Cantharides (Spanish flies) Origin: Cantharides is the dried beetles of Cantharis vescicatoria, Meloidae. Active Constituents: Cantharidin Uses: It is a very irritant poison (10 mg is fatal). It was formerly used for treatment of skin diseases mainly in veterinary medicine. Rubefacient. As tincture in treatment of alopecia areata. Internally, in too small doses as aphrodisiac (illegal).

1. UNORGANIZED DRUGS (PART 2)
DR. MOSTAFA MAHMOUD HEGAZY PH.D

2.  content
 Dried latices
 Dried juices
 Dried extracts
 Gums
 Drugs of animal origin (secretions, extracts and insects)
 animal secretions
 extracts of animal organs
 insects

3. Latex
 Definition: an emulsion or suspension in
which the aqueous phase contains dissolved
mineral salts, proteins, sugars, tannins and
alkaloidal salts. e.g., natural rubber and
opium.
 It is usually white or yellowish or may be
red in color.
 Latex is usually present in laticiferous
structures e.g., cells, vessels or tubes.

4. OPIUM ‫النوم‬ ‫ابو‬ ‫او‬ ‫االفيون‬
 Raw opium is the dried latex obtained by incising the
unripe but fully-grown capsules of Papaver
somniferum L. (Fam. Papaveraceae).
 As the poppy fruit ripens the morphine content
decreases.
 Latex is located in laticiferous tubes in the unripe
capsule

5. Constituents
Opium contains more than 19 alkaloids. The presence of
meconic acid even in a small quantity indicates the presence
of opium or a preparation of poppy capsule e.g. opium
addiction.
There are two main classes of alkaloids present in
opium:
1- Isoquinoline alkaloids: papaverine, narceine and
narcotine.
2- Phenanthrene alkaloids: morphine, codeine and
thebaine.

6. Actions: Pain killer, cough suppressant, sedative, hypnotic
(CNS depressant) and causes constipation
Uses:
 source of Morphine (pain killer) and codeine (strong
analgesic) for pharmaceutical industry
 for intolerable pain e.g. post-operative analgesia, intense
pain of cancer patients as well as in angina pectoris.
The Problem of Addiction:
Repeated administration of opium or morphine for euphoria
may Lead to addiction.
Trembling, neuralgic pains, insomnia, loss of appetite,
spasms, hallucination, and tendency to self-destruction.

7. Chemical Tests:
The presence of morphine alone in a vegetable
extract does prove the extract to contain opium. It
must also give the tests for meconic acid.
 Meconic acid test (Test for raw opium):
With acidified Ferric chloride. It gives blood-red
color or purplish red colour not destroyed by
addition of dilute hydrochloric acid or 5%
mercuric chloride solution.

8. DRIED JUICES
 Juices are fluidly plant saps containing dissolved substances
and usually present in special cells.
ALOES
 Definition: Aloes is the solid residue obtained by evaporation
of the liquid which drains from transversely cut leaves of
several species of Aloes (Fam. Liliaceae).
 These pericyclic cells and sometimes the adjacent parenchyma
contain the yellow aloetic juice which flows out when the
leaves are cut.
 The central region of the leaf are filled with mucilage known
as Aloe-gel.

9. ALOES
 There are more than 300 species of Aloe plants
distributed all over the world.
 The Cape variety (South Africa and Kenya)
 The Curacao variety (West Indian Islands of Curacao)
 The Socotrine (island of Socotra in Yemen) and
Zanzibar (island in Tanzania) varieties.
Constituents
Aloetic Juice: anthraquinone C- glycoside named Aloin
(barbaloin) which is the major cathartic constituent.
Aloe- gel: mucilage, Vitamins C, E and Zn metal.

10. Uses and Actions:
Aloetic Juice as purgative but Aloe gel has no laxative effect but is mostly applicable in
cosmetic and topical products, in minor burns and skin inflammation .
Chemical Tests:
1- Modified Borntrager's test for anthraquinone: positive
2- Cupraloin Test (or Klunge’s Isobarbaloin Test):
To 10 ml of a 0.4% (w/v) aqueous solution of aloe add a drop of the saturated solution of
copper sulphate, immediately followed by 1 g of NaCl and 20 drops of ethanol (90% v/v).
It produces different shades of colours depending on the variety of aloes used:
 Curacao aloes: positive (A wine red colour lasting for few hours) due to high amount of
isobarbaloin formed during evaporation of the juice in a copper vessel.
 Cape aloes: (A faint colouration changing to yellow quickly) lesser amount of isobarbaloin is
reported due to evaporation in tin drums.
 Zanzibar and socotrine aloes: give no colour.

11. Extracts
drugs prepared by evaporating aqueous decoction
of part of certain plants or animals.
Gelatin
obtained by treating certain animal tissues (skin
and bones) with hot water.
Constituents:
Gelatin consists mainly of the protein collagen
hydrolysate.
Chemical Test:
To a prepared solution of gelatin, add picric acid
solution a canary yellow precipitate is formed.

12. Uses:
 Gelatin is used in capsules, emulsions, and
suppositories manufacture.
 Gelatin is a nutrient, used for the preparation of
commercial food products and for bacteriologic culture
media.
 Stimulating collagen production in skin (strengthening
skin, plus may benefit elasticity and hydration)
 Decreases joint pain in osteoarthritis by stimulating
collagen production and increasing bone density.

13. Agar-Agar: is the bleached and dried product obtained by
concentrating a decoction made from various species of algae.
Test for identification: Boil 1 gm of Agar for 10 minutes with
100 ml of water, replacing the water lost by evaporation, the
solution yields a stiff jelly on cooling.
Uses:
 As a bulk laxative, particularly in chronic constipation;
 in the manufacture of emulsions, suspensions, gels, and
hydrophilic suppositories.
 A major use of agar is in culture media for microorganisms.

14. Gums
Gums are amorphous, translucent solids, insoluble alcohol and most
organic solvents; but soluble in water to yield viscous, adhesive solutions,
or are swollen by the absorption of water into a jelly-like mass.
Acacia Gum, Gum Arabic (E414) ‫العربي‬ ‫الصمغ‬
Dried Gummy exudation from the stems and branches of Acacia Senegal
or of some other species of Acacia, Family Leguminosae.
Constituents:
 Arabic acid (glycosidal acid, mainly ), combined with potassium,
magnesium and calcium. By hydrolysis Arabic acid yields 1 molecule
of L-rhamnose, 2 molecules of D-galactose and 3 molecules of L-
arabinose and an aldobionic acid.
 It also contains diastase and an oxidase enzyme

15. Test for identification:
Dissolve about 0.25 gm of the coarsely powdered drug
freshly fractured in 5 ml of distilled water by shaking
in the cold. Add 0.5 ml of hydrogen peroxide and 0.5
ml of benzidine solution, shake and allow to stand for
few minutes; a deep blue color or greenish blue color
is formed due to the Prescence of oxidase enzyme
Uses:
 As a demulcent and slimming.
 Improve kidneys functions in renal failure.
 As a suspending and emulsifying agent for oils.
 As a Prebiotics for healthy digestive system

16. Gum tragacanth (E413) ‫الكثيرة‬ ‫صمغ‬
Tragacanth gum is the dried gummy exudation from stem of
Astragalus gummifer, Family Leguminosae.
Constituents
 Tragacanthin: water soluble portion
 Basorin: water insoluble portion
 traces of starch, cellulose and nitrogenous substances.
 No oxidase enzyme is present.

17. Test for identification:
Place a little powdered gum tragacanth on a porcelain tile,
add few drops of N/50 iodine solution and rub to form a
smooth paste. It acquires an olive-green color.
Uses:
 As a suspending agent for insoluble powders or
 As a binding agent in pills and tablets.
 As denture adhesives
 As a Prebiotics for healthy digestive system
 For treatment of diarrhea and constipation

18. Drugs of animal origin
MUSK (VAMPIRE MUSK DEER)
ORIGIN: dried secretion obtained from the
perpetual follicles of the male musk deer
(Moschus moschiferus) found in China and
Himalayas. The deer is killed and the musk-
containing sacs (pods) are taken (each about 30
g, 50% of which is musk). It is one of the most
expensive animal products in the world.

19. ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS:
1. Dark brown volatile oil (1.4%), the main constituent
of which is muskone (a cyclic ketone having a closed
chain of 15 carbon atoms).
2. Steroidal hormones.
3. Muskopyridine
4. Alkaloids and peptides.
USES:
It is used as an important ingredient as a fixative in
high class perfumes.

20. AMBERGRIS ‫العنبر‬
ORIGIN: Ambergris is a pathological product found in the intestine
of the sperm whales or cast by them into the sea. It is among
the very expensive constituents used as a fixative in perfumery.
It occurs as grey or brown masses and may be associated with
the beaks of
ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS: Volatile oil; amberin (25%).
USES: It has a fragrant musk-like odor. Its value lies in the fact that
it has a subtle effect on fine perfumes and gives them a great
persistence of odor.

21. PURIFIED HONEY
ORIGIN: Purified honey is the saccharine substance deposited by
the hive bee, Apis mellifera in the cells of the honeycomb.
ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS: It consists mainly of invert sugar
(Fructose and glucose about 35% each) and water (17.2%) in
addition to small quantities of sucrose (1.3%), dextrin, formic acid,
volatile oil, wax and pollen grains. The long shelf life of honey is
attributed to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
USES: Mainly used in cough mixtures and Wounds and burns e.g.
manuka honey. Honey must not be used for one year or less infants.

22. BEESWAX E901
ORIGIN: Beeswax is obtained by melting and purifying the
honeycomb of Apis mellifera and other bees.
ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS: It consists mainly of myricyl palmitate
and a little amount of myricyl stearate.
TYPES OF BEESWAX:
1. Yellow beeswax: It is prepared after removal of honey by melting
the comb under water, straining and allowing the wax to solidify.
2. White beeswax: It is prepared from yellow beeswax by bleaching
with chlorine, chromic acid or other oxidizing agents.

23. BEESWAX (E901)
USES:
 used for the preparation of plasters, ointments, polishes
and as a tablet-coating material.
 used for the preparation of phyto-cosmetics (lip balm, lip
gloss, hand creams, salves, moisturizers as lotion bar for
dry skin, eye shadow, blush, and eye liner)
N.B. Carnauba wax is of plant origin extracted from the
leaves of Copernicia cerifera ( Palmae).

24. Royal Jelly (Queen Bee Jelly)
Origin: consists of the milky fluid produced by the salivary
glands of the worker bees and used as essential nourishment for the
development of the queen bee larvae. The fresh product is unstable
and requires refrigeration or freeze-drying or stabilized by honey in
gelatin capsules.
Active Constituents: Mixture of amino acids, Lipids and fatty
acids, Carbohydrates, Vitamins (vitamin B complex and vitamin C)
and minerals.
Uses: Royal jelly is an expensive dietary supplement used for
reducing the bad effects of aging, treatment of encephalomyelitis,
depression, and other conditions.

25. Cod-Liver Oil
Origin:
Cod liver oil is a nutritional supplement derived from
liver of cod fish (Gadus calleria).
Active Constituents:
It has high levels of the omega-3 fatty acids and very
high levels of vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E.
Uses:
It is widely taken to ease the symptoms of arthritis as
well as other health benefits. It is also used for
treatment and prevention of rickets in children.

26. Wool fat ( Anhydrous Lanolin)
Origin: It is the purified fat substance extracted from the wool of the
fleece of the Sheep of Ovis aries (Bovidae).
wool grease is a yellow waxy substance secreted by the sebaceous
glands of wool-bearing animals
Active Constituents:
 Unsaturated monohydric alcohols free or combined with
lanopalmetic and other fatty acids together with aliphatic alcohols
(cetyl, ceryl and carnaubyl alcohols)
 Cholesterol .
Hydrous Lanoline contains 25% water.
Uses:
Wool fat is used as an emollient base for creams and ointments.

27. Cochineal ‫القرمزية‬ ‫الدودة‬
Origin:
Cochineal is the dried full grown female insect of Dactylopius coccus,
Cocidae, containing eggs and larvae.
Active Constituents:
Coloring matter; cochineal and carminic acid (E120) (10%). Carminic
acid is brilliant purple, water soluble, C-glycoside anthraquinone
derivative.
Uses:
Cochineal and Carmin (aluminium and calcium salts of carminic acid)
are used as coloring agents for liquids and solids, tooth paste and as
indicators.

28. Cantharides (Spanish flies)
Origin: Cantharides is the dried beetles of Cantharis vesicatoria,
Meloidae.
Active Constituents: Cantharidin
Uses:
Externally: Rubefacient and used as tincture in treatment of alopecia
areata.
Internally: in too small doses as female aphrodisiac (illegal) because
of a very irritant poison in dose of10 mg .

29. Herbal medicine Dr. Mostafa Hegazy