This document provides an overview of cellular transformation and carcinogenesis. It discusses generic signaling pathways, cell division, the difference between benign and malignant tumors, and genetic instability as a driver of tumor progression. Immunotherapy and its mechanisms of action are also mentioned. Key scientific terminology related to normal and abnormal cell growth is defined. Different types of tumors are classified by tissue of origin, including epithelium, connective tissue, and endothelial tissue.

1. Cellular transformation
to watch it up close
Dr Mona Quenawy
AIN SHAMS university

2. Outline
 Generic signaling pathway
Cell division
Carcinogenesis and genomic control
 the difference between Benign and malignant
tumor
Scientific terminology
Immunotherapy
NCI Center for Cancer Research, Tom Misteli, Karen Meaburn

3. Nearly two trillion cells divide every day
cancer
theory

4. https://youtu.be/46Xh7OFkkCE

7. https://youtu.be/DwAFZb8juMQ

8. For cancer cell
What is The concept of
tumor doubling time
National Cancer Institute
Rose Eveleth

9. Tumor doubling time (DT) is defined by the number
of days required for a tumor to double its volume.
 A shorter DT indicates a faster tumor growth rate.
The duration of the cell cycle is similar in tumors and
healthy tissues, but tumors present a higher
proportion of cells undergoing mitosis

10. Genetic instability with
frequent mutation
enhance tumor progress

11. mutation as driver for the process

12. Kleinsmith, L. J. Principles of Cancer Biology. Pearson Education, Inc.
2006 Fig. 1-4
Comparison of normal and
neoplastic growth in the epithelium
of the skin
In normal skin, each
cell division gives
rise to one cell that
retains the capacity
to divide and one
that differentiates.

13. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS
BENIGN
MALIGNANT
USUALLY ENCAPSULATED
NON ENCAPSULATED
USUALLY, NONINVASIVE
INVASIVE
HIGHLY DIFFERENTIATED
POORLY DIFFERENTIATED
RARE MITOSES
MITOSES RELATIVELY
COMMON
SLOW GROWTH
RAPID GROWTH
LITTLE OR NO ANAPLASIA
ANAPLASTIC TO
VARYING DEGREES
NO METASTASES
METASTASES

15. Terms related to normal and abnormal cell growth
Anaplasia: Loss of
differentiation of
cells and/or tissues
Aneuploidy:
Possessing an
abnormal number of
chromosomes
Carcinoma:
Malignant neoplasm
of endodermal or
ectodermal origin
Dysplasia: Abnormal
tissue development
Hyperplasia:
Increased number of
cells in a tissue
Hypertrophy:
Increase in the size
of a tissue
Metastasis: Growth
of cells distant from
the site of origin
Neoplasm: An
altered, relatively
autonomous tissue
growth
Papilloma: Benign
epithelial tumor
Sarcoma: Malignant
neoplasm of
connective tissue
origin

16. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC
The features of colorectal cancer and breast cancer
on the molecular basics

19. The hallmark of cancer
the ability to grow invade
and metastasize
HOW COULD WE EXPLOIT
EVERY PATHWAY IN THE
NEW TREATMENT ERA

Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next

20. _____________________________________________________
 Tissue of Origin Benign Malignant
_____________________________________________________
 Epithelium
 surface epithelium papilloma carcinoma
 glandular epithelium adenoma adenocarcinoma
 Connective tissue
 fibrous tissue fibroma fibrosarcoma
 bone osteoma osteosarcoma
 Endothelial tissue
 blood vessels hemangioma hemangiosarcoma
 lymph vessels lymphangioma lymphangiosarcoma
Classification of Human Tumors
by Tissue Type

21. chronic myelogenous leukemia multiple myeloma
Microscopic features for tumor cells

22. Figure 2.7a The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
osteosarcoma liposarcoma

23. mucus-secreting cells adenocarcinoma
of the stomach of the stomach

24. Immunotherapy the
mechanism of action and
the Survival benefit

25. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbFjiWOBErA