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Contrast variable and absorption costing and identify the advantages and disadvantages of each. If the units produced exceed unit sales, which method would you expect to show the higher net operating income, variable costing or absorption costing? Explain and justify your answer. Solution If the units produced exceed sales, there will be closing inventory. Valuation of the same from both the methods will vary ie in case of variable costing the value of inventory will be lesser than absorption costing because only the variable mannufacturing overheads will be considered for valuation. Hence the profit incase of variable costing will also be lesser than the profit in case of absorption costing. .

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Need 2 sets.So total 2 fresh posts and 4 replies Describe the differences in behavior of fixed costs, variable costs, semi-variable costs and step costs. Then discuss how break-even analysis and contribution margin can be useful in making business decisions. Submission Instructions: Any written explanations should use complete sentences, and appropriate grammar, punctuation, spelling and word usage. Your initial post should be at 200-300 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources. Your initial post is worth 8 points. You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. Your reply posts are worth 2 points (1 point per response.) All replies must be constructive and use literature where possible. Post by classmate 1 In describing the differences in behavior of fixed costs, variable costs, semi-variable costs and step cost, it is imperative to understand what each are and how they affect expense to an organization. A fixed cost is an expense to a business that does not change by either an increase or decrease in business activity. Some examples of fixed cost are rent or business insurance. These expenses remain constant regardless of business volume. A variable cost on the other hand, increases or decreases based on business activity or volume. Some examples of variable costs are ingredients in a product made. If one has a company that makes plastic cups, then variable expense of plastic or ingredients to make plastic cups increase with volume or business activity. Conversely, the variable expense to produce the product line decreases with less volume or business activity. The sum of fixed costs and variable costs is total costs. The key takeaway here is more production increases variable cost but fixed costs remain constant; but with increased volume in relation to unit cost reduces the fixed cost per unit. For example if fixed costs for an organization is $10,000, when more products are produced the per unit cost reduces the fixed unit cost per unit. This(increased volume) is a good thing. According to reading of bookkeeping express, “Semi-variable costs consist of both fixed and variable costs. Part of the cost stays consistent (often a base cost) and part fluctuates with business activity. Examples include commission payments and overage charges Step costs are unique as they are a fixed cost that fall within certain threshold based on increased volume or decreased volume. This is an investment decision based on either taking on or not taking on new customers based on increasing expenses. This fixed cost can actually change." The contribution margin is the sales prices of a product minus the variable cost to produce that product. If we them input this calculation over the units sales price, we get the contribution margin ratio. The break- even analysis determines at which point a company ...

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A rigid, well-insulated gas cylinder contains N0 moles of an ideal gas at a temperature ToÂ Â and pressure Po. A venting valve is opened and the gas is pumped out of the tank. Derive an expression for the instantaneous temperature in the cylinder as a function of the number of moles of gas remaining in the cylinder. What is the final temperature Tf, if the tank is evacuated to Nf = 0? Is the prediction physically realistic? The heatÂ Â capacity at constant volume of the gas is independent of temperature. Solution PV = nRT nT = PV/R = constant nT = K Tdn + ndT = 0 Tdn = - ndT dT/dn = - T/n dT/T = -dn/n Integrating both sides ln T = - ln n + C at n=No ; T =To so ln To = - ln No + C C = ln To + ln No = ln To*No so ln T = ln To*No - ln n ln T = ln (To*No/n) T = (To*No)/n as n = Nf = 0 Twill tend to infinity...this is not practically possible .

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a societal right. None of the above. a group right. Both A and B. an individual right. Solution 1) quota , goal 2) By the end of 19th century , the supreme court was interpreting statutes and amendments in such a way that freedom for black americans were expanded 3) an individual right for owns a fire arm and may posses a gun on his person may consider his gun ownership in district of columbia. .

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A simple camera telephoto lens consists of two How far behind the concave lens should the film be placed? Express your answer using two significant figures concave lens with a focal length f210.1 cm The object to be photographed is 4.01 m in front of the objective lens. cm Submit Part B What is the linear magnification of this lens combination? Express your answer using two significant figures. Solution The image from the first (convex) lens is formed at a distance i1 from the object 1/o1 + 1/i1 = 1/f1 1/401 + 1/i1 = 1/39 i1 = 43.2 cm This image is formed 43.2 - 36.0 = 7.2 cm behind the second lens. That becomes the virtual image of the convex lens at i2 = -7.2 cm. The object for that image is 1/o2 + 1/i2 = -1/f2 1/o2 - 1/7.2 = -1/10.1 o2 = 25.1 cm o2 is actually the image of the lens system (interchange object and image in the concave lens formula). Image i1 has magnification 43.2/401 = 0.108, and the image i2 has magnification 25.1/7.2 = 3.5. Overall magnification is 0.108*3.5 = 0.378 .

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A priniciple purpose of a representation letter from management is to: Solution Management representation is a letter issued by an auditor\'s client to the auditor in writing as one of audit evidences. The date of the document must not be later than the date of audit work completion. It is used to let the client\'s management declare in writing that the financial statements and other presentations to the auditor are sufficient and appropriate and without omission of material facts to the financial statements, to the best of the management\'s knowledge. it is a form letter written by a company\'s external auditors, which is signed by senior company management. The letter states that all of the information submitted is accurate, and that all material information has been disclosed to the auditors. The auditors use this letter as part of their audit evidence. The letter also shifts some blame to management, if it turns out that some elements of the audited financial statements do not fairly represent the financial results, condition, or cash flows of the business. .

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