A technical report on BioFuels Generation

1. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ROORKEE
A Technical Report on
BIOFUELS GENERATION
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Dr. Nagendra Kumar Mitul Rawat...........12216013
Department Of Humanities Mohit Rajput .........12216014
And Social Sciences Nikhil Singla...........12216015
S.Avinash Deepak…12216016
G-! (Metallurgical and materials engg.)
Signature

2. Preface
Biofuels are the elements which offers us the opportunity to
give back to the environment by allowing us to pursue an
alternative fuel that allows us to decrease our dependence on
fossil and petroleum based fuels. Biofuels is really an umbrella
term and it can mean almost anything, from hydroelectric
power, which is generated from waves to wind, solar and other
forms of generating energy.

3. Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Dr. Nagendra kumar and Mr. Naveen K. Nirwani for
their kind support and guidance without which we could not have
completed this report.
We are extremely thankful to Prof. Pradipta Benarjee , Director , IIT
Roorkee , for continuing the course on technical education in our
curriculum.
We are grateful to our friends for their constructive suggestions which
helped us to give this report the present form.

4. Contents
Preface
Acknowledgement
Abtract
1. Introduction
2. Biofuels
2.1 What are Biofuels
2.2 First Generation Biofuels
2.2.1 Bioethanol
2.3 Second Generation Biofuels
2.3.1 Biodiesel
2.4 Third Generation
2.4.1 Biopetrol
3.Generation
3.1 Biodiesel Production
3.2 Bioethanol Production
3.3 Biogas Production
4.Benefits of Biofuels
5.Disadvantages
6.Conclusion

5. Abstract
Biofuels are energy sources which has origin from living organisms.
They are divided into three categories,they are ;first - generation biofuels
are made largely from edible sugars and starches.second - generation
biofuels are made from no edible plant materials.third generation biofuels
are made from algae and microbes.
Bio-diesel is an eco-friendly, alternative diesel fuel prepared from
domestic renewable resources i.e. vegetable oils (edible or non- edible oil)
and animal fats. Bioethanol is a form of renewable energy that can be
produced from agricultural feedstocks.
The technological processes at issue in the Bio-Petrol project belong to the
sphere of liquefying carbon-rich solid fuels. .
Biomass can replace most of our gasoline needs in 25 years, while creating
a huge economic boom cycle and a cheaper, cleaner fuel for consumers.
They reduce greenhouse gas emissions when compared to conventional
transport fuels.
Biodiversity - A fear among environmentalists is that by adapting more
land to produce crops for biofuels, more habitats will be lost for animals
and wild plants. It is feared for example, that some Asian countries will
sacrifice their rainforests to build more oil plantations.

6. Introduction
Biofuels are a recent development, which has seen significant attention
recently due to humanity's ever-dwindling supply of natural resources or
more specifically our over-dependence on fossil fuels.This has stemmed a
great deal of scientific research into the issue of alternative energy and bio
fuels have been seen as a potentially environmentally and affordable way
for us to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels.
Biofuels is really an umbrella term and it can mean almost anything, from
hydroelectric power, which is generated from waves to wind, solar and
other forms of generating energy. However, for the most part the term
biofuels is used to refer to that of alternative substitutes for petrol, diesel
or aircraft fuel.
With rising greenhouse gas emissions, increasing pollution, steadily
depleting natural resources, and spiking oil prices, we now have a much
greater need for alternative fuel and energy sources than ever before.
Biofuel is the next generation of fuels that can possible provide us with
this type of sustained alternative energy.
Where does the first phase for biofuel production begin? The sun takes
credit for the very first step in this process. The sun helps to grow crops
and plants, which are then eventually used to produce biofuel. Biofuel is
actually derived from biomass, which can come from gas, solid and liquid
states.
These crops that are specifically grown to be used to produce biofuels are
referred to as feedstocks. These feedstocks are the raw and unprocessed
form that the bio fuel is derived from. Among the more common types of
feedstocks and crops that are used for the production of biofuels are corn,
sugar crops, and forests. In addition, even some of the byproducts of
materials such as those that come from wood can be used in this process.
These special byproducts are often converted to the liquid forms of
biofuels, which include methanol and ethanol. With the ability to use
these byproducts, production methods have gotten a lot less expensive
since there is much less waste involved.

7. In addition, there are also certain natural oils that are also used to help
produce this special type of fuel. For example, oil palm, soybean and algae
are surprisingly capable of being burned directly in certain types of
furnaces and engines and can also be blended with certain types of fuels
or petroleum based fuels for a more powerful blended mixture.
Furthermore, certain bio active agents are also being developed which
essentially stimulate the activity of biomass. This mixture and addition of
these special bio agents creates a catalyzing reaction to encourage more
efficient production of the elements necessary for the creation of biofuels.
Another means of producing biofuel that has proven to be especially
efficient and cost effective is the conversion of vegetable oil to a burnable
fuel that can be used with most types of engines.
And while we have come a very long way with our biofuels production
capabilities, there is still a great deal of research and development that
needs to be done before we can expect to see the widespread, everyday
use of these special types of fuels. However, the technology for it is just
around the corner and we can expect some very exciting developments
soon enough.
2. BIOFUELS
2.1 What is biofuel?
Broadly speaking, biofuel refers to any solid, liquid or gas fuel that has
been derived from biomass. It can be produced from any carbon source
that is easy to replenish - such as plants.
One of the main challenges when producing biofuel is to develop energy
that can be used specifically in liquid fuels for transportation. The most
common strategies used to achieve this are:
Grow plants – Plants that naturally produce oils include oil palm, jatropha,
soybean and algae. When heated resistance (viscosity) is reduced they can
be burned within a diesel engine or they can be processed to form
biodiesel.

8. Grow sugar crops or starch – These include sugar cane, sugar beet, corn
and maize which are then turned into ethanol through the process of
yeast fermentation.
Woods – By-products from woods can be converted into biofuels including
methanol, ethanol and woodgas.
They can be divided into three categories
a) first - generation biofuels are made largely from edible sugars and
starches.
b) second - generation biofuels are made from no edible plant
materials.
c) third generation biofuels are made from algae and microbes.
2.2 First Generation Biofuels
2.2.1 Bioethanol
Bioethanol is a form of renewable energy that can be produced from
agricultural feedstocks. It can be made from very common crops such
as sugar cane, potato, manioc andcorn. There has been considerable
debate about how useful bioethanol will be in replacing gasoline.
Concerns about its production and use relate to increased food pricesdue
to the large amount of arable land required for crops, as well as the
energy and pollution balance of the whole cycle of ethanol production,
especially from corn.Recent developments with cellulosic ethanol
production and commercialization may allay some of these
concerns.Cellulosic ethanol offers promise because cellulose fibers, a
major and universal component in plant cells walls, can be used to
produce ethanol.According to theInternational Energy Agency, cellulosic
ethanol could allow ethanol fuels to play a much bigger role in the future
than previously thought.
How is ethanol used?
Ethanol is a high-octane premium fuel. It improves engine performance
and prevents “knock.” A blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline, or E10, is
Verbatim:
“The fuel of the future is going to come from fruit like that sumac out by the road, or
from apples, weeds, sawdust – almost anything. There is fuel in every bit of
vegetable matter that can be fermented.”
– Henry Ford, 1925 7

9. approved for use in every vehicle sold in the U.S.; about one-third of
America’s gasoline contains some ethanol. In the past, this blend has been
called gasohol. Ethanol can also be used as a substitute for gasoline. In
the U.S. it is sold in blends of up to 85% (E85). Gasoline, the remaining
15%, is needed to help the fuel ignite in cold weather. In very cold
weather, higher proportions of gasoline may be needed. Ethanol at these
higher blends should not be used in conventional vehicles but only in
flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs), which are designed to run on any combination
of ethanol and gasoline up to E85.
2.3 Second Generation Biofuels
2.3.1 Biodiesel
Bio-diesel is an eco-friendly, alternative diesel fuel prepared from
domestic renewable resources i.e. vegetable oils (edible or non- edible oil)
and animal fats. These natural oils and fats are made up mainly of
triglycerides. These triglycerides when rea w striking similarity to
petroleum derived diesel and are called “Bio-diesel”.
Biodiesel is a mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids (long chain
carboxylic acids). It has similar properties to the diesel fuel made from
crude oil that is used to fuel many vehicles. It can be made easily from
vegetable cooking oil that contains compounds of fatty acids. Enough fuel
can be produced in this activity to burn in a later activity, although it is not
pure enough to actually be used as fuel in a car or lorry.
As India is deficient in edible oils, non-edible oil may be material of choice for producing
bio diesel . For this purpose Jatrophacurcas considered as most potential source for it. Bio
diesel is produced by transesterification of oil obtains from the plant. JatrophaCurcas has been
identified for India as the most suitable Tree Borne Oilseed (TBO) for production of bio-diesel
both in view of the non-edible oil available from it and its presence throughout the country.
The capacity of JatrophaCurcas to rehabilitate degraded or dry lands, from which the poor
mostly derive their sustenance, by improving land’s water retention capacity, makes it
additionally suitable for up-gradation of land resources. Presently, in some Indian villages,
farmers are extracting oil from Jatropha and after settling and decanting it they are mixing the
filtered oil with diesel fuel. Although, so far the farmers have not observed any damage to
their machinery, yet this remains to be tested and PCRA is working on it. The fact remains that
this oil needs to be converted to bio-diesel through a chemical reaction – trans-esterification.

10. This reaction is relatively simple and does not require any exotic material. IOC (R&D) has been
using a laboratory scale plant of 100 kg/day capacity for trans-esterification; designing of larger
capacity plants is in the offing. These large plants are useful for centralized production of bio-
diesel. Production of bio-diesel in smaller plants of capacity e.g. 5 to 20 kg/day may also be
started at decentralized level.
How is biodiesel used?
Biodiesel can be used in diesel engines as a pure fuel or blended
with petroleum with little or no modification. In the U.S., biodiesel is
usually blended with petroleum at low levels, from 2% (B2) to 20%
(B20). But in other parts of the world such as Europe, higher-level
blends — up to B100 — are used.
2.4 Third Generation Biofuels
2.4.1 Biopetrol
Measures to be implemented to resolve the problem of sewage sludge
that contain a high degree of organic matter could primarily aim at
recycling it through a thermo chemical pyrolysis process in order to
recover hydrocarbons that make up the structure of sewage sludge.
Pyrolysis of sewage sludge produces oil, gas and char products. The
pyrolysis oils have also been shown to contain valuable chemicals in
significant concentrations and hence may have the potential to be used as
chemical feedstock. The production of a liquid product increases the ease
of handling, storage and transport.
The technology, improved by BioPetrol Ltd. (patent pending) is
capable of processing carbon wastes, other than sewage sludge, including
agri-wastes, bagasse, pulp and paper residues, tannery sludge and other
end-of-life products such as plastics, tires and the organics in municipal
solid waste. The process of low temperature thermochemical conversion
of municipal sewage sludge to oil is a new technology in developed
countries. The amount of investment is still less than the amount invested
in the sewage sludge incineration process, and the operational economy
of the process is obviously superior to incineration.
The BioPetrol, Ltd. integrated thermochemical process (patent
pending) recovers about 1,100,000 Kcal from each 283 kg of sewage

11. sludge 90% D.S. after the thermal evaporating of 717kg water from each
dewatered ton (1,000 kg) of sewage sludge 26% D.S. The BioPetrol process
begins with sewage sludge at 90% D.S. Sewage sludge drying equipment is
used commonly for the evaporative removal of interstitial water from the
sludge. Numerous drying technologies exist on the market.

12. 3. Generation
3.1 Biodiesel
Biodiesel is made by chemically altering an organic oil (typically vegetable
oil) through a process called "transesterification". Essentially, the process
thins down the oil to allow it to run in an unmodified diesel engine.
• Biodiesel can be made from -
• Virgin oil feedstock; rapeseed and soybean oils are most
commonly used, soybean oil alone accounting for about
ninety percent of all fuel stocks; It also can be obtained from
field pennycress and Jatropha other crops such as mustard,
flax, sunflower, canola, palm oil, hemp, and even algae show
promise
• Waste vegetable oil (WVO);
• Animal fats including tallow, lard, yellow grease, chicken fat,
and the by-products of the production of Omega-3 fatty acids
from fish oil.
The synthesis is a simple chemical reaction that produces biodiesel and
propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol). Cooking oil is mixed with methanol and
potassium hydroxide is added as a catalyst. The products separate into
two layers, with the biodiesel on the top. The biodiesel is separated and
washed, and is then ready for further experimentation.

14. 3.2.Bioethanol
Ethanol is another name for ethyl alcohol, or “grain alcohol”(CH3CH2OH).
The alcohol in a glass of wine, beer, or liquor is ethanol. Fuel ethanol is
“denatured” by the addition of 2-5% gasoline, which makes it undrinkable.
In the U.S. today fuel ethanol is mostly made from the starch in corn
kernels; in Brazil it is made from the juice in sugar cane. Commercial
production of ethanol from cellulose (plant fiber) is expected within the
next few years.
The production of ethanol today involves the use of yeast to convert sugar
into alcohol – the same fermentation process that has been used for
thousands of years, although on a much larger scale. A typical dry mill
production facility produces 50 to 100 million gallons of ethanol a year; the
process is shown below .Bioethanol is made from a large range of crops.
Grains, rapeseed, canola, hemp, maize, sugarcane and virgin oils are
some. It can be mixed with petrol for use by vehicles and is becoming
commercially available in some countries.
Ethanol can be made from cellulose much as it is today from corn – once
the very tightly bound sugars in the plant fiber are broken down by
enzymes. Accomplishing this task at low cost has been the principal
obstacle to commercial development.The enzymes needed to break
cellulose down into fermentable sugars are genetically improved natural
organisms. One such fungus, Trichoderma reesei, plagued U.S. troops with
jungle rot that “ate” their clothing in the South Pacific during World War
II.52 Another promising source of enzymes is termite guts. Termites, after
all, sustain themselves by converting woody biomass to sugars.53 Thanks
to biotechnology, the cost of such enzymes is dropping rapidly, down 30-
fold in the last five years – to 10-18 cents per gallon of ethanol produced.54
Acid can also be used to break down cellulose, or, alternatively, cellulose
can be heated and turned into a gas that can be converted into biofuels –
even bio-gasoline.

16. 3.3 Biogas
3.3 Biopetrol
integrated thermochemical process (patent pending) recovers about
1,100,000 Kcal from each 283 kg of sewage sludge 90% D.S. after the
thermal evaporating of 717kg water from each dewatered ton (1,000 kg)
of sewage sludge 26% D.S. The BioPetrol process begins with sewage
sludge at 90% D.S. Sewage sludge drying equipment is used commonly for
the evaporative removal of interstitial water from the sludge.
The technological processes at issue in the Bio-Petrol project belong to the
sphere of liquefying carbon-rich solid fuels. The liquefaction processes
common today comprise two stages:
1. Thermal breakdown of the molecular structure to create
radical fractions different in size.
2. Stabilization of the radicals by recombining themselves or by
redistribution of hydrogen from the raw material itself or by
hydrogen that is introduced from outside (molecular hydrogen
or from hydrogen-donor matter). Bio-Petrol Company has
carried out R&D work which has resulted in the formulation of a
suitable process for producing synthetic oil from sewage sludge
with larger output than that obtained from the common
process-i.e. pyrolysis. By integrating familiar liquefaction
methods the company developed a process of high utilization of
the organic matter that is in the sewage sludge that produces oil.

17. 3.4 Other Alcohols and Ethers
Alcohols are a family of chemicals with slightly different properties,
depending on the number of carbon atoms. A molecule of methanol has a
single carbon atom, ethanol has two, and butanol four. Because of this,
butanol has a higher energy content (92% of that of gasoline) than ethanol
or methanol. It is impossible to predict at this point whether any of these
three, or some combination, will become a dominant and preferred fuel
option. All can be made from renewable biomass, however, and thus all
have a similar potential to reduce oil consumption and improve
environmental quality.
Biobutanol – butanol made from biomass – can be produced with the
same feedstocks as ethanol but with a modified fermentation and
distillation process. Butanol can be used in standard vehicles in gasoline
blends up to 16%, and it can be distributed by pipeline more easily than
ethanol, because it mixes less easily with water. Like methanol, it is
poisonous. Butanol can also enhance low-level ethanol blends by reducing
their evaporative emissions. Unlike ethanol, butanol can be easily blended
with diesel.110 Recently, BP and DuPont announced that they would
partner to produce a “next generation” of biofuels, beginning with
biobutanol in 2007.111
Methanol is commonly called “wood alcohol.” It can be made from
biomass but is now chiefly made from natural gas. Production of methanol
is one way to make use of remote natural gas that might not otherwise be
brought to market. It has about half the energy content of gasoline and
about three-fourths the energy content of ethanol. Like ethanol, methanol
is a high-octane, high-performance fuel used by race car drivers. Both
methanol and ethanol can be used with higher compression ratios than
gasoline. This can result in an increase in horsepower of up to 15%. The
U.S. methanol industry has shrunk from 18 production facilities producing
2 billion gallons of methanol per year in 1998 to four facilities producing
300 million gallons of methanol in 2005. Giant facilities are being built
where there is access to cheaper natural gas, including Trinidad and
Tobago, Chile, Venezuela, and Oman.

18. 4. Benefits Of Biofuels
1. Biomass can replace most of our gasoline needs in 25 years, while
creating a huge economic boom cycle and a cheaper, cleaner fuel for
consumers.
2.They reduce greenhouse gas emissions when compared to conventional
transport fuels.
3.Biofuels can save up to 60% of carbon emissions compared to fossil
fuels. Second generation biofuels offer carbon emission savings up to 80%.
What is the global potential for biofuels use?
Estimates of global potential for biomass that can be converted into fuels
vary widely. One recent study concluded that by 2050, biomass
theoretically could supply 65% of the world’s current energy consumption,
with sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America accounting for
roughly half of this global potential.In tropical countries, high crop yields
and lower costs for land and labor provide an economic advantage that is
hard for countries in temperate regions to match.
The potential market demand for ethanol and biodiesel also varies widely.
While gasoline commands a much larger share of the market in the U.S.
than diesel, diesel dominates in Europe and is often the preferred fuel for
vehicles in developing countries.
Verbatim:
“The gradual move away from oil has begun. Over the next 15 to 20 years we may
see biofuels providing a full 25% of the world’s energy needs.”
– Alexander Müller,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

19. 5. Disadvantages
1. Biodiversity - A fear among environmentalists is that by adapting more
land to produce crops for biofuels, more habitats will be lost for animals
and wild plants. It is feared for example, that some Asian countries will
sacrifice their rainforests to build more oil plantations.
2. If biofuels become lucrative for farmers, they may grow crops for
biofuel production instead of food production. Less food production will
increase prices and cause a rise ininnflation.
3. Many first generation biofuels are not sustainable. It is necessary to
create sustainable biofuel production that does not effect the food
production, and that doesn’t cause environmental problems.
4. More energy is used to make biofuels, than is contained in the biofuel.
5. Greenhouse gases produced by burning
6. Extra costs of installing technology to process and recycle wastes.
7. Expensive to collect, harvest and store raw materials. Raw material
might need pre-treatment.
8. Large scale crop production will use vast areas of land and water,
representing major problems

20. 6. Conclusion
Biodiesel offers us the opportunity to give back to the environment
by allowing us to pursue an alternative fuel that allows us to decrease our
dependence on fossil and petroleum based fuels.
However, the problem exists that most biofuels are based on
biomass products that are being farmed from crops and as a result, if we
shift our dependence from fossil fuels to biofuels, there will not be
enough space on the planet to grow food and ensure that biofuel
production is adequate for our reliance on energy.available, and the type
chosen usually correlates with the size of the operation.
There are a number of kits and parts available that make it
relatively easy to produce your own biofuel. While there are a few steps
during this biomass fuel production that do require some additional care
and consideration, the whole of the process is safe enough for even
people with relatively low to no experience to take an active part in
production. Also, the flexibility in production location lends itself to
keeping the production costs low since producers and manufacturers
don’t have to pay extra for special circumstances. And it’s especially
important to keep such things in mind since are current overdependence
on fossil fuels has limited our price options.
The truth is that at this current moment, bio fuel production
technology is still very much in the first generation. Even though there
have been significant developments, the technology in general is still very
young. We are now seeing biofuels being used as additives in both
gasoline and diesel, which is slowly helping to reduce the strain on the
world's fossil fuels.
In the immediate future, humanity will be required to make many
changes to our lifestyles in order to both preserve our lifestyle but also
our environment. After all this is a legacy we will leave for our children
and their children, so perhaps by investing responsibly in biofuel
production and research, we can ensure that we have a few years left on
this earth yet.

21. Bibilography
i. Lectures and tutorials (http://intranet.iitr.ac.in/lecntut.html)
ii. Biofuels for our future (http://w w w. E n e r g y F u t u r e C o a l i
t i o n . o r g / B i o f u e l s)
iii. http://www.wikipedia.com
iv. http://www.howstuffworks.com
v. http://www.agrabiofuels.com/
vi. Biotechnology by JE smith

22. Glossary
 Alcohol: Colorless volatile liquid created through the fermentation of sugars or
starches
 Aromatics: Petroleum-based chemical compounds blended with gasoline to
improve octane – principally
benzene, toluene, and xylene
 Bagasse: Sugar cane waste
 Biobutanol: Alcohol containing four carbon atoms per molecule, produced from the
same feedstocks as
ethanol, but with a modified fermentation and distillation process. Less water-
soluble than ethanol, biobutanol
has a higher energy density and can be transported by pipeline more easily
 Biodiesel: Biofuel (technically, methyl esters) produced from oilseed crops –
including soy, canola, palm, and
jatropha – that can be used in diesel engines
 Biofuel: Fuel produced from biomass
 Biomass: Biological material – including corn, switchgrass, and oilseed crops – that
can be converted into fuel
 Cellulose: Fiber contained in leaves, stems, and stalks of plants and trees. It is the
most abundant organic
compound on earth
 Cetane Rating: Measure of diesel’s combustion quality
 Distillers Grains: Byproduct of ethanol production that can be used to feed
livestock; alternatively, distillers
dried grains with solubles (DDGS)
 E10: Blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline
 E85 : Blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline
 Energy Balance: Difference between the fossil energy needed to produce a fuel
and the energy the fuel
contains
 ET BE: See ‘Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether’
 Ethanol: Alcohol containing four carbon atoms per molecule with about two-thirds
the energy density of
gasoline, mostly fermented from corn starch or sugar cane, also known as ‘grain
alcohol’
 Ethers: Liquid fuel made from a blending an alcohol with isobutylene
 Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether: Ether created from ethanol that can increase octane and
reduce the volatility of
gasoline, decreasing evaporation and smog formation
 Feedstock: Raw material used in an industrial process, like the production of biofuel
 FF V: See ‘Flexible Fuel Vehicle’
 Fischer-Tropsch Process: Method of producing liquid fuels, usually diesel fuel, from
natural gas or synthetic
gas from gasified coal or biomass
 Flexible Fuel Vehicle: Automobile capable of running on gasoline and high-ethanol
blends interchangeably
 Gasohol: Fuel blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline (E10)
 Grain Alcohol: See ‘Ethanol’
 Knock: Engine sound that results from ignition of the compressed fuel-air mixture
prior to the optimal moment
 Lignin: Energy-rich material contained in biomass that can be used for boiler fuel
 Methanol: Alcohol containing one carbon atom per molecule, generally made from
natural gas, with about half

23. the energy density of gasoline, also known as ‘wood alcohol’
 Methyl Esters: See ‘Biodiesel’
 MT BE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether): Ether created from methanol that can increase
octane and decrease the
volatility of gasoline, decreasing evaporation and smog formation
 Octane: Measure of a fuel’s resistance to self-ignition (see ‘Knock’)
 Perennial: Plant that doesn’t have to be planted every year like traditional row crops
 Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS ): Legislation enacted by Congress as part of the
Energy Policy Act of 2005,
requiring an increasing level of biofuels be used every year, rising to 7.5 billion
gallons by 2012.
 Switchgrass: Prairie grass native to the United States and known for its hardiness
and rapid growth, often cited
as a potentially abundant feedstock for ethanol
 Thermal Conversion: Process that uses heat and pressure to break apart the
molecular structure of organic
solids
 Transesterification: Chemical process that transforms raw vegetable oil into
biodiesel by separating out
glycerin, which is used in soaps and other products
 Volatility: Propensity of a fuel to evaporate
 Wood Alcohol: See ‘Methanol’