2. Referencing and the bibliography
As part of your dissertation, you must show where you found all
relevant pieces of information and historiography.
Referencing In your main text, you should include a
description of where you found each
relevant piece of information
Bibliography At the end of your dissertation you should
include a list of all the different sources that
you used
There are different ways to complete both of these tasks
3. Referencing and the bibliography
There are numerous options for referencing and bibliographies but
the two most commonly used are:
Oxford This involves using footnotes (small elevated
numbers next to each reference with details at
the foot of the page) and then a list of sources at
the end of the report
Harvard This uses in-text citations (naming the author and
published date in the main text body) before
giving a full list of all sources at the end
5. Oxford referencing
For Oxford referencing:
1. Next to the relevant fact, quotation, etc, place a small,
superscript (elevated) number
Go to ‘Add footnote’ in the References section of Microsoft Word.
2. At the bottom of the page, write out the full details of the
source e.g. author, title, publisher, year and page number
3. At the end of the entire dissertation, include an alphabetical list
of all sources used (no page numbers needed)
7. Oxford referencing
Using ibid
If the source you are quoting is the exact same as the one above,
you can write ibid instead of writing out the entire source again
(1) Thomas Asbridge, The Crusades, Simon & Schuster, 2012, p37
(2) Jonathan Riley-Smith, A history of the Crusades, Oxford University Press,
1995, p212
(3) ibid, p317
8. Oxford referencing
Using op cit
If the source you are quoting is one you have already used (but
not immediately above), you can write op cit instead of writing out
the entire source again
(1) Thomas Asbridge, The Crusades (Simon & Schuster, 2012) p24
(2) Jonathan Riley-Smith, A history of the Crusades (Oxford University Press,
1995) p212
(3) Asbridge, op cit, p43
9. Oxford referencing
Source How to reference
Books Norman Davies, Europe at war: 1939-1945 (Pan Books, 2006),
page 29
Journals Stephen Mossman, "Dorothea von Montau and the Masters of
Prague," Oxford German Studies, (2010), page 106
Websites Stephen Fry, "A London Secret Shared," The New Adventures of
Stephen Fry, Dec 5, 2011, accessed Aug 8, 2013,
http://www.stephenfry.com/2011/12/05/londonlibrary/
Documentaries "Britain’s Crimes of Honour," Panorama, BBC1, Mar 19, 2012,
television broadcast
10. Oxford referencing
Bibliography
• "Britain’s Crimes of Honour." Panorama. BBC1. Mar 19, 2012.
Television broadcast
• Davies, Norman, Europe at war: 1939-1945, Pan Books, 2006
• Fry, Stephen, "A London Secret Shared," The New Adventures of
Stephen Fry, Dec 5, 2011, accessed Aug 8, 2013,
http://www.stephenfry.com/2011/ 12/05/londonlibrary/
• Mossman, Stephen, "Dorothea von Montau and the Masters of
Prague," Oxford German Studies, (2010)
12. Harvard referencing
For Harvard referencing:
1. Next to the relevant fact, quotation, etc, in (brackets) write the
author’s surname, published date and, if relevant, the page
number
(Prescott, 1910, p23)
2. At the end of the entire dissertation, include an alphabetical list
of all sources used (no page numbers needed)
14. Harvard referencing
Source How to reference
Books (Davies, 2006, pages 33-35)
Websites (Peston, 2012)
Journals (Selman, 2012, pages 114-115)
Documentaries (Panorama: Britain's Crimes of Honour, 2012)
15. Harvard referencing
Bibliography
• Davies, Norman (2006). Europe at war 1939-1945. Pan Books
• Panorama. (2012). Britain’s crimes of honour. BBC1 television, 19
March 2012
• Peston, R. (2012). Can Tesco grow again in Britain? [Online] BBC
News. Last updated: 18 April 2012. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ business-17748586 [Accessed 19 April
2012]
• Selman, P. (2012). The global decline of intercountry adoption: what
lies ahead? Social Policy and Society, 11(03)
17. Writing the Bibliography
• The Bibliography should be the final section of your report
• The Bibliography does not count towards your word limit
• The Bibliography must be in alphabetical order (either based on
all source types or split into sections e.g. books, websites)
• Make sure you use consistent referencing throughout
• The SQA recommend including a commentary on each source
18. Writing the Bibliography
One possible layout suggestion….
Source Comment
Geoff Layton, Weimar and the Rise of Nazi
Germany 1918-33, Hodder Murray, 2005
A good introductory text to the overall topic. It
included all main points although additional
sources were needed when researching specific
details about the main events
Finlay McKichan, Germany 1815-1939, Oliver &
Boyd, 1992
Similar to the Layton text, this is a good source for
gaining a background knowledge of the topic but
more in-depth sources were required to research
my specific issues
Spartacus Educational website, Nazi Germany
section, http://spartacus-
educational.com/GERnazigermany.htm
An excellent resource for primary sources. This
gave access to different primary views, split into
easily accessible sections, alongside a summary of
each event
