1. DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISM
P. Monish
IX-B
KV CRPF
DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISM

2. Classification
Science of arranging organisms in series of
groups and subgroups on the basis of their
similarities and dissimilarities.
Aristotle classified organisms on the basis of
their habitat means the place where they live, in
water, in air and on land.

3. Basic characteristics of classification
• Nature of Cells: prokaryotic or eukaryotic
• Cellularity: unicellular or multicellular
• Level of organization: cellular, tissue, organ and
organ system
• Mode of nutrition: autotrophic or heterotrophic

4. Classification and Evolution
• Time is the key factor which helps in development of complex
organisms from the simple ones.
• Charles Darwin firstly gave the idea of evolution in 1859 in his
famous book ‘The Origin of Species’.
• Those organisms which have ancient body design and not changed
much are called Primitive organisms.
• Those who acquired certain special characters during the time
period are known as advanced or higher organisms.

5. Biodiversity
• Biodiversity is the term used for the various forms of life
found in a given area.
• These life forms depends on each other and on the
environment and results in a stable community.
• Human also is the part of this biodiversity.
• It is estimated that there is about 10,000,000 species on
this planet, we know only about 20,00,000 species.

6. Hierarchy of classification
• Ernst Haeckel, Robert Whittaker, Carl Woese
have tried to classify all living organisms into
broad categories.
• R. Whittaker proposed five kingdom system
which is widely used. This kingdom includes
Monera, Protista, Fungi, plantae and Animalia.
• Carl Woese divided Monera into Archaebacteria
and Eubacteria.

7. Further Classification
• Living organisms have been broadly classified into five main kingdoms.
• They are :-
i) Monera ii) Protista iii) Fungi iv) Plante v) Animalia
• Each kingdom has been further classified into smaller
sub - groups at various levels as :-
Kingdom
Phylum (for plants) / Division (for animals)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
• By arranging organisms on the basis of hierarchy and characteristics
into smaller and smaller groups we arrive at the basic unit of
classification called species.

8. Further classification
Further classification is done by naming the sub
groups at Various levels as given:
Kingdom→PhyllumDivision→Class→Order→Family
→Genus→Species
•Kingdom Monera
•Kingdom Protista
•Kingdom Fungi
•Kingdom Plantae
•Kingdom Animalia

9. Kingdom: Monera
• Unicellular organisms.
• Nucleus and cell organelles are
absent.
• May or may not have cell wall.
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic.
• Able of nitrogen fixation.
• Reproduce by asexual
methods.
• Bacteria, cyanobacteria and
mycoplasma

10. Kingdom: Protista
• Unicellular organisms.
• A well defined nucleus and cell
organelles are present.
• They may be autotrophic or
heterotrophic.
• Some of these organisms have
appendages like cilia and
flagella for movement.
• They reproduce by both sexual
and asexual methods.
• Diatoms, protozoa are few
examples

11. Kingdom: Fungi
• Heterotrophic eukaryotic
organisms.
• Saprophytes.
• Cell wall made of chitin.
• Some of them live in close
relationship with certain algae
and plants forming Lichens
and Mycorrhizae.
• Some of them have the ability
of being multi-cellular.
• Yeast, Mushroom and
Rhizopus

12. Kingdom: Plantae
• They are multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms.
• This kingdom includes all the plant species.
• They are autotrophic and prepare their own food.
• They are further classified into five major
divisions

13. Division: Thallophyta
• Body of the organisms is not
differentiated into organs.
• Mainly aquatic found in marine
and fresh water.
• Tissue for conduction of
material and for mechanical
strength is absent.
• They are covered by mucilage.
• Reproduce by vegetative,
asexual and sexual
reproduction.
• Algae are example of this
division.

14. Division: Bryophyta
• Plant body is differentiated into
leaf, root and stem like
structures.
• Special conducting tissues are
not present.
• These are known as amphibians
of plant kingdoms.
• Reproduce by vegetative,
asexual and sexual
reproduction.
• Funaria, Anthoceros and
Marchantia are few examples.

15. Division: Pteridophyta
• Plant body is differentiated
into leaf, stem and roots.
• They also have conductive
tissues.
• All the above discussed plant
types doesn’t bear seeds
instead they bear spores.
They are also known as
cryptograms.
• They require water for the
purpose of reproduction.
• Fern, Adiantum and
Selaginella are few examples

16. Division: Gymnosperms
• These plants bear naked
seeds mean seeds are not
enclosed in fruits.
• These are perennial,
evergreen trees having
woody trunk.
• They bear cones in which
seeds are placed.
• Sequoia sempervirens is the
largest tree found on earth
(125 Meters) is an example.
Other examples are Pinus,
Cycas.

17. Division: Angiosperms
• Bear seeds covered by
special organs known as
fruits.
• They bear flowers as their
reproductive organs.
• Embryo in seed has special
structure called cotyledons
which act as seed leaves at
the time of germination.
• They are divided into two
groups: Monocots and
Dicots.
• Wheat, Rice, Rose and
Tomato are examples of this
division.

18. Kingdom: Animalia
• Main characteristics of this kingdom are as follows:
• These are eukaryotic organisms of heterotrophic nature.
• These are multi-cellular organisms.
• Their cells do not bear cell walls and chloroplasts.
• They are further subdivided into following categories:

19. Phyllum: Porifera
• These animals bear small holes
on their body surface.
• They are aquatic and sedentary
means non motile.
• They have cellular level of body
design.
• They bear hard external
skeleton and have a canal
system for the distribution of
food and gases.
• Spongilla and Sycon are the
examples.

20. Phylum: Coelentrata
• They are aquatic animals and
have tissue level of body design.
• They have a body cavity called
coelom so named as
coelentrata.
• They may be solitary or colonial.
• They have special stinging cells
called cnidoblasts so also known
as Cnidaria.
• Hydra, Obelia and Physalia are
few examples.

21. Phylum: Platyhelminthes
• Show bilateral symmetry and
are triploblastic mean have
three germ layers.
• They are dorsoventrally
flattened so also called
flatworms.
• They are either free living or
parasitic.
• They have tissue level of body
design.
• They do not have any body
cavity
• Planarian and Liver flukes are
examples

22. Phylum: Nematoda
• These animals show bilateral
symmetry and are triploblastic
mean have three germ layers.
• They are cylindrical in shape.
• They have a pseudocoelom.
• They have tissue level of body
design.
• They are mainly parasitic in
nutrition.
• Ascaris and Wuchuraria are
examples.

23. Phylum: Annelida
• Show bilateral symmetry and
are triploblastic.
• They are cylindrical in shape and
have a true body cavity.
• Organ system level of body
design is found.
• Body is divided into small
segments called annuli so
phylum is also known as
Annelida.
• They found in both land and
water.
• Earthworm and Leech are
examples.

24. Phylum: Arthropoda
• These animals show bilateral
symmetry and are triploblastic
mean have three germ layers.
• They have a true body cavity
which is blood filled.
• Organ system level of body
design is found.
• Open circulatory system is
found in these animals.
• Largest group of animals.
• They have jointed legs.
• Cockroach, Housefly, Butterfly
are examples

25. Phylum: Mollusca
• Body cavity is highly reduced
• These animals show bilateral
symmetry and are triploblastic
mean have three germ layers.
• They also have open circulatory
system.
• They have kidney like structure
for excretion.
• A highly muscular foot is used
for movement.
• Pila and Chiton are examples

26. Phylum: Echinodermata
• They are spiny skin organisms.
• They are free living animals
found only in marine water.
• They are triploblastic and
have true body cavity.
• They have a tube system for
the purpose of movement.
• They show high power of
regeneration.
• Starfish and Sea urchin are
examples

27. Phylum: Protochordata
• These animals show
bilateral symmetry and are
triploblastic mean have
three germ layers.
• They are cylindrical in
shape and have a true body
cavity.
• They also have a notochord
at any stage of life which
provide surface for the
attachment of muscles and
to provide support.
• Amphioxus, Balanoglossus.

28. Phylum: Vertebrata
• They have notochord at
any stage of life.
• They have a dorsal nerve
cord.
• They are triploblastic.
• They have paired gill
pouches.
• They have true body
cavity.
• They includes classes:
Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia,
Aves and Mammalia

29. Class: Pisces
• They are aquatic found in fresh
and marine water.
• Skin is covered by scales or
plates and have gills for
respiration.
• Body is streamlined and has a
tail.
• They have two chambered heart
and are cold blooded.
• Skeleton is made up of either
cartilage or of bone.
• Scoliodon and Labeo rohita.

30. Class: Amphibia
• They are animals with
uncovered skin which help in
gas exchange.
• They have three chambers in
heart and are cold blooded.
• They are found in both water
and on land.
• They lay eggs without any
hard shell.
• Frog and Salamanders.

31. Class: Reptilia
• They are terrestrial as
well as aquatic.
• Skin is covered by scales.
• They are cold blooded
animals mostly having
three chambers in heart
except crocodile.
• Their eggs are covered by
a hard shell.
• They breathe through
lungs.
• Snakes tortoise.

32. Class : Aves
• They have four chambers in
heart and are warm blooded.
• They breathe through lungs.
• They lay eggs covered by hard
shells.
• Their body is covered by
feathers and are very good
fliers.
• They do not have teeth and
bear beak and claws.
• All the birds are examples.

33. Class : Mammalia
• They have four chambers in
heart and are warm blooded.
• They breathe through lungs.
• They have mammary glands for
the production of milk.
• They have hairs and nails as
well as sweat and oil glands.
• They give birth to young ones
except Platypus and Echidna.
• All the milk producing animals
including humans

34. Thank you