COLLS AS EM

1. Chernobyl disasterChernobyl disaster
The worst manmade disaster in humanThe worst manmade disaster in human
historyhistory

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Where is Chernobyl?Where is Chernobyl?

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ChernobylChernobyl
• Built in 1978-Built in 1978-
19791979
• ChornobylChornobyl

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Reactor Plant ScenarioReactor Plant Scenario
1.1. As the reaction occurs, the uranium fuelAs the reaction occurs, the uranium fuel
becomes hotbecomes hot
2.2. The water pumped through the core inThe water pumped through the core in
pressure tubes removes the heat from the fuelpressure tubes removes the heat from the fuel
3.3. The water is then boiled into steamThe water is then boiled into steam
4.4. The steam turns the turbinesThe steam turns the turbines
5.5. The water is then cooledThe water is then cooled
6.6. Then the process repeatsThen the process repeats

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Day of disasterDay of disaster
Prior to the explosion the power was cut to the power station to stimulate a
power failure. Emergency generators did power up to continue the flow of cold
water to keep the nuclear fuel cool. However, because of the time delay between
power failure and the generators kicking and because of a power surge once the
generators did kick in overheating occurred leading to a series of explosions. It
was reactor 4 that experienced the series of explosions releasing radioactive fuel
and radioactive material into the atmosphere and surrounding area.
The radiation levels in the worst hit areas of the reactor building were estimated to
be 5.6 roentgens (a unit of measurement for exposure to radiation) per second,
which is the equivalent to more than 20,000 roentgens and hour. A lethal dose of
radiation is around 500 roentgens over 5 hours, so in some areas workers received
lethal doses in minutes.

8. • External fires around the plant were extinguished within 5 hours, but fires within
the reactor continued until 10th May 1986. Helicopters were used to drop sand,
clay and lead onto the reactor, but also firefighters on the ground were used. The
firefighters were not warned about the dangers of radiation and most of them
died later because of radiation poisoning.
Despite the massive radiation leak the nearby town of Pripyat was not evacuated
for over 24 hours. The town had a population of around 50,000 at the time of the
accident. When the evacuation warning eventually came, people were told that it
would only be temporary and that they should leave all their belongings behind.
However, a 30km exclusion zone still exists around the town, although some
older residents have now chosen to move back.
•
As well as causing a massive radiation leak around the plant, a radioactive cloud
was also released into the atmosphere. The USSR authorities did not notify the
world straight away of the accident and it was actually another power station in
Sweden that first detected the cloud. The cloud contained 400 times more
radioactive material than the Hiroshima bomb that hit Japan. All of Europe
received fallout from the cloud, although it is estimated that up to 50% fell on
Russia, Belarus and the Ukraine.
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Summary of FactsSummary of Facts
• April 26, 1986:April 26, 1986:
– Chernobyl nuclear power plantChernobyl nuclear power plant
• Operator errors cause a reactorOperator errors cause a reactor
explosionexplosion
• Explosion releases 190 tons ofExplosion releases 190 tons of
radioactive gasses into theradioactive gasses into the
atmosphereatmosphere
• Fire starts that lasts 10 daysFire starts that lasts 10 days
• People:People:
– 7 million lived in contaminated7 million lived in contaminated
areas; 3 million were childrenareas; 3 million were children
• Wind:Wind:
– Carries radiation far distancesCarries radiation far distances

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Radioactive falloutRadioactive fallout

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Direct CasualtiesDirect Casualties
• 5.5 million people still live in5.5 million people still live in
contaminated areascontaminated areas
• 31 people died in 3 months of31 people died in 3 months of
radiation poisoningradiation poisoning
• 134 emergency workers suffered134 emergency workers suffered
from acute radiation sicknessfrom acute radiation sickness
• 25,000 rescue workers died since25,000 rescue workers died since
then of diseases caused bythen of diseases caused by
radiationradiation
• Cancer afflicts many othersCancer afflicts many others
• Increased birth defects,Increased birth defects,
miscarriages, and stillbirthsmiscarriages, and stillbirths

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Indirect CasualtiesIndirect Casualties
– By the year 2000 there wereBy the year 2000 there were
1800 case of thyroid cancer1800 case of thyroid cancer
in children and adolescentin children and adolescent
– High number of suicide andHigh number of suicide and
violent death amongviolent death among
Firemen, policemen, andFiremen, policemen, and
other recovery workersother recovery workers

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Environment ImpactEnvironment Impact
• Areas still impactedAreas still impacted
today:today:
– SoilSoil
– Ground WaterGround Water
– AirAir
– FoodFood
• CropsCrops
• LivestockLivestock

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Problems TodayProblems Today
• The SarcophagusThe Sarcophagus
– After the disaster, a huge cementAfter the disaster, a huge cement
box was built around the radioactivebox was built around the radioactive
materialmaterial
– It is falling apart!It is falling apart!
– According to a 2003 report by theAccording to a 2003 report by the
Russian Atomic Energy Minister,Russian Atomic Energy Minister,
Alexander Rumyantsev, "theAlexander Rumyantsev, "the
concrete shell surrounding theconcrete shell surrounding the
Chernobyl nuclear reactor is in realChernobyl nuclear reactor is in real
danger of collapsing at any time."danger of collapsing at any time."
– A new Sarcophagus is scheduled toA new Sarcophagus is scheduled to
be completed in 2009be completed in 2009