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Biological Kingdoms:
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Think. Pair. Share.

What is a virus?

Give an example of a specific virus.

Are viruses living or non-living?
Think. Pair. Share.

Which Domain do viruses belong to?

Which Kingdom do viruses belong to?
Viruses
          • Influenza
          • HIV
          • Chicken pox
          • H1N1
          • Rabies
          • Ebola
          • T4 Bacteriophages
Viruses

A virus is a small infectious particles containing genetic
material (DNA or RNA) within a protein capsule (capsid).
Viruses
Viruses reproduce by inserting their genetic material
into host cells and "taking them over".




The general name given to a single virus particle that is
not infecting a cell is "virion".
Viruses

A virus is an obligate parasite; it requires a host
cell to reproduce.
Viruses
They are responsible for many diseases.

Epidemic: Large-scale disease outbreak in a region.
Pandemic: Multi-region or global disease outbreak.




           AIDS
Viruses
There are many different ways viruses can be
transmitted:

    Disease                 Transmission Method
    rabies                  bites (saliva  blood)
    HIV                     body fluid exchange
                            – excluding saliva
    influenza, chicken pox, airborne/direct contact
    common cold
    measles, mumps          direct contact
Viruses
They are non-living, thus they do not fall into any taxa.




Which properties of living things do they not have?
Differences Between Viruses and Cells
                            Life cycle:
                            How can
                            something
                            without life
                            have a "life"
                            cycle?
                     Genetic
                     material:
                     Viruses contain
                     RNA or DNA
     Organelles:     enclosed by
     None.           protein, not a
                     membrane.
Differences Between Viruses and Cells

Size:
Viruses are
much
smaller
than cells.

Metabolism:
Viruses do not
metabolize
(no
cytoplasm).
Viruses
Can be classified into orders/families/genera/species:

- size
- shape
- genetic material
- single-stranded or
double-stranded
DNA/RNA
- host cells



A bacteriophage (phage) is a virus that infects bacteria.
Virus Shapes - Cylindrical
Virus Shapes - Polyhedral
Virus Shapes - Spherical
Virus Shapes – Irregular (Bacterophage)

             capsid (top half)
             nucleic acid
              tail (bottom half)
                          sheath
              tail fibres

                 cell membrane
              viral RNA/DNA injected
                into host cell
Infectious Cycles
A virus infects a cell by inserting its nucleic acid into it.
The viral nucleic acid then enters 1 of 2 cycles:
Infectious Cycles
Lysogenic cycle: Host cell survives, but when it divides
the virus DNA/RNA is also duplicated.
Infectious Cycles
Lysogenic cycle: Host cell survives, but when it divides
the virus DNA/RNA is also duplicated.


         Viral
       DNA/RNA



      Bacterial
        DNA

A) Attachment
& Entry
Infectious Cycles
Lysogenic cycle: Host cell survives, but when it divides
the virus DNA/RNA is also duplicated.




        Provirus
                   B) Integration – viral nucleic acid
                   becomes part of host nucleic acid
Infectious Cycles
Lysogenic cycle: Host cell survives, but when it divides
the virus DNA/RNA is also duplicated.




                             C) Multiplication of genome
Infectious Cycles
Lysogenic cycle: Host cell survives, but when it divides
the virus DNA/RNA is also duplicated.




                                                  D) Cell
                                                  division
A) Attachment                bacterial   B) Insertion
                        virus
                                   DNA       - Virus injects its
       viral DNA                                             nucleic acid
                                                             into host
bacterial host cell                                          cell

 E) Lysis &
 Release



                                                        C) Replication
                                                  - The host’s
           D) Assembly                            metabolism
         - New viral particles                    replicates the viral
         are assembled                            RNA/DNA
Infectious Cycles



The 2 cycles are
interchangeable
and a virus may
be in lysogeny
for many years.
Infectious Cycles
Sometimes newly formed viruses take sections host
DNA (and host genes) with them.




Transfer of genes using a virus is called transduction.
Vaccinations
Our immune systems can create a memory for
infections that we have previously fought-off.
Vaccinations
Previously encountered pathogens (like viruses) are
much more easily destroyed.
Vaccinations
Our immune systems can create a memory for
infections that we have previously fought-off.
Viruses - Benefits
How can a virus be used to benefit humans?
Viruses - Benefits
We can now craft viruses that contain beneficial genes
or drugs within their capsids (called viral vectors).
Viruses - Benefits
  These vectors enter the target cells and deliver their
  payload:

Vector Contents                Application
Drugs                          Ex. Chemotherapy for
                               cancerous cells.
Copies of beneficial genes     Gene therapy (replacement
                               or addition of new or better
                               genes).
Novel (new) genes              Creation of GMOs
                               (genetically modified
                               organisms).
Viroids
A viroid is an infectious piece of RNA. It does not code
for anything and has no protective structure like a
capsid.
Viroids
These properties make them no less destructive to
simpler species.
Prions
A prion is a infectious protein. It has no outer structure,
but damages other proteins it comes into contact with.
Prions
Prions
Prions
Prions
Prions
Prions
Prions
Prions
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow
disease) is caused by prions. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
(DJC) is caused by prions in humans.

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11u bio div 06