Comm498, Immigration, by Lieu, M. Increasing awareness on .docx

Comm498, Immigration, by: Lieu, M.
“Increasing awareness on United States
immigration laws for the undocumented
immigrants & lawful permanent residents”
Introduction
Potter (2014) & Beyer (2015) stated
immigration has been a historically
debated topic in the United States and
worldwide.
Affecting lawfully or unlawfully entry.
Introduction
What brought me into the topic, winter 2016.
1)Originally wanted to do homelessness in L.A.
2)Early, an update to an immigration internship.
3)My family was a 1st generation immigrants
who were naturalized U.S. citizens &
I am a 2nd gen by birth right.
Introduction
https://www.uscis.gov/tools/glossary

Immigration terminology:
Alien - “Any person not a citizen or national of the United
States”. May be referred as: undocumented immigrant.
Lawful permanent resident (LPR) - “Any person not a
citizen of the United States who is residing the in the
U.S. under legally recognized and lawfully recorded
permanent residence as an immigrant”,
green card holder or permanent resident alien.
Introduction
Visa - “Allows the bearer to apply for entry to the
U.S. in a certain classification. A visa does not
grant the bearer the right to enter the United
States”.
U.S. Citizen - “Showing commitment to the United
States and your loyalty to its Constitution. In
return, granted access to all the rights and
privileges that are part of U.S. citizenship”.
Introduction
Hart (2012) said, there are about
11 million undocumented immigrants
in U.S.
Pew
research

chart. →
Introduction
In 2015, Scholar B. (Boerner, 2015)
stated that about 75% are from:
Mexico & Central America,
about 13% from Asia,
about 7% from South America,
Lastly, the remaining 10% are “other”.
Introduction
Connecting this research project with
communication studies,
Social Judgment Theory (SJT)
Self-persuasion concept.
By: Sherif, Sherif, & Hovland
(Griffin, 2012).
Introduction
SJT: Should the U.S. government...
...undocumented immigrants...
Lieu: Deporting dangerous illegal aliens.

Literature Review
.
Literature Review
From 1776…
...U.S. government regulated
immigration by: restriction,
border control &
citizenship status.
Literature Review
Jaggers, Jaggers & Gabbard (2014),
the 5 eras of immigration laws…
The scholars proposed a 6th era:
United States' Era Of Devolution:
2001-Present Time.
Federal government → state & county.
Literature Review
After September 11, 2001 (9/11), the
USA Patriot Act of 2001 was passed,

which restricts rights of aliens &
U.S. citizens that were found to be
involved in terrorism.
Literature Review
Increased immigration restriction across
U.S.-Mexico border, along with
regional racial & border anxieties in
southern states changed tensions on
immigration.
Literature Review
U.S. Laws Affecting
the Undocumented & LPR
After Congress failed to pass,
Development, Relief, and Education,
for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act.
Federal =/=, states formed own acts.
Literature Review
Assisted
California &
Maryland
Helps the

undocumented
with college
tuition
Against
Arizona &
Alabama
Prohibits the
undocumented with
college tuition
Literature Review
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)
of 2012.
Scholar B. (Boerner 2015), stated that the
Undocumented children can apply for those who
arrived in the U.S. before age 16 &
not older than 31 by the year 2012.
Guarantees that they will not be deported for 2
years. Additionally requirements must be met.
Literature Review
Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act
(TVPRA) of 2008.
Chen & Gill (2015) stated that the act, helped the

“Unaccompanied Alien Children” (UAC) obtain
legal remedies to stay in the U.S. permanently.
After a certain time frame of unlawful entry.
In 2014,
about 60,000
UAC → U.S.
Literature Review
Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010.
Scholar B. (Boerner 2015) stated that it does
not affect undocumented immigrants since
they do not have a social security number
(SSN).
LPR, can apply for Medicare & Medicaid.
“Obama Care”.
Literature Review
Public & Commercial Broadcasting
Perception On U.S. Immigrants.
Beyer (2015) surveyed that 11% of people in
U.S. follow public service broadcasting
(PSB).
While, the remaining audience obtain news
reports from commercial broadcast

Literature Review
Public
Complex causes of
undocumented
immigration.
Humanitarian
dimension.
Commercial
Simplified
stereotypes of the
undocumented.
Market driven
media.
Literature Review
Potter (2014) said, negative rhetoric of mainly
undocumented Latin ethnicities are against
them due to being a non-citizen status unable
to challenge the dominant citizenry.
Scholar A. & H. (Abrajano & Hajnal 2015), said
that the “illegal” name calls back to the
moment of unlawfully U.S. border entry.

Literature Review
The
Literature Review
Literature Review
Lastly, Hing (2015) voices concern about the cost
U.S. will pay to enforce immigration laws.
Not just in billions of dollars, also,
the cost of our basic humanity.
Methodology
Qualitative content analysis, using
semiotic to look for signifiers.
Additionally, abductive reasoning on
providing an educated explanation
from the obtained research.
Possible lead to hypotheses testing on
given scenarios.

Methodology
Applied to the three sections:
1. United States' Era Of Devolution:
2001-Present Time.
2. U.S. Laws Affecting
the Undocumented & LPR.
3. Public & Commercial Broadcasting
Analysis
United States' Era Of Devolution:
2001-Present Time.
Semiotic: signifier of mixed responses
as a result of the federal government
transferring immigration lawmaking to
states & county government. Under
the 13th & 14th amendment of the U.S.
Constitution, it is suppose to remain
on the federal level.
Analysis
Abductive Reasoning: with the USA
Patriot Act of 2001 passed, the
government in the future may decide
to provide more security, at the cost of

free rights after 9/11.
Analysis
H1: Devolution, transfer of power.
H2: After 2001, security over freedom.
Hypotheses Test: Will the U.S.
government in the future decide to
provide even more security at the cost
of freedom to ensure greater safety to
the country?
Analysis
U.S. Laws Affecting
the Undocumented & LPR.
Semiotic: After Congress failed to pass
the DREAM Act, the signifier results in
each state to handle undocumented
immigrants in accordance to how they
see fit.
Analysis
Abductive Reasoning: Without a set of
guide lines from the U.S. federal laws,
each state will continue to dictate the
handling of undocumented immigrants

by either assisting them, California
DREAM Act, or against them, Arizona
propositions.
Analysis
H1: No DREAM Act, no federal guide lines.
H2: Several states create their own laws.
Hypotheses Test: Would California or
Maryland collaborate with Arizona or
Alabama, to create public service
announcements (PSA) on assisting
undocumented immigrants to be relocated
to California or Maryland where they
provide help to them?
Analysis
Public & Commercial Broadcasting
Semiotic: Most U.S. audience receive
news reports from commercial
broadcast, signifying an indoctrination
of simplified stereotypes of
undocumented immigrants over public
broadcast for complex causes.
Analysis

Abductive Reasoning: After 9/11, the
U.S. has invested more money in
immigration laws as a result of the
external terrorist attack. It is important
that despite undocumented
immigrants who receive negative
rhetoric, they must continue to be law-
abiding non-citizens, in order to not be
removed from the country for the
breaking the law.
Analysis
H1: Commercial over public broadcast.
H2: Increased laws & negative rhetoric.
Hypotheses Test: What can the people
of U.S. do to minimize the saturation
of negative rhetoric for undocumented
immigrants?
Discussion
10 weeks instead of 16 weeks (Q2S).
Wanted to do interviewing, rather than
just content analysis for qualitative
methods.
U.S. Department Of State (DOS) and
Department Of Justice (DOJ) has
additional immigration laws.

Conclusion
Three term U.S. President Franklin D.
Roosevelt informed America to:
Comm498, Immigration, by: Lieu, M.
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Running head: LOW INCOME HOUSING ENVIRONMENT
AND EDUCATION 1
Running head: LOW INCOME HOUSING ENVIRONMENT
AND EDUCATION 26
LOW-INCOME HOUSING ENVIRONMENT AND
EDUCATION
Abstract
There are many factors that lead to inadequate education among
the poor. As such, education is associated with the rich who can
afford it. The factors that make the poor unable to cater for
their education and as well as that of their young ones have
been explored for years. The consequential remedies proposed
have been enacted to lift the problem. However, for years,

there has been no exploration of the issue of housing and how it
relates to poverty and the results of housing on education. This
matter has been left unexplored in spite of the weight it weighs.
In South California, the problem of housing and general life has
been expensive. While the effect of such life to economic
standards of the people has been explored there, have been no
explorations on the related consequences on education. This
paper will look at the effect of low-income housing on
education and possible solutions.
Introduction
Does low income housing effect education in Southern
California?
According to a growing body of research suggests that
stable, affordable housing may provide children with enhanced
opportunities for educational success. (CoyleyLATimes 2013)
While schools and teachers hold responsibility for children’s
education, research shows that a supportive and stable home
environment can complement the efforts of educators, leading to
better student achievement. According to the LA times as of
June 2014 “75% of children in low income housing in the LA
areas have difficulties in school due to entering the education
system at a later age” (paragraph #3) not attending preschool or
a head start education programs. Unlike other cities in Southern
California, like Irvine, which displays different results. (Galster
2012)
IUSD (Irvine Unified School District) surveys have shown low
income housing in the city of Irvine has shown children living
out there exposed to a much different environment with access
to more resources. According to Lew Chester Group head
organization for low income housing for Southern California as
of (June 2014) “more than 60% of students who do graduate
high school end up going to a community college and
transferring to a 4 year university.” If more students are
pursing higher education in Irvine what is difference from
Orange County to kids growing up in LA for example the low

income housing homes in Compton for example. According to
the IUSD.org (2015) who monitors students in the Irvine area
especially Irvine High School and Woobrow. IUSD website
shows that roughly “90% of low income families move to this
environment just for their kids to go to school out there.”
When calling the contact number on the website, I
discovered a 3 year waiting list for the Irvine area. One must
first apply, wait, 3 years, and when finally getting a call back
have an annual income of $26,000 or less. There are still
monthly payments needed in order to live there, but they are
strict on salary and how many people are living in the homes.
This topic of low income housing merits research just for the
fact the environment can effect education. For example, how
low-income housing may effect an area’s population by
displacing current residents and attracting new ones. Scholastic
journal by Robert J. Samson stated “If new low-income housing
development eliminates vacant lots that foster criminal behavior
than it attracts a greater police presence which motivates
residents to be more vigilant especially about local criminal
activity.” How can a child focus on schooling when he’s too
busy getting dragged into these activities. Just walking from
the school to your home could be a danger alone where young
men and woman are recruited by local criminals. Low income
housing in Southern California is clearly diverse depending on
the area.
Studies done by foster agency Children's Bureau of
Southern California document that “children who change
schools, particularly if they change schools often or at critical
points in their education, experience declines in educational
achievement.” Research also suggested that school mobility is
more harmful if children change schools during kindergarten,
during high school, or if they move multiple times. “Potential
explanations for these negative consequences include
disruptions in the children’s instruction caused by changing
schools, excessive absenteeism related to the move, an inability
to study quietly and without chaos during the move, stress

caused by the move, disruption of peer networks for older
children, and interference with the development of close
personal relationships for younger children.” (Ludwig2012)
The WHO (World Health Organization) states “problems
associated with hyper-mobility may also be worsened by other
risk factors that can lead families to move frequently, such as
poverty, an unstable home life, and domestic violence.”
It has hit my mind that research on the relationship between the
low-level houses and education must be a valid argument. This
topic does not necessarily argue from the idea of poverty but
rather the dwellers of these houses that are normally poor.
Poverty has been formed many years been associated with low
level of education. However, specifics of poverty such as
malnutrition have scanty research being done on how they
independently affect education.
It can be agreed that not all malnutrition children are from poor
families. Equally, not all dwellers of these low-income houses
are necessarily poor. However, the fact that they live in a
region that has low-income houses may affect their education as
well as those of their children. The factors beyond their wealth
may still affect them such as the congestion in the schools
available. The idea of low-income houses and education
relationship may not contribute to a big percentage of the
factors that affect education. However, its contribution must
not be ignored as they are still alluding to a considerable
amount. Data collected was used to derive critically analyzed
solution and compared with the context of the United States as a
whole. The variance found will be used to determine the
validity of the results since the wide national results have been
analyzed already.
Upon reading the paper, the concerned persons are expected to
take the suggested actions to control the situation. The possible
measure to regulate and discourage certain behaviors among the
dwellers may also be put in place. Therefore, the paper intends
to analyze the situation and give an intense solution.The paper
has a thorough analysis of literature review of past work done

on the different regions. These are factors that affect education
and poverty effects on education. The characteristics of low-
income houses have also been analyzed in the literature review.
The expected solutions have been put a discussion so as to come
up with the best results once the proposed solution are put into
practice.
Literature review: Low-income housing characteristics
California is one of the most desirable places to live in. Among
the counties in California that have an exceptional world,
attention is Los Angeles and San Bernardino. While the state
remains among the most attractive places in the world, the
attraction comes with a cost of living. Living in California is
day by day becoming expensive. The cost of living has gone
beyond what an average income earner can withstand. As such
most of the middle-level earners have been subjected to low-
level income houses.
In these houses, the people live to spend. There is hardly
anything to save as rent and housing take pretty much above
half of their income. This leaves the people with pretty risky
position since in case one is fired or gets sick; they either are
subjected to debt, or they will have to leave the rental units and
go off streets. The people hardly get any quality education as
they cannot afford it. The people live in fear of losing their
jobs and getting sick as any of those misfortunes will lead to a
deep pit of debt.
Crowding in the apartments is another characteristic of these
low-income houses. There is hardly much available for one
tenant. The houses are full at times there is sharing of corridors
parking lots and balconies (Gould& Turner, 1997). This sharing
leads to congestion. Often music and general noise from
neighbors may make it hard to study. Overcrowding jeopardizes
any chance of quality education.
Scarce social amenities such as schools lead to a general forfeit
of desire to study (World Health Organization. Health principles
of housing, 1989). Normally, these shanties have no amenities
enough for everyone they hold, the schools are congested, and

the classes are poorly equipped. This makes it hard to study
and gain a quality education. The quality schools are located far
from these houses whereby at times, it may be hard to access.
While only very few afford the presentable apartments, those
who cannot are subjected to poor quality houses. These houses
are poorly protected from weather, poorly lit up and they may
be infested with bedbugs and other deadly parasites. They lack
heating systems to protect the people over winter. Quite often,
the people who live here often get sick. Thus, the people spend
pretty much of their left monies in hospitals and time as well.
Thus, there is hardly any time to leave alone money for the
education.
Some end up in streets due to lack of rent and other housing
costs. These people are subjected to harsh climatic conditions
and insecurity. They are barely owning anything and are often
jobless. The possibility of such persons thinking of education is
close to zero. At the same time, the people living under these
conditions are not likely to have their children go to school. To
reduce the effects of these characteristics on education, there is
a need to ensure that a quota policy on the number of schools
per apartments is established. This will see that these densely
populated areas have enough schools to cater for all the children
in the neighborhood without compromising the quality of
education.
The non-economic barriers such as race should be dealt with
accordingly. These barriers have been known to alienate certain
communities to certain regions. These regions that have been
set for the seemingly weaker race have been poorly furbished
with social enmities. As such schools in these regions have
been inadequate, and many children go without basic education.
If the regions are filled in with schools and this discrimination
based on race is eliminated, and then there are chances that
education in southern California will be served across races.
Literature review: Factors leading to high housing cost
There are fewer houses than demand. According to laws of
demand and supply, whenever the demand rises and supply is

low, there is a general tendency to increase the prices of the
commodity until a reasonable value is achieved at a balance.
This has seen the prices of houses in California skyrocket
within few years. As such the majority of the people who are
middle-income earners have been pushed too low-class houses
(Shipler, 2004).
Preference for commercial houses to residential houses leaves
few houses for residential purposes. The investors in real estate
are profit oriented and thus, they tend to build houses meant for
shops, stores and restaurants (Schwartz, 2006). Such houses
give more income as their payments are much higher. This has
left the demand for houses even more; and in return, the poor
are subjected to slums and poor houses due to increased house
rents.
The land cost is high as well as construction cost. These two
factors have in return led to an increased housing cost. The
houses have to return their investment value within a given
duration. As such, the rents and leases have to be adjusted so
that by all means the cost of construction is met with the time
bound set. The end victims are the consumers who in this case
are the tenants.
High maintenance cost such as repair has also seen the cost of
housing rising. The water and garbage collection and other
accrued costs by the apartment management are reflected back
to the tenant. The rent value increases due to such factors,
leading to unaffordable houses and people have to more to
unhealthy low-income houses.
Limited developable land leads to scarcity of land available for
decent houses. This in return will lead to demand as seen
above. California is pretty much rugged with the coast being
unfavorable for buildings and the mountains and hills. Valleys
also act as barriers to many houses development. Where the
houses are developed, extra structure to ensure the houses
stability implicates a higher cost of the house. As said above,
expensive houses cannot be afforded by the middle and low-
income earners leaving the poor to low income substandard

houses at inconvenient locations.
Among the solutions that could be sued to alleviate some of
these problems are a subsidy by the state government on the
cost of construction. These subsidies should be directed to
companies constructing residential homes that are affordable to
middle and low-income earners. It is also advisable to
incorporate environmentally friendly measure when
constructing the houses. Thus, the problems associated with
low-income residential areas such as pollution may not be
present here. The cost of amenities such as power could be
substituted with solar power harnessing. In the overall, there is
a chance of having improved houses at a cheaper cost.
Literature review: Factors affecting education in South
California
The economic factors play the major role in jeopardy of
education among the people of California. The economic
standards are too tough that dwellers of the region have to dig
deep in their pockets. This leaves the people with less money to
pay for school fee. The school fee is not easy to afford. This
leaves out children of middle-class income earners and the low-
income earners. The workers themselves cannot afford to
educate themselves as well. The few who can afford to go to
school are normally from extremely rich families
Home location factors have affected the few who are far from a
school. Since the people who are pushed too low housing
facilities are the middle-class income earners, they are pushed
to regions far from schools and other social amenities. Their
children have to board public transport to access the schools.
This leads to an increased cost of the student’s education. This
added a problem to the expensive education makes education a
dream not likely to come to reality among many (Wilkins, 2008
March).
Drugs have affected the region to a big extent. The fact that the
southern California region borders Mexico, and the fact that
more children get into drugs now and then, jeopardizes
education to a considerable amount (Leventhal&Brooks-Gunn,

2000). The children who are addicts can barely concentrate
well in class due to the effects of drugs. They are also likely to
lose interest in studies and preoccupy their minds with drug
activities such as trafficking. Potential academic giants have
been wasted on drugs. If the parents are drug addicts, there is a
high chance that the children will also indulge in drugs taking
activities (Rodriguez, 1993).
Truancy is another huge factor subjecting education to a thin
end. It involves chronic unexcused missing of classes (Henry,
2007 January). Children who miss classes are subject to failure
as they scarcely cover adequate of the syllabus for them to pass
even if they read on their own. Lack of enough parents
monitoring of children is a likely factor that causes truancy.
However, at times, children do quite much to ensure that they
are not discovered. At times, thorough follow-up of a child’s
academic progress is critical. Some student variables that cause
truancy are as a result of misconduct in school.
In South California, while most parents are forced to work many
hours in a day to make both ends meet, children are not always
keen on their studies (Kaufman, 1991). To ensure that every
parent follows up, there is a need to ensure that all parents
attend regular parents meetings. The report cards indicating a
child’s academic performance should also have a parents
comments and signing space. This will ensure that all parents
take a moment with their children and understand if there are
any situations affecting the child. Where legit causes of truancy
are identified, positive behavior approach should be used to sort
the matter. This is important in assuring that all students,
especially in southern California, go to school as supposed
(Exploring perceptions and educational needs of grade 10
learners at risk of school failure, 2013).
Methodology
The research used both empirical-analytic methods as well as
the interpretative methods. The empirical methods were used to
collect data that once analyzed; there would be a deduction. It
would be established at this point if the set hypothesis tallied

with the found results. Using these points from the deductions
interpretative measures would be used to ensure that outcomes
derived were sensible. Since the interpretation is subjective to
bias and opinion, there was a need to be well informed and
exercise caution when making the conclusions.
The research was done in California State in the counties of Los
Angeles, San Bernardino, and Irvine. These counties in the
southern part of California were looked at. The factors
considered before looking at any place was the place dwellers
average level of income. The level of income could be
indicated by the kind of houses built in place and the kind of
cars parked in the parking lots of the houses. Of course, not all
the region could be covered in one research. However, there
was sampling done to determine the areas that the research
would cover. The schools that the research was conducted were
also selected from a random sample.
The colleges and universities in Los Angeles were also
considered. This is where it is expected that most students from
the Southern California came to study. The university had a
considerable number of students from low-income earners. The
California State University was most considered as it had the
highest number of students from South California.
The students were the first group of participants. These ranged
from high school to college students. The student variables that
affected their education were analyzed at this point. The factors
included the ability to pay the fee in time, the distance from
school to home and the ability to do supplementary studies at
home. The school variables were also considered such as
overcrowding in classes, quality of teaching assistance
equipment and their availability.
The other groups of participants of the research were mostly the
workers. These would be workers located in the residential area
of average to low-income earners. The workers were expected
to be parents with kids in various levels of education. The
working payment was expected to be relatively low so as to get
the blue color jobs workers. The low-income regions lands

agents were the next group of the target. They were expected to
provide information regarding the trend of workers and general
records on their economic performance. The information
regarded their ability to pay rents swiftly.
The data collection methods that were used included reading
peer reviewed literature. This made the most of my research.
There was some research done on the school to indicate the
relationship between poverty and performance. The research
relied on mostly on students from low-income houses in South
California. Use of surveys, academic records on performance
and school fee records proved of much importance to the
research. Attendance factors were could be analyzed from the
attendance register collected from the sampled classes. They
would give the relationship between missed classes and the
dwelling locations of the students.
Peer reviewed literature also included information on survey
conducted and issues that arose for example the lack of co-
operation from workers to give their salary details. The data
collected by scholarly research already described how when
surveys were used how the atmosphere was. For example
anyone taking surveys were assured that there answers would be
confidential. Also, in the questionnaires the use of bracket
figures using a range rather than a specific value. This would
convince the individuals to give correct details.
One could explain the purpose of the research to students so
that they would give truthful results. This would reduce the
chances of untruthful results. The performance records were
obtained as they were from the office of the principals for
various schools. At times asking the students how they
performed would lead to erroneous results.
Most of the data were recorded in tabulated from for the figures
of performance marks and grades. The students asked were also
required to provide their home location to enhance the
relationship analysis. Their parents would be followed up and
asked the questions relating to their children’s performances at
the schools. This would ascertain the consistency of results and

detect errors where there were some. Research scholars who I
obtained the data from documented their findings with a
recorder which would be carried to boost the memory of said
data and improve credibility.
Analysis
This is the curve of California poverty rate. The poverty
above is for the general public. For children and school going
students, the curve is shown below (Duncan & Magnuson,
2011). It clearly indicates that in the year 2006, there was a
recession that hit the state pretty much. However, after the
recession, there have been efforts to revive the economy.
The data above was obtained from, the students fees
payment records. The number of students who dropped out each
year due to solely financial constraints was analyzed. The home
locations of the kids were also analyzed. The other factors that
showed poverty such as malnutrition and truancy were also
observed and used to develop the above graph.
This is the house cost in thousands for the last years. The
trend has not been a gradual increase owing to the cost of
building and land. The 2006-2007 inflation effect has been well
established in the curve. The home prices did not go back in
spite of the inflation reduction by September 2009. However,
the value of houses did not reduce until late 2011.
The home prices moderated properly only in the middle of 2014.
Thus, it can be well accounted for the high rent and lease rates.
The mortgage interest still rises even higher making it hard for
the homeless to acquire one. By 2014, only a third of
California’s population could afford a home.
The high demand has seen the rental market boom. Multifamily
Apartments have been the most attractive to more investments
done after the recession. The high demand saw even wealthier
Americans would want to rent while they could afford to buy
due to lack of the houses. The number of houses being built per
year is very high. However, the number is not high enough to

cater for the high demand. This has seen the cost of housing
remain high.
According to this data, there are about 6.1 million
Californians who had an income below the set poverty line. The
poverty level rose significantly around the year 2006. The great
recession had a role to play in this as it shocks the economy of
California to a great extent. However, the country has been
trying to recover. The income per household fell by about 5%
in the years 2009 and 2010.
With children scoring lower on the academic reports. This has
reduced the chance of students getting a college degree. The
prevailing signs of this poverty were malnutrition diseases;
schools had constrained resources for education, ill-health and
general stress and constant movement of homes as the parents
tried to get affordable homes(Gouvea, 2007).
There were likely chances that these children would end up poor
as well. Given their substandard education, it would be hard for
them to secure a good job. Thus, these children would have to
repeat the cycle of poverty. Statistics showed that less than half
of the children were able to double the earnings of their parents
(Gouvea, 2007).
Discussion
Many factors in Southern California are affecting education.
Poverty and its associated characteristics happen to be the most
prevailing. This poverty has stricken and affected the area in
some ways. As per the scope of this paper, one of the effects of
poverty which is low-income housing as it has been analyzed
above.Low-income houses have proven to deny many potential
learners a chance to attend school and gain the most from it.
The affected are not only children from the poorly built houses
but also their parents who may have a desire to go back to
school. The various ways, in which this denial of a crucial right
to education, has been discussed at length below.
The most prominent factor is congestion. The low-income
houses are normally built to hold as many persons as possible.

Normally, the apartment owners do not care to consider some
personal space for each tenant such as a personal balcony and
the colors. Every space is fully occupied. Normally, they are
out there to make the best of their houses. Since the potential
dwellers barely pay enough, then the owners arrive at the
resolution of having many who may pay little since there cannot
be a few to pay enough.
The congestion spills over to schools where the children are too
many per one teacher. This unfavorable teacher-students ratio
has seen poor quality education take root and an eventual
degradation of the schools quality education they should
provide. The poor attention provided for every child in the
school leads to the unfair performance of the children. The
teachers are overwhelmed with work since it is hard to manage
all the students.
General ill conduct of students in these schools is typical. Since
the students are too many, there high chances of ineffective
monitoring of every student. Teenagers are known to take such
chances and start to conduct misconduct amongst them. It is
such factors that lead to truancy, taking drugs and other gross
behaviors that put education at risk. These children are also
involved in activities that may lead to fights in schools. While
the fights are won by those who are strong, those who are weak
are left with no-one to take care of them. Often they may
escape classes and never want to come back due to the
mistreatments.
Truancy is another problem facing the schools located in these
poorly housed regions. The schools may have too many
students that teachers may be unable to take keen supervision of
students at all times. This, as said above may have some
students sneak in and out of school without being known. If
this behavior persists, it can be termed as truancy. Also, the
fights at school may lead to truancy as many students are afraid
of being abused both by insults and physical assault by their
fellow students. This situation may be common to students who
have taken hard drugs (Reid, 2006 January).

The issue of hard drugs cannot be ignored at all. These regions
where the students come from are poorly monitored by police.
Thus, they are potential hotbeds for criminals and drug
traffickers. These traffickers and end users may also be
students. Such a situation will lead to a degradation of academic
performance at school. Normally, there is little that can be
done about this since the streets have to be cleared of drugs
first. Chasing the addicts out of school will allow them more
time to take the drugs and to keep them at school chances the
other students getting influenced by peer pressure. Parents who
are drug addicts poorly monitor their children’s academic life.
Such parents are likely to influence their children to drugs as
well.
Normally, the rate of paying a fee is poor, and thus, the schools
are poorly equipped with books and other learning materials.
The government sponsored program offers books but apparently
they are not enough. When basic education has been
jeopardized, it is very hard to achieve an even advanced
education. It can, therefore, be said that literacy level in these
regions is still small.
Low-income houses predisposing factors
Pollution is among the most disturbing issues in these places.
There is all manner of contamination starting with noise
pollution, air pollution, and soil contamination. Soil pollution
is quite a problem; there is almost no little management plan as
the dwellers may not afford to pay for it. The people have no
recommended positions of throwing little, and thus, every spot
available has some small dropped off. This makes the whole
place look messy, especially after rainfall. The drainage
systems are poorly maintained, and thus, there is water logging
at most suitable flat areas. This poor drainage affects the soils,
and there is too much pollution. The wastes that are not
degradable is not properly disposed of, and these pollutants
interfere with the normal soil aeration.
The air pollution emanates from the poorly maintained vehicles
in the region (Dixon & Garber, 2001). The houses are burning

waste also leads to air pollution. Smoke from industries does
not spare the air also. The stench from piled garbage at a
corner seen now and then leaves the place smelling awful.
There is little that can be done to purify the air, especially by
the dwellers. They are only left with the option of adapting to
the harsh situation. All these forms of pollution give no
favorable environment for studies and living. Thus, schools in
the neighborhood experience noise pollution and even the strong
odors from sewers and dumped garbage. Studying under such
circumstances is hard.
While the issue of poorly equipped public schools remains
crucial, over congestion leads to inadequate facilities as well.
The schools have fewer teachers as few are willing to work in
the schools located in the region. There is also a general
complaint of payments made to teachers who are working in the
area. The schools thus remain poorly furnished with books,
other learning facilities, and teachers. It is obviously hard to
learn under such conditions.
The schools are located far from homes (Rosenbaum et al.,
1987). Widely spaced schools end up serving many students per
school. The students have to either find a means of transport or
trek a long distance to schools. School buses are not enough for
the schools children who may use them. Most parents of these
kids can barely afford private cars on their own; thus, their
children are forced to walk to schools. It, therefore, leaves
these kids under harsh learning situations. It is hard to study if
the classes are a few miles away that have to be covered by
walking every morning.
Conclusion
It has been clear that most students from the low-income houses
regions are not educated. The factors explained above, in the
discussion of results of the research, indicate that most students
from these regions are subjected to unfair learning conditions.
These conditions are hard to go through and often most students
give up. However, the few who make it through are a living
example of how possible it is to make it in these situations.

There is a need for government interference with the life at
these places so that the living condition here is improved.
Although it may be hard to break the chain of poverty that eats
the society in this places, adequate government efforts will see
the places improved to a better standard. Of course, the first
step is handling the waste disposed at every corner of the
suburbs. It will improve the environment and in a great way
improve the health of the dwellers. The maintenance of water
and sewerage systems comes in handy. This will ensure that
every household has access to clean water and proper sewer
connection. Cleanliness is crucial for every development.
There is a need for the government to subsidize the cost of
building houses; the cost is way too much for average local
persons (Shapely, 2007). The few who can afford need to have
the cost reduced so that the cost of renting proper houses is
significantly reduced to affordable levels. The cost of buying
land could also be reduced to an affordable level by reducing
the tax rates for such commodities. The move to make the cost
of housing is necessary to see every dweller of the region
entitled to a decent house (Dreier, 2007).
The local government has to come up with measures to improve
the strategic planning measure of the town. The towns have to
have predetermined social amenities lands such as schools and
hospitals. The type of houses built should be standard, not too
expensive and as well decent. The strategic plan should
regularly be revised so as to cater for new issues arising every
moment.
The private investors and non-profit organization should be
encouraged to build social amenities such as schools in these
regions at affordable prices. These facilities will help to ease
the congestion in the government schools. The government,
therefore, has a role to play in directing these private
organizations to the regions to build. If the above primary
considerations are needed, there will be a general improvement
of life in the low-income houses dwellers. As such, the people
will have a better life. There will be enhanced education for

their children and themselves too.
This paper looked at the effect of low-income housing on
education and possible solutions. The effect of such life
hardships to economic standards of the people have been
explored there, this paper showed the impact and consequences
towards education. This topic hasn’t been given the focus and
attention it’s needed to fix the ongoing problems. Furthermore
there haven’t been much exploration of housing and it’s
connecting to poverty especially in children’s welfare and
academic lives. With the research that has been done and all
the multiple surveys and analytical data collected possible
solutions have been proposed to eliminate the problem. Overall
there are many factors that lead to inadequate education among
the poor not just the house they live in but also their
environment.
Appendix Page
Definition of terms
Income is the average amount of economic gain a person gets
for general expenditure on their life. It could be from legal and
illegal economic activities. Income is distinct from profit in
that profits are meant for the business as a different entity while
income is what a person gains for expenditure on personal life.
Low-income houses rooms rent by people who earn relatively

little compared to the average expected expenditure in a given
region. These houses are normally in poor conditions and are
unfit for human settlement due to the risks they pose to human;
ranging from health to security. They are low-income houses
since only the poor are willing to pay for them since they
cannot afford the improved standards rooms.
Education is the level of literacy of a person gained from a
learning institution. It ranges from basic education such as
elementary, high school and college diploma to advanced
education such as Ph.D.
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CA child poverty rate curve

CA child poverty rates in % 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
2000 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 14 15
15 14.5 14.5 14 13.8 13.5 13 13 12.5 12.5 12 13
13 14 % thousands 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
1997 1998 1999 2000 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 220 250
300 400 489 530 550 480 380 350 380 350 400
450 500 Column2 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
1998 1999 2000 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Column1 1991
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2011 2012
2013 2014 2015
california inflation adjustment rates in dollars
california child poverty rate in % 2000 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 2010 59274 58000 57800
58200 56900 57900 59821 58600 57800
57061 54459

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