2. (Double final consonant before -ed, -ing, -
er, -en, -est)
travel, travelled
stop, stopped, stopping
permit, permitted
forgot, forgotten
3. silent e at the end of a word. Remove silent e
before -ing
hope, hoping
make, making
use, using
4. ee
meet, feet, steep
ei (sounds like ee)
believe ( BUT i before e except after C) – receive
ea (sounds like ee)
eat, seat, creature, peach
ea (sounds like ai)
bear
ai (same sound as a - e)
air, explain
be careful of homophones (hair, hare; fare, fair)
oa (same sound as o - e)
soap
8. silent gh (makes long vowel)
bought
thought
high
right
ff sound
cough
rough
tough
laugh
9. For most plurals, simply add an S
Words ending consonant y go to -ies
baby, babies
lady, ladies
family, families
hobby, hobbies
For words ending vowel + y just add s
donkey, donkeys
valley, valleys
boy, boys
Irregular plurals
child, children
sheep, sheep
person, people
10. Words ending in f often change to ves
shelf, shelves
loaf, loaves
leaf, leaves
Add -es to words ending in ch, sh, s, ss, x, zz
witch, witches
bus, buses
box, boxes
Nouns ending in o
If a vowel comes before o, just add an s
zoo, zoos
patio, patios
If a consonant comes before the o, add -es
potato, potatoes
hero, heroes
EXCEPTION -words from Italian - musical words like
piano and cello