This document provides an overview of research methodology. It begins by defining what research is, including that it is a systematic search for truth and new knowledge. It discusses different types of research such as descriptive, applied, quantitative, and qualitative research. The document outlines the overall research process from defining the problem to data collection, analysis, findings, and reporting. It also discusses developing a research problem statement, reviewing literature, and selecting a research problem. Key aspects of a good research study such as purpose, methods, analysis, findings and conclusions are highlighted.

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Research
Methodology
Dr. Mohasin A. Tamboli
Associate Professor, PIRENS IBMA, Loni Bk.
Member, Board of Studies, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune.
Email: mohasinat@gmail.com

2. “I keep six honest serving men, (they taught
me all I knew), their names are
--Rudyard Kipling
what, and why, and when, and how,
and where and who.”
Dr. M.A. Tamboli
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What is Research?

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What is research?
Research means finding answers to the questions.
It is a systematic search for truth.
Through research, new and original information, ideas
about the world we live in, are obtained.
Research is search for knowledge.
Research is defined as a scientific and systematic
search for information on a specific topic.

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Which of these can be classified as research?
[1] Samad prepared a paper on “computer usage in
secondary schools” after reviewing literature on the
subject available in his university library.
[2] Manoj says that he has researched and completed a
document which gives information about the age of his
students, their results, their parents income and distance
of their schools from the District Office.
[3] Nilesh participated in a workshop on curriculum
development and prepared what he calls, a report on the
curriculum for Engineers.

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None of the above examples
can be classified under the
name research.

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Consider the following case which is an example of
research
•A general manager of a car producing company was
concerned with the complaints received from the car users
that the car they produce have some problems with sound at
the dash board and the rear passenger seat after few
thousand kilometers of driving.
•He obtained information from the company workers to identify
the various factors influencing the problem.
•He then formulated the problem and generated guesses
(hypotheses).
•He constructed a checklist and obtained requisite information
from a representative sample of cars.
•He analyzed the collected data, interpreted the results in the
light of his hypotheses and reached conclusions.

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WHAT IS RESEARCH?
• Research is systematic, because it follows
certain
steps that are logical in order. These steps are:
1. Understanding the nature of problem to be
studied and identifying the related area of
knowledge.
2. Reviewing literature to understand how others
have
approached or dealt with the problem.
3. Collecting data in an organized and controlled
manner so as to arrive at valid decisions.
4. Analyzing data appropriate to the problem.

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OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
1. To gain familiarity with phenomenon
2. To achieve new insight into it (Exploratory Research
Studies)
3. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a group (Descriptive Research
Design)
4. To determine the frequency with which something occur
(Diagnostic Research)
5. To find out relationship between variables (Hypothesis
Testing)

10. Motivation in research
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 Desire to get research degree
 Desire to face challenge in solving the unsolved
problems
 Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some
creative work
 Desire to be service to society
 Desire to get respectability

11. What is Methodology?
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Systematic Way of doing things
Methodology involves
• Process
• Methods/Techniques
• Tools
• Logic
Research Methodology means
systematic way of doing research

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What’s out there?
What does it look like?
How does it work?
How well does a method solve a problem?
Why does something happen the way it happens?
Predictive (Models): What would happen if --------------
- ?
12

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Research Idea
1. Job recruitment via the
internet
2. Advertising and share prices
3. The future of trade unions
Research Question
1. How effective is recruiting for
new staff via the internet in
comparison with the traditional
methods.
2.How does the running of a TV
advertising campaign designed
to boost the image of a
company affect.
3. What are the strategies that
trade unions should adopt to
ensure their future possibility?

14.  Purpose clearly defined.
 Research process detailed.
 Research design thoroughly planned.
 High ethical standards applied.
 Limitations frankly revealed.
 Adequate analysis for decision maker’s needs.
 Findings presented clearly.
 Conclusions justified.
 Researcher’s experience reflected.
CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH
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15. PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH
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 Uncontrollable variables
 Human tendencies
 Time and money
 Insufficient interaction between university
research departments and business establishments
 Lack of confidence on the part of business units to
give information
 Lack of Knowledge of Statistics

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Role of research in management

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The Value of Business Research for Managers – (1)
Research is a systematic inquiry whose objective
is to provide information to solve managerial
problems.
Business Research Methods can be employed in
each of the following four stages:
1. Identification of problems and/or opportunities
2. Diagnosing and Assessment of problems and/or
opportunities
3. Selection and Implementation of Courses of
Action
4. Evaluating the Course of Action

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Selected Examples of Real-Life Situations in
Which Business Research Methods are Used
 A firm wants to produce and market a new product but
first wants to ascertain if there is a potential consumer
demand for this product in markets x,y and z
 A multinational firm wants to establish a production
facility in another country after determining its technical
and economic feasibility
 A government agency wants to ascertain the satisfaction
level of its employees, the causes for any possible
dissatisfaction, and propose a scheme for enhancing this
level
 MNC wants to find out the trends in retail and wholesale
sector

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General Business Conditions and
Corporate Research
 Short- & Long-Range Forecasting,
 Business and Industry Trends
 Global Environments
 Inflation and Pricing
 Plant and Warehouse Location
 Acquisitions
Financial and Accounting
Research
Forecasts of financial interest rate
trends,
Stock, bond and commodity value
predictions
Capital formation alternatives
Mergers and acquisitions
Risk-return trade-offs
Portfolio analysis
Impact of taxes
Research on financial institutions
Expected rate of return
Capital asset pricing models
Credit risk
Cost analysis
Fields Where Research is Often Used – (1)
Management and Organizational
Behaviour Research
• Total Quality Management
• Morale and Job Satisfaction
• Leadership Style
• Employee Productivity
• Organizational Effectiveness
• Structural issues
• Absenteeism and turnover
• Organizational Climate

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Sales and Marketing Research
 Market Potentials
 Market Share
 Market segmentation
 Market characteristics
 Sales Analysis
 Establishment of sales quotas
 Distribution channels
 New product concepts
 Test markets
 Advertising research
 Buyer behaviour
 Customer satisfaction
 Website visitation rates
Information Systems Research
Knowledge and information needs
assessment
Computer information system use and
evaluation
Technical suppot satisfaction
Database analysis
Data mining
Enterprise resource planning systems
Customer relationship management systems
Corporate Responsibility
Research
Ecological Impact
Legal Constraints on advertising and
promotion
Sex, age and racial discrimination /
worker equity
Social values and ethics
Fields Where Business Research is Often Used – (2)

21. RESEARCH PROCESS
Define
Research
Problem
Review
Concepts
And
theories
Review
Previous
Research
findings
Formulate
hypothesis
Design
Research
(Including
Sample
Design)
Collect
Data
Analyse
Data
Interpret
and
report
FF
F
F F
F
I
II
III IV V VI VII
F
FF
Feed Back
Feed Forward
Review the literature
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22. Research Process
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Define Problem
Formulate Hypothesis
Research Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Research Findings
Research Report

23. Research Process
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Define Problem
• Identify, Understand and Define
Problem
• Purpose and Objectives of Research
Formulate Hypothesis
• Assumed solution of research
problem
Research Design
• Plan of Research

24. Research Process
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Data Collection
• Gathering of Data
Data Analysis and Interpretation
• Analysis of Data
• Interpret meaning from the data

25. Research Process
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Research Findings
• Result/Outcome of Research
• Conclusions
Research Report
• Report of research activity
• Feedback to the management

26. TYPES OF RESEARCH
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 Descriptive Research:-Means description of the state of
affairs as it exists at present. Researcher only reports only
what has happened or what is happening
 Applied Research:- Aims at finding solution for an
immediate problem facing a society or an industry/
business organizations
 Quantitative Research:-Based on the measurement of
quantity or amount. Applicable to phenomena that can be
expressed in terms of quantity.
 Conceptual Research: - Related to some abstract ideas
or theory. Used by philosophers and thinkers to develop
new concepts or re-interpret existing ones.

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 Empirical Research: - Relies on experience
or observations alone, often without due
regard for system and theory.
 Qualitative Research: - Concerned with
qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomenon
relating to or involving quality or kind.
 Fundamental Research: - Mainly concerned
with generalizations and with the formulation of
a theory.
 Analytical Research: - Researcher has to use
facts on information already available and
analyze these to make a critical evaluation of
the material.

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1. Title
2. Introduction
3. Statement of the Problem
4. Review of Literature
5. Objectives of the Study
6. Hypotheses for the Study
7. Research Design and Methodology
8. Conceptual Framework
9. Report Writing and Implications of the Study
10. Financial Assistance Required
11. Conclusion
12. Select Bibliography

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 It should be precise. (Words)
 It should be clear. (Conceptual)
 It should be specific. (Scope)
 It should be catchy. (Attractive)
--------------Examples

30. Incorrect Title:
A Study of Implementation of Data Mining Techniques for Effective Crime and
Criminal Investigation
Correct Title:
An Implementation of Data Mining Techniques for Effective Investigation of
Crimes: A Study of Ahmednagar Districts.
Simple Way:
Financial and Operational Performance Analysis of Mergers and Acquisitions in
Indian Banking Sector: A Study
Attractive Way:
Analysis of Mergers and Acquisitions in Indian Banking Sector in Post
Liberalization Era: An Exploratory Study
Or
Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on Performance of Indian Banks in Post
Liberalization Era
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It is expected to introduce chosen research
problem / topic covering its origin, meaning,
purpose, developments at international / national
/ regional level and its present status.
The very idea of this component in the research
proposal is to explain readers with the research
problem.

32. RESEARCH PROBLEM
What is a research problem?
 The term ‘problem’ means a question or issue to be
examined.
 Research Problem refers to some difficulty / need
which a researcher experiences in the context of either
theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain a
solution for the same.
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33. Problem in Business Research
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Problem exist when there is negative
gap between expectations and results

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Proposed research topic should have a genuine
need for investigation.
Do the following need an investigation ?
An increasing trend of farmers’ suicides in a
particular region.
Service quality in private / government hospitals
E-banking service provided by banks
HRM Practices in cooperatives
Yes

35. Statement of problem
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Question for which Solution is desired
Researcher needs to
Identify
Understand
Define Problem
Remember:
Problem well defined is half solved

36. Statement of problem
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1. An increasing trend of farmers’ suicides in a
particular region.????
2. Service quality in private / government
hospitals????
3. E-banking service provided by banks??
4. HRM Practices in cooperatives??

37. HOW DO WE KNOW WE HAVE A
RESEARCH PROBLEM?
 Customer complaints
 Conversation with company employees
 Observation of inappropriate behaviour or conditions
in the firm
 Deviation from the business plan
 Success of the firm’s competitor’s
 Relevant reading of published material (trends,
regulations)
 Company records and reports.
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38. SOURCES OF PROBLEMS
 Reading
 Academic Experience
 Daily Experience
 Exposure to Field Situations
 Consultations
 Brainstorming
 Research
 Intuition
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40. CRITERIA OF SELECTION
 Internal / Personal criteria – Researcher’s Interest,
Researcher’s Competence, Researcher’s own
Resource: finance and time.
 External Criteria or Factors – Research ability of the
problem, Importance and Urgency, originality of the
Problem, possibility, Facilities, Usefulness and Social
Relevance, Research Personnel.
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Steps in defining a Problem
1. Statement of the problem in a general way
2. Understanding the nature of the problem
3. Surveying the available literature
4. Developing ideas through discussions
5. Rephrasing the research problem

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Eg……

43. REVIEW
OF
LITERATURE
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44. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 It is an extensive survey of all available past studies
relevant to the field of investigation.
 It gives us knowledge about what others have found
out in the related field of study and how they have
done so.
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45. PURPOSE OF REVIEW
 To gain a background knowledge of the research
topic.
 To identify appropriate methodology, research design,
methods of measuring concepts and techniques of
analysis.
 To identify data sources used by other researchers.
 To learn how others structured their reports.
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46. SOURCES OF LITERATURE
 Books and Journals
 Electronic Databases
Bibliographic Databases
Abstract Databases
Full-Text Databases
 Govt. and Industry Reports
 Internet
 Research Dissertations / Thesis
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47. SOURCE
 The recording of bibliographic information should be
made in proper bibliographic format.
 The format for citing a book is:
Author’s name, (year), Title of the book, Place of
publication, Publisher’s name.
 For Example; Koontz Harold (1980), Management, New
Delhi, McGraw-Hill International.
 The format for citing a journal article is:
Author’s name, (year), Title of the article, Journal name,
Volume (number), pages.
 For Example; Sheth J.N (1973), A Model of Industrial
Buying Behaviour, Journal of Marketing, 37(4), 50-56.
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48. 5. ESTABLISHMENT OF RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES
 Research Objectives are the specific components of
the research problem, that you’ll be working to
answer or complete, in order to answer the overall
research problem. - Churchill, 2001
 The objectives refers to the questions to be
answered through the study. They indicate what we
are trying to get from the study or the expected
results / outcome of the study.
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49. ESTABLISHMENT OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
 Research Objectives should be clear and achievable.
 The objectives may be specified in the form of
either statements or questions.
 Generally, they are written as statements, using the
word “to”. (For example, ‘to discover …’, ‘to
determine …’, ‘to establish …’, etc. )
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Research Question
1. Why have org’s
introduced team
briefing?
2. How can the
effectiveness of team
briefing methods be
measured?
3. Has team briefing
been effective?
Research Objective
1. To identify org’s
objectives for team
briefing schemes
2. To establish suitable
effectiveness criteria for
team briefing methods
3.To describe the
effectiveness of team
briefing

51. Eg.. Objectives
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52. Scope (Range/Reach) of Research (What are the Marketing and Financial Problems
faced by the Small Scale Agro-Processing Industry in Ahmednagar District?
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• All 14 Tehsils in the Ahmednagar District
• Manufacturing Agro-Processing Enterprises
• Small Scale Enterprises
(Investment in Plant &Machinery less than 5
Crores as per new MSMED Act 2006)
• Permanently Registered Enterprises with
District Industries Centre (DIC), Ahmednagar
• Marketing and Financial functions of
management
• Time Period: Five Years

53. FORMULATION
OF
HYPOTHESIS
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54. HYPOTHESIS
Hypo: Assumed Thesis: Truth
Hypothesis: Assumed Truth
Example: Poor product quality is the reason
behind sales decline
 Research Hypothesis is a predictive statement that
relates an independent variable to a dependant
variable.
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56. Hypothesis
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 Null Hypothesis: Ho
 When 2 things are compared and the hypothesis is
formulated that these 2 things are equal is called as Null
Hypothesis
 Neutral/Unbiased Hypothesis as it shows equality
 Example: Avg. IQ of MBA I = Avg. IQ of MBA II
 Alternate Hypothesis: Ha
 When 2 things are compared and the hypothesis is
formulated that first thing is superior/inferior than other or
both are unequal then that hypothesis is called as
Alternate Hypothesis
 Biased Hypothesis as it shows inequality
 Example: Avg. IQ of MBA I > or < or ≠ Avg. IQ of MBA II

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A detailed blueprint specifying how the research will be carried out
Description / location of the study area.
Selection of company / enterprise.
Data source.
Selection of quantitative parameters.
Selection of qualitative parameters.
Selection of respondents.
Data collection instrument.
Respondents contact method.
Data analytical tool.
Scope of the study.
Duration of the study.

58. Research Design: Meaning
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Plan/ Blueprint of Research
How? of Research
• How to Collect Data?
• How to Analyse Data?
• How to Present Report?
• How many Resources are Required?

59. Research Design: Types of Data
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Primary Data:
• First Hand Data: Collected by Researcher
• Raw Data: Needs Analysis
• Advantages:
 Correct/Accurate/Reliable
 Current
 Complete
 Relevant
 Suitable Form
Secondary Data:
• Second Hand Data: Collected by Somebody Else
• Data Exist in some or the other Form
• Processed Data: Further analysis is possible
• Advantages:
 Saves Resources
 Saves Efforts

60. Research Design: Sources of Data
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 Primary Data Sources:
• Customers
• Intermediatories
• Suppliers
• Employees etc.
 Secondary Data Sources:
• Internal Sources: Balance Sheet, P&L Statement etc.
• External Sources
 Books
 Magazines
 Newspapers
 Internet
 Government Records
 Research Journals etc.
 Decide Sources of Data:
• Primary Data Sources
• Secondary Data Sources

61. Research Design:
Data Collection Methods
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Survey Method:
Data is to be Collected from Many Persons
Most used method in Management Research
Types:
• Interview Method
 Personal or Telephonic Interview
 Individual or Group Interview
 Arranged or Intercept Interview
 In-Depth Interview
 Interview Schedule (Questionnaire) can be used
• Questionnaire Method
• Postal Survey
• Fax Survey
• E-Survey

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SAMPLING
DESIGN

63. Definition of Sampling:
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Measuring a small portion of
something and then making a
general statement about the whole
thing.
Process of selecting a number of
units for a study in such a way that
the units represent the larger group
from which they are selected.

64. Why We Need Sampling (Purposes and
Advantages of Sampling)
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1. Sampling makes possible the study of a large,
heterogeneous (different characteristics)
population.
- The universe or population to be studied maybe
too large or unlimited that it is almost impossible to
reach all of them. Sampling makes possible this kind
of study because in sampling only a small portion of
the population maybe involved in the study, enabling
the researcher to reach all through this small portion
of the population.

65. Why We Need Sampling (Purposes and
Advantages of Sampling)
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2. Sampling is for economy.
- Research without sampling
may be too costly. Sampling
reduces the study population to a
reasonable size that expenses are
greatly reduced.
3. Sampling is for speed.
- Research without sampling
might be too time consuming.

66. Why We Need Sampling (Purposes and
Advantages of Sampling)
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4. Sampling is for accuracy.
- If it takes too long a time to
cover the whole study population,
there maybe inaccuracy. The
research must be finished within a
reasonable period of time so that
the data are still true, valid and
reasonable.

67. Disadvantages of Sampling
(Defective Sampling)
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1. If sampling is biased, or not representative, or
too small, the conclusion may not be valid and
reliable.
2. In research, the respondents to a study must
have a common characteristics which is the
basis of the study.

68. Disadvantages of Sampling
(Defective Sampling)
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3. If the population is very large and there are
many sections and subsections, the sampling
procedure becomes very complicated.
4. If the researcher does not possess the
necessary skill and technical knowhow in
sampling procedure.

69. WHAT IS A GOOD SAMPLE?
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 The sample must be valid.
 Validity depends on 2 considerations:
1. Accuracy – bias is absent from the sample
(ex. A company is thinking of lowering its price for
its soap bar product. After making a survey in the
sales of their product in a known mall in Pune
they concluded that they will not cut down the
price of the soap bar since there was an
increased in sales compared to last year. Bias is
present in this study since the company based its
decision for the sales of a known mall which have
consumers who can afford high price products.
They did not consider the sales of their products
in other area wherein they have middle class or

70. WHAT IS A GOOD SAMPLE?
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2. Precision – sample represents the population
(ex. Customers who visited a particular dress shop are
requested to log in their phone numbers so that they
will receive information for discounts and new
arrivals. Management wish to study customers
satisfaction for that shop. By means of interviewing
thru phone they get comments and reactions of their
client. Samples used are not an exact
representative of the population since it is limited
only to those customers who log in their phone
numbers and they did not consider customers
without phone numbers indicated.

71. STEPS IN SAMPLING DESIGN
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What is the target population?
- Target population is the aggregation of elements
(members of the population) from which the sample
is actually selected.
What is the sampling frame?
- Sampling frame is the list of elements from which
the sample is actually drawn. Complete and
correct list of population members only.
What is the appropriate sampling method?
- Probability or Non-Probability sampling method

72. STEPS IN SAMPLING DESIGN
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What size sample is needed?
There are no fixed rules in determining the size
of a sample needed. There are guidelines that
should be observed in determining the size of a
sample.

73. STEPS IN SAMPLING DESIGN
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Example:
A Company would like to make a study in the quality of
digital cameras it manufactured.
1. Target population – consumers of digital cameras
2. Parameters of interest – quality of digital cameras
(scale of 1 to 5 , 5 being the most satisfactory)
3. Sampling frame – database of stores in which digital
cameras are sold, usually customers gives information
about them for warranty purposes
4. Sampling method – Probability sampling (Stratified
sampling).
5. Size of sample – it is more on heterogeneous
population, average responses would like to know by
the manufacturer, so large proportion will be needed
from the population.

74. STEPS IN COMPUTING THE SIZE
OF A SAMPLE
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1. Determine the size of the target population.
2. Decide on the margin of error. As much as
possible the margin of error should not be
higher than 5%. Probably 3% is an ideal
one.
3. Use the formula n = N
1 + Ne2
n = sample size
N = the size of the population
e = the margin of error

75. STEPS IN COMPUTING THE SIZE
OF A SAMPLE
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1. Population is 5,346
2. Margin of error is 3%
3. Using the formula
n = ___5,346_
1+ 5346(.03)2
n = 920
4. Sample proportion (%) = 920 / 5346
= 17%

76. Types of Sampling
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1. Probability sampling
 the sample is a proportion (a certain percent) of
the population and such sample is selected
from the population by means of some
systematic way in which every element of the
population has a chance of being included in
the sample.

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2. Non-probability sampling
 the sample is not a proportion of the population
and there is no system in selecting the sample.
The selection depends upon the situation.
 no assurance is given that each item has a chance
of being included as a sample

78. TYPES OF PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
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79. A. PURE RANDOM SAMPLING
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 this type of sampling is one in which every one in the
population of the inquiry has an equal chance of
being selected to be included in the sample.
 also called the lottery type of sampling.
 this may be used if the population has no
differentiated levels, sections, or classes.

80. PURE RANDOM SAMPLING
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 main advantage of this technique of sampling is
that, it is easy to understand and it is easy to
apply too.
 disadvantage is that, it is hard to use with too
large a population because of the difficulty
encountered in writing the names of the persons
involved.

81. B. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
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 a technique of sampling in which every kth name
(old system of counting off) in a list may be selected
to be included in a sample.
 also called as interval sampling, there is a gap or
interval, between each selected unit in the sample.

82. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
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 Steps in systematic sampling:
 Define the population
 Determine the desired sample size
 Obtain a list (preferably randomized) of the population
 Determine what K is equal to, by dividing the size of the
population by the desired sample size
 Select some random place at the top of the population list
 Starting at that point, take every Kth name on the list until
desired sample size is reached
 If the end of the list is reached before the desired sample
is reached, go back to the top of the list.

83. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
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k = skip interval = population size
sample size
population size = 64
sample size = 8
k = 8

84. C. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
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 the process of selecting randomly, samples from
the different strata of the population used in the
study.
 advantage is that it contributes much to the
representative of the sample
 Steps involves in stratified sampling:
 Define the population
 Determine the desired sample size
 Identify the subgroups (strata) for which you want to
guarantee appropriate representation
 Classify all members of the population as members of one of
the identified subgroups
 Randomly select an appropriate number of individuals from
subgroups.

85. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
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Example: A call center company wants to seek suggestions of their
agents for a new marketing strategy for their new services.
1. Population 5,000 agents.
2. Desired sample size 500
3. Variable of interest is age and there are three subgroups under 30,
30 to 45 and over 45
4. We classify the agents into the subgroups
20% or 1,000 are under age 30
65% or 3,250 are age 30 to 45
15% or 750 are over age 45
5. We want 500 agents. Since we want proportional representation.
20% of the sample (100) under age 30
65% (325) should be age 30 to 45
15% (75) should be over age 45
Therefore, using table of random numbers,
100 of the 1000 under age 30 are selected
325 of the 3250 age 30 to 45 are selected
75 of the 750 over age are selected

86. D. CLUSTER SAMPLING
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 also called as multistage cluster sampling
 used when the population is so big or the
geographical area of the research is so large.

87. Cluster sampling
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Section 4
Section 5
Section 3
Section 2
Section 1

88. CLUSTER SAMPLING
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 Steps in cluster sampling:
 Define the population
 Determine the desired sample size
 Identify and define a logical cluster
 Obtain, or make a list of all clusters in the population
 Estimate the average number of population members per
cluster
 Determine the number of clusters needed by dividing the
sample size by the estimated size of the cluster
 Randomly select the needed number of clusters (using a table
of random numbers)
 Include in the sample all population members in selected
cluster

89. CLUSTER SAMPLING
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 Same example in the stratified sampling:
1. Population 5,000 agents
2. Desired sample size 500
3. Logical cluster is a branch
4. 50 branches all over the country
5. Although the branch vary in number of agents ,
there is an average of 100 agents per branch.
6. The number of clusters (branch) needed equals
the desired sample size, 500 divided by the
average size of a cluster, 100. Thus, the
number of branch needed is 5.
7. Therefore, we randomly select 5 of the 50
branch
8. All the agents in each of the 5 selected branch

90. TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
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91. A. ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING
/CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
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 no system of selection but only those whom the
researcher or interviewer meet by chance are
included in the sample.
 process of picking out people in the most convenient
and fastest way to immediately get their reactions to
a certain hot and controversial issue.

92. ACCIDENTAL / CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
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 not representative of target population because
sample are selected if they can be accessed easily
and conveniently.
 Advantage : easy to use
 Disadvantage: bias is present
 it could deliver accurate results when the population is
homogeneous.

93. ACCIDENTAL / CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
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Examples:
 the female moviegoers sitting in the first row of a
movie theatre
 the first 100 customers to enter a department store
 the first three callers in a radio contest

94. B. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
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 the respondents are chosen on the basis of their
knowledge of the information desired.

95. TYPES OF PURPOSIVE
SAMPLING
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1. QUOTA SAMPLING
 specified number of persons of certain types are
included in the sample.
 advantage over accidental sampling is that many
sectors of the population are represented. But its
representativeness is doubtful because there is no
proportional representation and there are no
guidelines in the selection of the respondents.

96. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
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2. JUDGEMENT SAMPLING
 sample is taken based on certain judgements about
the overall population.
 Critical issue: Objectivity “how much can judgement
be relied upon to arrive at a typical sample?”
 Advantage: reduced cost and time involved in
acquiring the sample

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 A clear meaning to different terms and concepts that
are relating to the research problem. (Meaning)
 A clearly defined terms and concepts will hardly
leave any room for confusions and doubts in terms
of understanding the research problem. (Clear
ideas)

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 It is expected to highlight possible research findings and
their usefulness in the interest of the community.
 For instance “A study on students’ difficulty and drop outs
in school education” will certainly bring forward actual
causes responsible for the same and will serve as base
for appropriate policy formulation to address the
problems’ of students.

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 Were the recommendations followed?
 Was sufficient information for decision-
making information contained in the report?
 Could we have written a report more useful
to management?

100. What is a Citation?
 Citations are a way of giving credit when certain
material in your work came from another source.
It also gives your readers the information
necessary to find that source again-- it provides
an important roadmap to your research process.
 In APA Style, there are two parts to every
citation: an in-text citation and a reference list
citation.
 In-text citations use only a few details of the
source, enough to locate its matching reference
citation in the reference list.
 Reference list citations provide more
information about the source, so that the reader
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102. Referencing Style
https://www.slideshare.net/biniyapatel/different-styl-of-
referencing
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103. Impact Factor
 Impact factor is commonly used to evaluate the
relative importance of a journal within its field and
to measure the frequency with which the
“average article” in a journal has been cited in
a particular time period. Journal which publishes
more review articles will get highest IFs.
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104. h-index
 The h-index is an author-level metric that
attempts to measure both the productivity and
citation impact of the publications of a scientist or
scholar.
 For instance, an h-index of 17 means that the
scientist has published at least 17 papers that
have each been cited at least 17 times. If the
scientist’s 18th most cited publication was cited
only 10 times, the h-index would remain at 17. If
the scientist’s 18th most cited publication was
cited 18 or more times, the h-index would rise to
18.
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105. i10-index
 The i10-index is the newest in the line of journal
metrics and was introduced by Google Scholar.
 It is a simple and straightforward indexing
measure found by tallying a journal’s total number
of published papers with at least 10 citations.
 For instance, An i-10 index of 25 means that, out
of total publications, the researcher has received
at least 10 citations for every 25 published
articles. The i-10 index differs from researcher to
researcher. It mainly depends on the subject area
and sub-section of the research area.
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106. g-index
 g-index: a modification of the h-index that gives
more weight to highly-cited articles.
 For instance an academic with 20 papers, 15 of
which have no citations with the remaining five
having respectively 350, 35, 10, 3 and 2 citations
would have a g-index of 20
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107. Plagiarism
 Presenting work or ideas from another source as
your own, with or without consent of the original
author, by incorporating it into your work without
full acknowledgement.
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THANK YOU