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Pelvic ring for md1
1. Pelvic Ring Fractures
Abdelfattah Saoud MSc, MD, PhD
Professor of Orthopaedic & Spine Surgery
Head of Ranking & Accreditation office
Ain Shams University
Head of International Scientific Relations office
School of Medicine,Ain Shams University
President, World Spinal Column Society
Educational Faculty, Cleveland Clinic Spine
Institute
2. High energy fractures of the pelvis are a challenging
problems both in the immediate post-injury phase and
later when definitive management is undertaken
3. No single management algorithm can be applied
Fracture stabilization for unstable fractures
should be performed (as soon as possible), and it
should be considered as part of the resuscitation
procedure
4. Pelvic ring is formed of two
innominate bones and the
sacrum .
Articulation is mostly
ligamentous stable
Another factor in stability is
Interdigitating and matching
contours of the iliac and sacral
articulating surfaces
March 21st
5.
6. The most important ligaments are:
-Sacroiliac ligaments
(Ant.,Post.,Interosseous.),
-Symphysis pubis
-Sacro-Spinous ligament
-Sacro-Tuberous ligament
- & ilio-lumbar ligament.
7. Diagnosis
Clinical:
-High energy trauma,
-pain related to the fractured
area,
-symptoms and signs of
complication:
1-Shock(Internal iliac Art.
Branches injury in relation to
S.I joint ,injury of accessory
obturator vessels in relation
to the back of symphysis
pubis (pubic branches of
obturator artery of internal
iliac origin and inferior
epigastric artery which
originates from the external
iliac artery
(Corona Mortis)
2-Urological injury: Urethra ,
8. Radiographic diagnosis
1- of the fracture itself:
A.P view : not a true A.P
due to pelvic inclination
ant. 45 deg.
So true A.P comes by
inclinig the beam of x
ray 45 deg. Caudad=
Outlet view which is very
important to detect
vertical Shear.
9. If we incline the beam 45
deg. Cephalad= inlet view
which is important to
denote ant. Post.
Displacement of hemi-
pelvis.
C.T to plan for surgery
,some times we do it in 3
dimensional reformat.
15. LC Transverse fracture of pubic rami, ipsilateral or
contralateral to posterior injury
I Sacral compression on side of impact
II Crescent (iliac wing) fracture on side of
impact
III LC-1 or LC-II injury on side of impact;
contralateral open-book (APC)
16. APC Symphyseal diastasis or
longitudinal rami fractures
I Slight widening of pubic symphysis or anterior SI
Joint; stretched but intact anterior SI, sacrotuberous, and
sacrospinous ligaments; intact posterior SI ligaments
II Widened anterior SI joint; disrupted anterior SI,
sacrotuberous, and sacrospinous ligaments; intact posterior
SI ligaments
III Complete SI joint disruption with lateral displacement,
disrupted anterior SI, sacrotuberous, and sacrospinous
ligaments; disrupted posterior SI ligaments
17. VS
Symphyseal diastasis or vertical
displacement anteriorly and
posteriorly, usually through the SI
joint, occasionally through the iliac
wing or sacrum
19. Denis classification of Sacral
fractures
Zone 1 - ala of the sacrum to lateral
border of the neural foramen
Zone 2 - neural foramen
Zone 3 - central portion of the sacrum and
canal
22. Diagnosis of complication
Urological injury: Ascending urethrography is the
most useful.
Haemorrhage: Angiography(Arterial): Both for
diagnosis and treatmant by selective embolization.
23. Complication Cont’d
Neurological injury:
Lumbo-sacral plexus
injury.
Pelvic D.V .T with fatal
pulmonary embolism.
Late complication:
Malunion :with leg length
discripency ,or if ant.
With bladder irritation
Non union with pain
especially in relation to
S.I. joint .Rare and occurs
more in pure ligamentous
injuries
31. Posterior injury
Sacral Fractures
Sacroiliac Fracture Dislocations
Crescent fracture
Indications of intervention:
1-Unstable fracture:e.g Gr. III
APC, VS
2- SIJ gap of more than 5-10
mm
3- Neurologic injury related to
post. Injury: LS trunk lesions
4- Retroperitoneal
haemorrhagae : Tamponade
32. Lumbosacral Pivot point
Described by McCord et al in
1992.
It is the axis of flix. Exten. at
the lumbo-sacral junction.
Lies in the intersection of
middle osteoligamentous
column and L5-S1 disc.
For constructs that cross the
Lumbosacral junction: Only
those devices that pass
ventral to this point provide a
significant biomechanical
advantage regarding the
rigidity of fixation.
39. Transiliac sacral bars:
- utilizes threaded
rods, compression
achieved by tightening
of threaded nuts;
- advantages
include technical ease of
insertion and limited
soft tissue dissection;
-Biomechanically
ineffective according to
McCord point and is a
real obstacle of flexion
and extension
February 20
43. Our modification
No need to expose vessels
Only Pfannensteil and the lateral iliac
window
we pass plates and do indirect
reduction under ilio posoas muscle
with hip flexion
44. Lumbopelvic Fixation
Lumbopelvic fixation
consists of pedicle screws
placed in L5 and or L4 that
are connected to fixation
placed into the ilium from
posterior to anterior just
cephalad to the sciatic notch
45.
46. MW technique
iliac screws
(7 mm) inserted
in a Galveston
manner, and
iliosacral screws
(7 mm) to
maximize
construct
strength
48. The New Internal Fixator
Saoud & Reda Technique:
WSCJ Vol 2 issue 1, 2011
-Application of Iliac screw(polyaxial)60-100 mm, 7 mm
width on each side
-Submuscular channel connecting the two incisions
-Rod applied between the two polyaxial screw heads.
52. It is a very fast & safe
technique that doesn’t
need
much experience or
fluoroscopy thus it is
suitable for
polytrauma and critically
sick patients.
54. After application of the
screws they can be used
as
joysticks to manipulate
the fracture by
distraction and
compression
55. Very small skin incisions and the absence of any
major dissection would spare the patient any
further jeopardy to the possibly contused or
devitalized skin of this area which is a huge
advantage especially with suspected or diagnosed
Morel-Lavallée skin lesions
58. Treatment of complication
Urological injury: Suprapubic cystostomy
Haemorrhage: Angiography(Arterial): Both for
diagnosis and treatmant by selective embolization.
59. Complication Cont’d
Neurological injury:
Treatment of Lumbo-sacral
plexus injury is by fracture
fixation and expectancy for
12-24 mns with
EMG.Results of grafting are
bad
Pelvic D.V .T Prevention,
IVC filter
Late complication:
Malunion :innominate
osteotomy
Non union with pain
especially in relation to S.I.
joint .For SI fusion
60. Open pelvic fractures especially with
bowel injury are emergencies.
Fixation is by Ext Fix. Or S&R
technique, may be supplemented
when patient is more stable
61. Anatomy - Pelvis
Iliac bone with iliac apophysis
Ischium with apophysis
Pubic bones – physeal connection at
ischiopubic junction
Sacrum – SI joint 2/3 synchondrosis,
1/3 synovial joint
Pubic symphysis - synchondrosis
62. The Child’s Pelvis
Fundamental Differences:
• Bones more malleable
• Cartilage capable of absorbing more
energy
• Joints more elastic
• Triradiate Cartilage
65. Anatomy
Other Secondary Ossification Centers
of the Pelvis
• iliac crest
• ischial apophysis
• anterior inferior iliac spine
• pubic tubercle
• angle of the pubis
• ischial spine
• lateral wing of the sacrum
66. Secondary Ossification Center
Iliac Crest : first seen at age 13 to 15 and
fuses at age 15 to 17 years
Ischium : first seen at age 15 to 17 and
fuses at age 19 to 25 years
ASIS : first seen about age 14 and fusing
at age 16
*(Important to know these secondary
ossification centers so they will not
be confused with avulsion fractures)
67. Elasticity of Joints
Sacroiliac Joint and Pubic Symphysis
more elastic
Allows significant displacement
Allows for single break in the ring
Thick periosteum – apparent
dislocations may have a periosteal
tube that heals like a fracture
68. Weakness of Cartilage
Avulsion fractures occur more often
in children and adolescents through
apophysis
69. Pelvic ring fractures: Diagnosis
History and Associated Injuries
Usually high energy injuries for pelvic ring
and acetabular fractures
Other associated injuries
• Orthopaedic – long bone or spine fractures
• Urologic – bladder rupture
• Vascular – less frequent than in adults
70. Physical Examination
A, B, C’s
Trauma evaluation
Orthopaedic exam all extremities and
spine
Systematic approach to the Pelvis
71. Examination of the Pelvis
Areas of contusion, abrasion, laceration,
ecchymosis, or hematoma, especially in
the perineal and pelvic areas, should be
recorded.
Landmarks such as the anterior superior
iliac spine, crest of the ilium, sacroiliac
joints, and symphysis pubis should be
palpated.
Carefully evaluate perineum/genital/rectal
areas in fractures with significant
displacement to rule out open fractures
72. Examination of the Pelvis
Provocative Tests (ie. Compressing the
pelvic ring with anterior-posterior and
lateral compression stress)
The range of motion of the extremities,
especially of the hip joint, should be
determined
Neurologic and vascular exam of the lower
extremities
73. Radiographic Evaluation
Standard AP Pelvis
Judet views for acetabular involvement
Inlet/Outlet views for pelvic ring injuries
Computed tomography
• 2-d and 3-d reconstruction
Cystography and/or urography if blood at
meatus or on bladder catheterization
74. Pelvic Avulsion Fracture Injuries
At sites of muscle attachments
through apophyses, caused by
forceful contraction
Iliac wing – tensor fascia lata
Anterior superior iliac spine –
sartorius
Anterior inferior iliac spine – rectus
femoris
Ischium – hamstrings
Lesser trochanter - iliopsoas
80. Classification of Pelvic Injuries
in Children
Torode and Zieg modification of Watts
classification
Type I – avulsion fractures
Type II - Iliac wing fractures
Type III – stable pelvic ring
injuries
Type IV – any fracture pattern
creating a free bony fragment
(unstable pelvic ring injuries)
81. Tile Classification
(applicable to adolescents /
patients near skeletal maturity)
Type A – stable
Type B – rotationally unstable,
vertically stable
Type C – rotationally and vertically
unstable
83. Treatment Differences
Pubic symphyseal and SI disruptions may
be able to be treated closed because of
potential for periosteal healing
Children tolerate
bedrest/traction/immobilization better
than adults
Operative fixation should spare growth
plates when possible
When not possible consider temporary (4-
6 weeks) fixation across physes with
smooth pins
84. Treatment
Most avulsion injuries, Tile A
fractures treated with restricted or
no weight bearing
Most Tile B fractures treated non
operatively unless major deformity
Tile C fractures may need
stabilization
85. Treatment Caveats
Older children and adolescents with
pelvic injuries treated like adults
Operative treatment in general for
pelvic injuries where posterior ring
disruptions are displaced or
unstable(Theoretically our
Saoud&Reda can be used)
May be able to stabilize anterior ring
only, and for shorter time period if
using external fixation
86. Pelvic Ring Injuries- Often Crush
Mechanism and Can Have Severe
Soft Tissue Injuries as well