer
the subjects of complaints from human rights ad-
They bounce and bounce, whipping their plastic
SULAIBIYA, Kuwait — When they are not
vocates, who say young children should not be put
mounts until they crack. They move around on
Embattled
working, the little Sudanese boys crouch in the
the sand, making the appropriate noises with astride large animals for sport. They allege that
sand outside the gates of the Kuwait Camel Rac-
their mouths. some camel jockeys essentially are slaves, sold
ing Club, playing at their work.
into the sport from poor countries like Sudan and,
“Hit it with the stick! Hit it with the stick!” one
Most of them are barefoot. Some wear socks.
excited boy yells from atop the dune. more often, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Each has a thin white leash on his right wrist,
USOC chief
Usually, it is the men yelling, hoping one of Men involved in the sport here say camel rac-
dragging the attached riding switch through the
their expensive racing camels will carry a small ing allows these boys to keep in touch with a rich
sand. When they argue, the boys brandish these
boy around the club’s track fast enough to win part of their history and culture.
sticks like swords. They make toys from trash,
them a sterling silver sword, cash or, best of all, a
which is strewn among the sand. Some pick up A sprawling neighborhood of white canvas tents
Ward resigns
car.
plastic grocery bags, hold them open and release
Please see RACING on 24A
These boys are professional camel jockeys.
them to the wind — kites without strings. Or turn
By Bill Briggs
Denver Post Sports Writer
Friends of teen victims COLORADO SPRINGS — Lloyd
Ward resigned Saturday as head of
the U.S. Olympic Committee, end-
gather at scene of crash ing a scandal-torn, 16-month reign
marked by a staff mutiny and re-
lentless criticism from everyone
from senators to sponsors.
15-year-old boy, a 15-year-old girl
By John Ingold At least three of Ward’s lieuten-
and a 14-year-old boy — all died
Denver Post Staff Writer ants also were asked to step down
Saturday by Sen. Ben Nighthorse Ward: Head of
at the scene of the crash, on Ken
A day after three Chatfield High
Caryl Avenue just west of Conti- Campbell, who wants “a clean USOC had been
School students died in a devastat-
nental Divide Road. It was the sec- slate” at the top of the embattled dogged by six
ing car accident, their friends,
ond fatal crash involving Chatfield USOC.
neighbors and families trudged ethics scandals.
students this year. “Lloyd Ward did the right thing,”
through a biting wind and snow to
Among those killed in Friday’s said Campbell, a Colorado Republi-
lay flowers, teddy bears and other
accident was 15-year-old Michael can and one of three senators leading a congressional
remembrances at the crash site.
Heykoop, an avid basketball play- overhaul of the organization. “It seems to me whoev-
Some came alone Saturday, hold-
er and a ready learner, his family er he brought in on his management team should
ing single bouquets of flowers. Oth-
said. follow suit.”
ers came in groups, in large vans
Ward will receive no compensation package, unlike
and caravans of cars. “I think the biggest thing about
16 former USOC officials who were paid a total of
All came with questions. Michael, he was contagious,” said
$4.5 million in severance over the past two years,
“They were just the nicest guys,” Heykoop’s sister, Virginia. “He had
records show. Ward will get one year of medical bene-
14-year-old Bailey Parker said of a contagious smile, a contagious
the two boys who died in the crash. fits and a laptop computer.
laugh. When Michael was around
The Denver Post / Karl Gehring
“And it’s, like, why did this have to and you were having a bad day, Since January, Ward has been dogged by six ethics
Students from Deer Creek Middle School gather Saturday at the scene of an
happen to them?”
Please see DEATHS on 16A Please see USOC on 10A
accident on Ken Caryl Avenue that killed three Chatfield High students.
The three teenagers — a
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4. THE DENVER POST
SPECIAL REPORT
MONDAY, MAY 5, 2003 SECTION E
A regime removed,
a promise to keep
Associated Press / Laurent Rebours
Marine Cpl. Edward Chin of New York drapes a U.S. flag over a statue of Saddam Hussein in Baghdad’s Firdos Square on April 9. The flag was removed before the statue was toppled.
After ousting Hussein, the U.S. shapes Iraq’s future
under pressure to tread lightly and leave quickly
By Michael Booth and Kevin Simpson fear, then it is worth it,” she said. “How can you put a value on that? Is
Denver Post Staff Writers
that worth one life? Two? A hundred? If my husband had died, it would
S
addam Alwan Jabar was liberated by American troops just still have been worth it.”
in time to help clean up the lawlessness that Saddam Hus- The takeover of Iraq reflected all this: American idealism, worldwide
sein’s overthrow created in the streets of Baghdad. wariness, Arab apprehensions.
“We want two things,” said Jabar, 55, a garbage man who America’s unmatched military forces put muscle to a bold new policy of
was making his rounds voluntarily, with his young sons as preventive warfare, smashing through punchless Iraqi troops, dishearten-
assistants, because he could no longer stand the stench from ing many on the streets from Cairo to Tehran and boosting Pentagon
the trash piling up in his neighborhood. “We want America advisers who argue the best U.S. defense is a swift, wide-ranging offense.
to get back our (everyday) security. And we want a new President Bush removed Hussein from power without the painful mili-
government run only by the Iraqi people.” tary morass, domestic terrorist strikes or Middle East uprising predicted
Thank you. by many critics. Armed forces transformed by precision air strikes took
Now get out. all of Iraq at the cost of far fewer American lives than the 1991 Gulf War.
It is a concise, sharply worded conclusion to an American invasion that Bush declared an end to the fighting last week.
signaled a revolution in U.S. foreign policy and ousted the Middle East’s Twenty-four million Iraqis appeared grateful for the largely accurate
most brutal dictatorship. and lightning-fast use of American force to liberate them but quickly
But those who sacrificed to make it so refuse to grow cynical quite that turned sour about chaotic looting and the heavy hand of what some called
quickly. an imperial occupation.
Sharon Hoffstetter of Colorado Springs has been married to a military Now comes the challenge of Americans finding an attention span long
man for 12 years and has been with him for only four. Lt. John Hoffstet- enough to make lasting changes in the Middle East. U.S. aid officials
ter, an Army flight surgeon, is lucky to call home from Iraq once a week. started planning the reconstruction of Iraq before their colleagues in the
Don’t sully the sacrifices of her husband, or the good intentions of the military had even begun deconstructing it. But the wilting U.S. economy
United States, with petty second-guessing, Sharon Hoffstetter said. John demands attention, even as troops continue to search Iraq’s deserts and
has missed precious years with his 10-year-old daughter, Ashley, to give palaces for the weapons of mass destruction that Bush used to justify his
freedom to 10-year-old girls half a world away.
“If a nation of little girls can now be educated and grow up without CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

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December 15, 2003
‘WE GOT HIM’
U.S. soldiers pull Saddam Hussein from hole in ground
‘A dark and painful era Tyrant faces interrogation Capture unlikely to end
is over,’ Bush tells Iraqis and war-crimes prosecution insurgency, experts caution
By John Aloysius Farrell
Denver Post Staff Writer
U.S. forces hauled Saddam Hussein out
of a crude underground hiding place
near Tikrit and took him into custody
over the weekend, announcing his cap-
ture as many Americans awoke early
Sunday morning to televised proclama-
tions of “We got him.”
Widely broadcast video of an unkempt
and wild-haired Hussein meekly submit-
ting to physical examinations by his cap-
tors was expected to boost the spirits of
coalition forces, reinforce respect for
American power in the region and reas-
sure the uncertain Iraqi people, many of
whom feared that the dictator might
someday return to power.
“I have a message for the Iraqi peo-
ple,” President Bush said in a televised
address at midday Sunday from the
White House. “You will not have to fear
the rule of Saddam Hussein ever again.
… In the history of Iraq, a dark and pain-
ful era is over.”
Some 600 soldiers tracked Hussein to
a dirt hole 8 feet deep outside a farm-
house near his hometown, capturing the
elusive dictator without firing a shot.
The 66-year-old former Iraqi leader was
taken captive after 8 p.m. Baghdad time
on Saturday by members of the Army’s
4th Infantry Division, acting on informa-
tion gleaned during U.S. questioning of
members of a family “close to him,”
Army Maj. Gen. Ray Odierno, command-
er of the division, said during a briefing.
The small compound near the village
of Adwar is about 10 miles southeast of
Hussein’s hometown of Tikrit, generally
considered the seat of resistance in the
country. The immediate area contained
two farmhouses, a farmer’s field, a
sheep pen and a hut in the middle where
Hussein was hiding. It was close to the
Tigris River, and soldiers found boats
nearby, Odierno said.
The bedroom of the two-room hut con-
tained one chair, one bed and “lots of
clothes strewn all over the place,” Odier-
no said. A rudimentary kitchen had a
sink with running water and an area to
cook in. The hole where Hussein was
found was outside the structure. Odierno
said a Styrofoam insert and a rug cov-
ered the opening, which were then cov-
Associated Press
SEE HUSSEIN ON 20A
Deposed Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein is shown on television Sunday after his capture near Tikrit. Hussein was said to be disoriented when U.S. forces found him.
Boost for Bush could prove fleeting How they
RISE AND FALL
HUSSEIN’S RULE
Chronicling Saddam Hus-
found him:
sein’s ruthless rule of Iraq, Several of Bush’s Democratic rivals, As Bush himself found out this year,
By John Aloysius Farrell
from his rise to power from and Mike Soraghan meanwhile, immediately attacked one of events can turn quickly. In May, the
the nation’s Cabinet in their own, front-runner Howard Dean, who
Denver Post Staff Writers flight-suited president landed on an aircraft
Tip was key
opposed the war in Iraq. carrier off the California coast, a prominent
1968 to his unceremonious WASHINGTON — President Bush, who
The president, who offered brief, earnest banner declaring “mission accomplished.”
played the capture of Saddam Hussein
fall this year during a U.S.-
remarks Sunday, could let the nonstop tele- Seen as a public relations coup then, it
straight and somber Sunday, appeared to
led war. 22A vision coverage of the developments in Iraq
get a short-term political boost from the increasingly looked boorish and self-promot- By Eric Schmitt
speak for him.
weekend’s events. ing as the American death toll in Iraq The New York Times
REACTION “In talking to the president this morning”
But political experts cautioned that climbed. BAGHDAD, Iraq — The hunt for Sadd-
Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, R-Tenn.,
Bush’s gain could be only temporary. Iraq “Unlike the gloating flyboy” of May, Bush am Hussein had become a maddening
JOY AND CAUTION said on “Fox News Sunday,” “he made it
still holds dangers for American soldiers acted with restraint this weekend, Demo- challenge.
How the world is reacting very clear … that politics has nothing, noth-
and foreign policy. And others, not Hus- Eleven times in the past several
cratic pollster Peter Hart said. “I think he
ing, nothing to do with today … that today
sein, threaten the United States with terror-
to the capture of Saddam months, members of a brigade combat
SEE BUSH ON 23A
ism. is a celebration for the Iraqi people.” team from the Army’s 4th Infantry Divi-
Hussein — from Baghdad
sion thought they had a bead on Hussein
to Colorado. 25A, 27A-29A
and launched raids to kill or capture
Iraqis react with mix of cheers and questions him, only to come up emp-
INSURGENCE ty, sometimes missing INSIDE
their man by only a mat-
WHAT’S AHEAD ter of hours, military offi- Anatomy of
By Beth Potter the capture.
Former dictator may hold a cials in Baghdad said.
Special to The Denver Post
But at 8:26 p.m. Iraq 21A
valuable key to stemming
BAGHDAD, Iraq — Many Iraqis took to the streets time on Saturday, less
the tide of opposition to the Sunday after the announcement that U.S. forces had than 10 hours after receiving a decisive
Iraq reconstruction. 26A captured Saddam Hussein. tip from a member of his tribal clan, 600
U.S. soldiers and special-operations forc-
Bursts of gunfire heralded the news from morning
es backed by tanks, artillery and Apache
VIOLENCE through the lunch hour as word spread like wildfire.
helicopter gunships surrounded two ru-
Some children and young people danced. Drivers
BOMBING KILLS 17 ral farmhouses and near one of them
honked their horns.
found Hussein hiding alone at the bottom
But most were not out to celebrate. Instead, as
Suicide car bombing out-
of an 8-foot hole. He surrendered with-
evening fell, hundreds of drivers waiting in miles-long
side a Baghdad police out a shot.
lines to buy gas gathered in small groups to discuss
station kills 17; another “He could have been hiding in a hun-
the previously unthinkable situation.
blast strikes early today in dred different places, a thousand differ-
For many, news of the capture was bittersweet.
ent places like this all around Iraq. It
Baghdad. 30A Because Hussein’s Baath Party ruled with an iron fist
just takes finding the right person who
for 35 years, it was shocking to hear he had been
will give you a good idea where he might
hiding in a hole. Some people said they were sur-
COMPLETE COVERAGE be,” Maj. Gen. Raymond Odierno, com-
prised he had not committed suicide or come out
20A-30A mander of the 4th Infantry Division, told
shooting. reporters at his headquarters in Tikrit
“Saddam now seems like a normal person,” said on Sunday.
Khalid Issa, 48, a construction foreman. “I’m not sure In recent weeks, U.S. officials had
CALL THE DENVER POST how to feel.” started a new analytical effort to draw
Newsroom: Others questioned whether the disheveled man they up a list of people likely to be hiding
2B saw on television with the long beard really was Hus- Hussein. The list included bodyguards,
Los Angeles Times / Carolyn Cole
Home sein. former palace functionaries, tribal lead-
Eight-year-old Hiba Ahmen Qusai celebrates with her family Sunday night in
delivery: “How long does it take to do a DNA test?” asked ers and others not prominent on previ-
front of the Iraqi Communist Party headquarters in Baghdad. Most Iraqis were
303-832-3232
SEE IRAQIS ON 27A more subdued in their reaction to the news of Saddam Hussein’s capture. SEE CAPTURE ON 20A
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