SMART MATERIAL IN WALLS Smart Material Smart Structure Smart Concrete Transparent Wood Wool Brick Smart Bricks Smart Panel Smart Glass Electrochromic Glass Photochromic Glass Smart Wrap Smart paints and Coating Piezo-electric Material Shape Memory Alloy Thermostatic Bimetals

1. SMART MATERIAL IN WALLS
PRESENTED BY:-
BHAWNA AGGRAWAL
DIMPLE
AARYA SHERMA
ASVIN TANDON
SHREYA JINDAL
ISHIKA KURANA

2. CONTENT
1. Smart Material
2. Smart Structure
3. Smart Concrete
4. Transparent Wood
5. Wool Brick
6. Smart Bricks
7. Smart Panel
8. Smart Glass
• Electrochromic Glass
• Photochromic Glass
9. Smart Wrap
10.Smart paints and Coating
11. Piezo-electric Material
12. Shape Memory Alloy
13. Thermostatic Bimetals

3. WHAT ARE SMART MATERIAL?
A smart material is an object that holds a property that is susceptible to change with the introduction of an external
stimulus. This change must be either tangible or visible for the material to qualify for ‘smart’ status. These changes
can include:
• Electrical
• Chemical
• Thermal
• Mechanical
• Magnetic
The definition of smart materials has been expanded recently to include any materials that may not display a
physical change, but do hold electronic functionality

4. SMART STRUCTURE
A smart structure is a system
containing multifunctional parts that
can perform sensing, control, and
actuation.
Smart materials are used to construct
these smart structures, which can
perform both sensing and actuation
functions.

5. SMART CONCRETE
Smart concrete used in smart structures is capable of sensing minute
structural cracks / flaws. Unlike conventional concrete, the smart concrete
has higher potential and enhanced strength.
Concrete that is itself a sensor of strain or stress
The concrete has been modified through the use of admixtures so that it
becomes a sensor
The sensing ability is not due to the attachment of sensors. i.e.., the sensing
ability of smart concrete are based on the change of electrical resistance.
SELF SENSING CONCRETE PRODUCED BY
1.SHORT CARBON FIBRE
2.CNT(CARBON NANOTUBES)
SHORT CARBON FIBRE
It contain short carbon fibres, typically 5 mm in length
Fibre content is 0.2 vol. % of cement
Silica fume content is 15% by weight of cement
Methylcellulose content is 0.4% by weight of cement
CARBON NANOTUBES (CNTS)
They are seamless tubular structures.
The diameters of CNTs are in the range of 1~20 nm
The lengths are in the range of 0.2~5 μm.
Price: 185/kg

6. Experiment
1.The mix was molded into square shape with 2 electrode,
1 cm apart.
2. The specimen were cured at standard temperature of
20 degrees centigrade and 100 % humidity.
3. Specimens were dried at temperature of 50 degrees
centigrade for 5 days.
Result
The piezoresistive property of carbon nanotubes enables
the composite to detect the stress/stain inside the
pavement.
Experimental results demonstrated that the CNT cement
composite function as excellent stress/strain sensors

7. SMART CONCRETE PROCESS
OF MAKING
Scientists have developed a new type of concrete that is infused with potassium
ions, which allow it to store electricity for long periods of time. When energy
production levels drop, the concrete would kick in and power a house using the reserve
stock of energy it has saved up. This would mean that the walls of your family home
could soon double-up as a battery, storing energy in its blocks.
'We have a lot of buildings. If you could convert them into batteries it would pretty
much solve a lot of our energy problems. The idea is to store electricity in the structure
itself and release it at times of peak demand,' said Mohamed Saafi, from Lancaster
University's engineering department, who developed the technology.
Professor Saafi notes that capacitors hold less energy by volume than batteries, but
there is far more volume available if the new form of concrete was to be widely used as
a building material.

9. 1.TRANSPARENT CONCRETE
2.HIGH VOLUME FLY ASH CONCRETE
3.SILICA FUMES CONCRETE
4. SELF HEALING CONCRETE
5. LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE
6. POLYMER CONCRETE
7. SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE
8. BACTERIAL CONCRETE
9. FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE
10. PERVIOUS CONCRETE
11. WATER-PROOF CONCRETE
12. TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED CONCRETE
13. COLOURED CONCRETE
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10. TRANSPARENT CONCRETE: The transparent concrete mainly
focuses on transparency and its main objectives are self
monitoring , environmental protection & energy saving.
SELF HEALING CONCRETE: Self-healing concrete could solve
the problem of concrete structures, well before the end of
their service life. The first self-healing concrete products are
expected to hit the market in two years time and are
expected to increase the lifespan of many civil engineering
structures.
PERVIOUS CONCRETE: Pervious concrete can be defined as
an open graded or “no-fines” concrete that allows rain water
to percolate through to the underlying sub-base .
BACTERIAL CONCRETE: Bacterial induced Calcium Carbonate
(Calcite) precipitation can be used as an alternative for
concrete and synthetic material. They are environment
friendly, crack remediation and hence improvement of
strength of building materials.
0d

11. Application
Partitions wall and it can be used where the sunlight
does not reach properly.
In furniture for the decorative and aesthetic purpose.
Light sidewalks at night.
Increasing visibility in dark subway stations.
Lighting indoor fire escapes in the event of a power
failure.
Illuminating speed bumps on roadways at night.
Low cost and durable roads
Low cost durable housing.
High strength buildings with more bearing capacity
Long lasting river banks

12. TRANSPARENT
WOOD

13. MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF
TRANSPARENT
WOOD
• The mechanical properties of transparent wood
are intentionally enhanced to a greater level in
comparison to the neat polymers such as
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Properties of
transparent wood are basically determined by
the combined contribution of both wood
template and the infiltrated polymer phase. They
are also affected by the interfacial bond
properties between the wood template and the
infiltrated polymer.
• The mechanical properties of wood are majorly
determined by the cellulose content already
present in it, as well as by the intrinsic geometric
orientation of the wood fibre cell structure.
Additionally, the properties of wood also depend
upon the relative density and morphological
details of the wood structure. Hence, the
properties of transparent wood strongly depend
on the properties of basic wood.

14. SOME OF THE
PROPERTIES ARE
MENTIONED
BELOW:
• The tensile strength of transparent wood increases with
an increase in wood/cellulose volume fraction.
• With the same PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) polymer,
the mechanical properties of transparent wood will
change when the wood of different species is used.
• Transparent wood does not shatter in an unfavorable way.
• Transparent wood exhibits a typical combination of high
optical transmittance and haze.
• It has low thermal conductivity as well as low density.
• Transparent wood also exhibits anisotropic optical and
mechanical performance.
• It has outstanding toughness.
• The thinner the sample, the higher is its optical
transmittance. This is because the transparency is
dependent on the volume fraction of cellulose.

15. THE PROS OF
TRANSPARENT
WOOD
• One of the major advantages of transparent wood over
the typical glass in terms of its structural applications is
its ductility and resistance to fracture which is higher
compared to glass. The transparent wood is almost
transparent as a glass, but it has much higher strength
than any glass.
• Transparent wood is a better biodegradable material in
comparison to plastic.
• Transparent wood could be used to create super
strong and energy-efficient windows.
• According to ‘D. Katunsky’ et. al. (Published in:
Structural Elements with Transparent Wood in
Architecture), transparent wood sets the path for
greener architecture and better electronics.

16. THE CONS OF
TRANSPARENT
WOOD
• The only drawback that can be pointed out
with Transparent Wood is; the epoxy isn’t
environmentally friendly. Currently, it is only
possible to make it in the labs. But the
engineers are confident that very soon they
will be able to swap the epoxy with recyclable
plastic and scale the process. This means that
the buildings partly made with transparent
wood shall be dominant in the future.

17. APPLICATIONS OF TRANSPARENT
WOOD
• Since the material combines structural performance with functional properties such as
high transmittance and haze, this rare combination is emphasized for better
applications. Construction of a transparent building structure can be put into one
demonstration, where the light transmittance can be designed in such a way that the
artificial light can be partially replaced by sunlight. In order to ensure more uniform and
soft nature of the transmitted light, high haze can be used so that the indoor privacy is
also safeguarded. There is a very interesting fact about transparent wood, that though
it is made out of natural wood, it is stronger than its origin. Similarly, it is also stronger
compared to the polymer which is utilized for its creation. For this reason, the
structural elements made of transparent wood are not only elegance in appearance but
they are also a very smart solution.
• Some of the applications of transparent wood are mentioned below:
• Transparent wood roofs can be designed to certain buildings for providing uniform and
comfortable illumination as compared to conventional glass.
• In addition, Panels can be built from transparent wood which exhibits lower thermal
conductivity, better impact strength, and lower density as compared to glass.

18. • Functionalised transparent wood provides even better opportunities for smart buildings. By
inclusion of quantum dots, transparent wood attains diffused luminescence properties. This can
be used in planar light sources, luminescent building elements, or designed furniture.
• In order to provide electromagnetic interference shielding to the transparent wood, magnetic
nano particles have been incorporated into it.
• Another important application of transparent wood is; it is used as a structural material for some
of the photovoltaic devices such as electrochromic devices and solar cells. Because of the high
haze, transparent wood can be designed as a light-diffusing layer. Furthermore, high haze means
large scattering angles, which increase the length of the light path inside solar cells, so that
efficiency is improved.
• The devices exhibit a vibrant magenta-to-clear colour change with a high colouration efficiency
and low driving voltage. This entire concept will contribute to smart windows, which in turn saves
energy.
• Transparent wood can be used on façades in cases where there is requirement for sunlight to
illuminate the interior, but privacy is equally important. It is because of the high values of optical
haze in transparent wood, which lets the light in, but clouds the view; it can be used for those
peculiar cases.

19. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF
TRANSPARENT WOOD
• To make transparent wood, both absorption and scattering needs to be eliminated. The quantity of light absorption
in transparent wood is strongly related to its chemical composition. In appearance, wood is brownish in colour,
which is due to the presence of light-absorbing components such as lignin, chlorophyll and tannins. Lignin in
particular, amongst the above-mentioned components, is responsible for approximately 80–95% of light absorption
in wood. This light absorption can be drastically reduced by chemical treatment of the wood either by removing
“all” the lignin or deactivating the chromophores within the lignin.
• Transparent wood is produced by treating and compressing the wooden strips. The basic way to manufacture
transparent wood is to take a piece of ordinary wood or wooden block and place it in a bath of boiled water, Sodium
hydroxide and Sodium sulphite. The next step is to just let it remain soaked there for about 12 hours. This process
strips away all the opaque stuff and leaves behind floppy transparent structural cellulose.
• Once you get rid of all the cellulose, sink the wooden piece into a bath of hydrogen peroxide which will further
bleach it a little more. Both these steps are apparently the standard method used to create paper thereby making it
look smooth and white. This process leaves behind bone-white wood fibres. The wood looks crunchy after the
process since the lignin is “nature’s glue”.

21. • The final step is to transfer all the cellulose and bubble epoxy in a vacuum
chamber. Wood is basically put under a vacuum and is later smothered with
clear epoxy. The tubes that are made of wood fibres soak up the epoxy resin.
When it dries up, a see-through or transparent wood is obtained. Wood grains
are even visible on it, but it is incredibly tough.
• The time duration taken for a thin piece of wood to completely undergo the
process is about 10 minutes whereas it takes almost 24 hours for a wooden
log.

22. WOOL
BRICK
Wool bricks have been developed as part of a move towards more sustainable
construction materials, with the ability for them to be manufactured without
firing their most environmentally friendly quality.
Compared to baked earth bricks and concrete blocks, the energy needed to
create them is significantly reduced, creating a greener alternative to these
conventional building materials.
“The objective was to produce bricks reinforced with wool and to obtain a
composite that was more sustainable, non-toxic, using abundant local
materials, and that would mechanically improve the bricks’ strength”.

23. PROCESS
Wool bricks are made by adding wool fibers to the regular clay material used to make bricks,
then combined with an alginate conglomerate, a natural polymer extracted from the cell
walls of seaweed. They are naturally dried (rather than the energy-intensive and polluting
process of firing) and the result is a brick that is less prone to cracking and less likely to warp.
Mechanical tests also indicate that wool bricks are around 37% stronger than conventional
bricks made using unfired, stabilised earth. The researchers explained the addition of wool
into the clay mix, saying “These fibers improve the strength of compressed bricks, reduce the
formation of fissures and deformities as a result of contraction, reduce drying time and
increase the bricks’ resistance to flexion.”

24. ADVANTAGES
"These fibres improve the strength of compressed bricks,
reduce the formation of fissures and deformities as a result
of contraction, reduce drying time and increase the bricks'
resistance to flexion."
The bricks can be manufactured without firing, which helps
save energy. “According to the authors: ‘This is a more
sustainable and healthy alternative to conventional building
materials such as baked earth bricks and concrete blocks.’”
“Untreated clay was one of the earliest building materials to
be used by humankind. The oldest examples of this can be
found in houses in the Near East dating from between
11,000 and 12,000 years ago. Earthy material mixed with
plants and pebbles to make them stronger has also been
found in certain archaeological deposits from 1400 BCE in
Sardinia (Italy).”

25. DISADVANTAGE
• The only disadvantage that would
be the expense of shipping these
eco-friendly bricks across the world.
• Also, if builders do not use these
bricks, it will bring the price up, and
then more builders will be less likely
to use them. Whereas, if more
people use them, it could bring the
price down substantially.

26. Smart Bricks are precision clay brick walling system used for infill masonry/ non load
bearing partition walls, ideal for the Indian construction market.
Horizontally perforated(HP) clay bricks
Thermo-brick
Vertically perforated(VP) Load Bearing clay bricks
Each of the profiles of Smart Bricks come with their own
special features catering to the buildings specific design
requirements. Moreover, each profile includes 3 sizes with a
half brick version as well.
SMART BRICKS
Market Price: 60/piece

27. Walls built with Smart Bricks help to bring down the in-door temperature substantially, compared to the heat outside
because of its thermal insulating property. Thermal insulation of a walling material is measured by the U-value. It has
a U-value of 1.0W/m2k, which promotes a comfortable living environment naturally, without having to depend on
electrical, energy consuming devices.
Walls built with Smart bricks have an average sound
transmission class(STC) rating of 50db which keeps out
traffic and other external noise, improving the inside
atmosphere. Moreover it helps to retain privacy
between rooms too.
They are predominantly clay based,(burnt clay/ terracotta).
The bricks are 100% natural with no chemical or toxic additives used in the manufacturing process. The production
process is focused on reducing energy consumption and improving ecological footprint by using fewer raw materials
and increase in the use of recycled products.
Smart Bricks commitment to promote healthy living is further testified from the accreditation by Indian Green Building
Council (IGBC) and Green rating for Integrated habitat Assessment (GRIHA).
CHARACTERISTICS

28. • Smart Bricks are 60% lighter in weight than conventional walling material which means it’s extremely fast, virtually dry,
safe and simple to use, immensely strong, efficient for stock- holding and storage and environmentally friendly.
• Saves around 25% of construction time per project resulting in cost savings for resources like water, sand , cement and
labour.
• No shrinkage and minimal need for movement joints meaning less snagging and follow up work required.
• They have high compressive strength. VP load bearing in particular has a compressive strength as high as 7N/mm2, one
of the highest for any walling material in the market.
• High strength ensures durability.
• Ensures less wastage at site due to lack of damage, breakages to the bricks.
• VP Load Bearing are to an extent, earthquake resistant. Walls made from this are 10 times stronger than regular clay
bricks. This allows for safe, economic and durable construction of buildings even in regions falling under moderate to
high seismic zones.

29. It is in adherence to international building standards. Smart Bricks undergo stringent quality control measures at all
stages of its production cycle. A remarkable aspect to the production process is that each manufactured brick has the
batch number and date marked on its surface, for instant recognition and verification, an aspect which is not found in any
other walling material in India.
Less Water Absorption which means
No cracks on wall/ plaster
Minimal shrinkage
Lower Weight of bricks
Better thermal insulation
Risk of mould formation reduced
ADVANTAGES
Some of the intrinsic advantages common to all the profiles include:
•Light weight (60% less weight than conventional walling material),
•Strong & durable- high Compressive strength
•Excellent Thermal and Sound Insulation
•Low water absorption of ~ 15%, thus minimal risk of dampness, cracks or
shrinkage of walls
•Non-susceptible to carbonation thus providing greater durability.

30. • The SMART panel is a revolutionary product of the Home
Done building system based on the usage of two raw
materials:
steel
expanded polystyrene (EPS).
• The SMART panel has been designed to be a reinforced
wall able to provide the same mechanical performances
of reinforced concrete without the use of cement.
• The SMART panel has a structure made of reinforced EPS,
composite material which includes a structure in galvanized
steel wire at high resistance, electro-tridirectionally
welded, incorporated in the sintering of high-density EPS
(45 Kg/m3) self-extinguishing and chemically inert.
• The SMART panel is extremely versatile and can be utilized
for every kind of building need ensuring a faster, more
economical and lighter solution compared to all the
traditional construction systems.
SMART PANEL

31. The Housing units are formed linking together the
panels through an innovative hooking system, easy
and resistant, that makes all the structures built with
the SMART panel modular and versatile.
The assembling operations do not require the
employment of specialized labor and specific
equipment because the adjacent panels are simply
hooked between each other using only a wrench.
MECHANIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PANEL
The reduced weight of the SMART panel ensures
great lightness, optimal handling and
transportability; a square meter of SMART panel
have a greatly smaller specific weight compared
to the equivalent in concrete.

32. Smart glass is a category of glazing materials that
changes its light-control properties in reaction to
an external stimulus , known also as switchable
glazing, dynamic glazing and chromogenic.
Smart glass is a relatively new category of high
performing glazing with significant clean
technology characteristics. It can be used in a
wide range of everyday products such as
windows, doors, skylights, partitions, sun roofs,
sun visors and more.
Smart Glass can be manually or automatically
tuned to precisely control the amount of light,
glare and heat passing through a window. There
are two types of smart glass:
SMART GLASS

33. Passive smart glass: does not involve
an electrical stimulus. Rather, it
reacts to the presence of other
stimuli such as light (Photochromic
Glass) (PC) or heat (Thermochromic
Glass) .
Active smart glass: switchable glass
which changes light transmission
properties when a voltage is applied;
by allow users to control the amount
of light and heat passing through.
With the press of a button, it changes
from transparent to opaque, partially
blocking light while maintaining a
clear view of what lies behind the
window, it can provide privacy at the
turn of a switch.

34. CHROMOGENIC SYSTEM
Chromogenic systems change color in response to electrical, optical or thermal changes.
• Thermochromic materials change in color depending on their temperature.
• Photochromic materials, which change color in response to light - for example, light sensitive sunglasses that
darken when exposed to bright sunlight.
• These include electrochromic materials, which change their color or opacity on the application of a voltage (e.g.
liquid crystal displays).

35. What are
Electrochromic
Materials
• Electrochromic materials, also known as
chromophores, affect the optical colour or
opacity of a surface when a voltage is applied.
• Electrochromic material changes colour in a
persistent but reversible manner by an
electrochemical reaction and the
phenomenon is called electrochromism.
• The colour change is commonly between a
transparent state and a coloured state, or
between two coloured states.

36. COMPOSITION OF AN ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICE
The device is made up of 5 layers, whose
composition is:
1)Plastic or glass
2)Conductive substrate +Electrochromic layer
3)Electrolyte
4)Conductive substrate +Ion storage layer
5)Plastic or glass

37. APPLICATION OF
ELECTROCHROMIC
MATERIALS
• Smart windows
• Welding shields
• Rear-view mirrors of cars

38. ELECTROCHROMIC GLASS
• Electrochromic windows darken when voltage is added and
are transparent when voltage is taken away.
• Electrochromic windows can be adjusted to allow varying
levels of visibility. They are not an all-or-nothing
technology.
• Electrochromic windows are centred around special
materials that have electrochromic properties.
• At its most basic level, an electrochromic window needs
this electrochromic material and an electrode system to
change its chemical state from coloured to transparent and
back again.
• Tungsten oxide is the most extensively studied and well-
known electrochromic material.
• Others include molybdenum, titanium and niobium oxides,
although these are less effective optically.

39. ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
OF
ELECTROCHROMI
C MATERIALS
Advantages
• Smart windows offer the
potential for significant energy
cost savings by bringing the
heat load of the building down,
which means the HVAC system
can be smaller.
• Reversible
Disadvantages
• Non-Biodegradable
• Expensive to produce
• Productions causes
environmental pollution
• Technology is new and is still
being developed
Price of Plain Switchable glass flim of thickness 0.45mm is minimum Rs
1700/ sq ft.

40. HOW DO PHOTOCHROMIC
MATERIAL WORK?
Tiny molecules of silver halide and chloride are
embedded within a photochromic layer which is
invisible and clear until exposed to sunlight/UV rays.
A chemical process takes place when exposed to
sunlight/UV and the molecules effectively move,
change shape and absorb the light.

41. ADVANTAGES
• Reduced costs
• UV protection - Photochromic material provide full protection
against the harmful UV rays of the sun and direct exposure
to sunlight can cause serious eye problems and in some
cases blindness.
• Eye Health – Reduces the exposure to the suns harmful UV
rays.

42. A photochromic material is characterized by its optical properties being able to change reversibly upon irradiation.
The phenomenon is well known both in glasses and other materials. A substantial photochromic effect in glass can be
produced by adding special ingredients to the melt and by suitable melting and heat treatment procedures.
For practical purposes, the optical properties of photochromic glass are governed by the darkened and cleared
transmittance and by the darkening and clearing rates. These are dependent on the glass composition, and a cleared
transmittance up to 90 %, or a darkened transmittance down to 5 %, are possible.
The photochromism is somewhat temperature dependent, and a temperature rise yields enhanced transmittance
and dynamics.
DISADVANTAGES

43. AREAS OF APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOCHROMIC
MATERIAL
 Photochromic Windows for Buildings
Photochromic windows or photochromic film applied to building facades are another excellent application area, since the
incoming solar radiation results in glare which lowers productivity. Solar radiation also causes color fading of furnishings and
art collections and balloons air conditioning costs.
Photochromic glass can be configured as single panels, or as double- or triple- glazed units.
Photochromic Spectacles
Photochromic spectacles block harmful UVA and UVB radiation but
are not effective when driving, since the windscreen blocks the very
UV which causes photochromic glass to darken. The lens itself can be
made of plastic, glass or polycarbonate.
Photochromic Glass for Transportation
Photochromic glass and film has obvious benefits for the
automotive, marine, railroad and aviation sectors in the form of glare
reduction for drivers and improved comfort for passengers.

44. APPLICATION
Photochromic
Layer
Photochromic
Laminate
Air Gap
Transparent
Glass
Photochromic
Glass
Frame
Frame
Glass Photochromic
Layer

45. The Smart Wrap concept will deliver shelter, climate
control, lighting, information display and power with a
printed and layered polymer composite.
Smart Wrap as a futuristic building material could replace
all existing interior and exterior wall materials.
The ultrathin, ultra-light material consists of 6 layers; an
applied layer of carbon nanotubes that gives it rigidity,
four organic “smart” layers that change the appearance of
house, control circuitry, change material for thermal
regulation, provide environmentally-friendly and
inexpensive power to the wall and to the whole building
or other application, and a PEN/PET substrate that holds
them all together and protects them from the elements.
SMART WRAP BUILDING
ELEVATION SHOWING THIN-FILM
PHOTOVOLTAICS, ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING
DIODES, AND THIN-FILM BATTERIES
SMART WRAP

46. Smart Wrap not only goes up quickly and is hundreds of times lighter than traditional brick and mortar, but it also
has no seams that can leak.
The skin incorporates ultrathin solar panels to collect energy and flat chemical batteries to store it. So-called phase
change materials, already used in skiing socks and some forms of drywall, can help control temperature.
Organic light-emitting diodes (O.L.E.D.'s) that illuminate and change color are part of the Smart Wrap package, too.

47. ADVANTAGES
The benefits from using such potential technology
applications could :
• allow a person to “program” and reconfigure
his house quickly and inexpensively to suit his
changing needs, tastes, and fashions
• Be portable (take own home with you when you
move)
• save enormously on heating/cooling/lighting
energy and provide it with renewable solar
sources
• eliminate the need for environmentally
destructive, bulky and building materials.

48. SMART PAINTS AND COATING
Painting and coatings are ancient techniques for changing or improving
the characteristics or performance of a material. The development of
smart paints and coatings give these old approaches new capabilities.
Smart paints and coatings can be generally classified into:
high-performance materials
property-changing materials
energy-exchanging materials.
These paints or coatings absorb energy from light, chemical or thermal
sources and reemit photons to cause fluorescence, phosphorescence or
afterglow lighting.
In smart piezoelectric paints, piezoelectric ceramic particles made of PZT
(lead zirconate titanate) or barium titanate (BaTIO3) are frequently used.
They are dispersed in an epoxy, acrylic, or alkyd base.

49. SOLAR PAINT PRODUCES CLEAN ENERGY
• A solar paint that produces clean energy from the sun and water vapour in the
air has been developed in Australia.
• It contains a newly developed compound that acts like silica gel, which is used
in sachets to absorb moisture and keep food, medicines and electronics fresh
and dry. The new material, synthetic molybdenum-sulphide, also acts as a semi-
conductor and catalyses the splitting of water atoms into hydrogen and oxygen.
• Mixing the compound with titanium oxide particles leads to a sunlight-
absorbing paint that produces hydrogen fuel from solar energy and moist air.
• So, the simple addition of the new material can convert a brick wall into energy-
harvesting and fuel-production real estate.
• The sunny days and high humidity climate made the “perfect” environment for
such technology.
• There’s no need for clean or filtered water to feed the system. Any place that
has water vapour in the air, even remote areas far from water, can produce fuel.
• It will not produce enough clean energy to power a house yet. For now, the
paint will be complementary to photovoltaic solar panels.

50.  Generates piezo electricity
 Generates an electric charge in
response to applied mechanical
stress and vice versa
 charge in electric field realigns the
shape of mechanical deformation
PIEZO-ELECTRIC MATERIAL

51. APPLICATIONS
• Building and bridge oscillations
• Tire condition monitoring
• Vehicles
• Special flooring tiles with
piezoelectric crystals to generate
electricity

52. PIEZOELECTRICITY- “GREEN ENERGY”
• Converts the ambient vibration energy surrounding them into electrical energy
• Electrical energy Freely static measures then be used to power the devices or store for later use

53. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
• Unaffected by external electromagnetic
field
• Pollution free
• Low maintenance
• Easy replacement of the equipment
PIEZO-ELECTRIC MATERIAL

54. A shape-memory alloy is an alloy that can be deformed when cold but returns to its pre-
deformed ("remembered") shape when heated. It may also be called memory
metal, memory alloy, smart metal, smart alloy.
The behavior of SMA is due to their native capability to undergo reversible changes of the
crystallographic structure, depending on temperature and state of stress.
SMA is usually composed of two to three different metals. The most commonly utilized
type for civil application is nickel-titanium, because it is corrosion free and it has superior
mechanic characteristics
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEoHMAjFrUU

55. TYPE OF MEMORY EFFECT
ONE-WAY MEMORY EFFECT
• When a shape-memory alloy is in its cold state (below As), the metal can
be bent or stretched and will hold those shapes until heated above the
transition temperature. Upon heating, the shape changes to its original.
When the metal cools again, it will retain the shape, until deformed again.
TWO-WAY MEMORY EFFECT
• The two-way shape-memory effect is the effect that the material
remembers two different shapes: one at low temperatures, and one at the
high temperature.
• This can also be obtained without the application of an external force
(intrinsic two-way effect).
• The reason the material behaves so differently in these situations lies in
training. Training implies that a shape memory can "learn" to behave in a
certain way.

56. WORKING OF SMA
The memory transfer temperature is the temperature that
the memory metal or alloy changes back to the original
shape that it was before deformation. This temperature can
be very precise, within 1 or 2 degrees of the desired
temperature.
Heating is the only way that most memory metals retain
their original shape. Since heat is the property that
determines the shape of the metal, heat is the first property
used for manipulation for formation. If an alloy is subjected
to the same heating and deformation, the alloy will begin to
acquire two-way training.
Memory transfer temperatures can be altered by slight
changes in composition, and by slight changes in heat
treatment.

57. PROPERTIES
 Shape-memory alloy is a functional metal with unique properties that allow it to be trained to
move on its own. It’s a functional metal that can go through solid-state phase transformations,
meaning it can be stretched, bent, heated, cooled and still remember its original shape.
 Parts made of shape-memory alloys can be lightweight, solid-state alternatives to
conventional actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and motor-based systems.
 SMA can be produced as both wire and sheet.
 These compositions can be manufactured to almost any shape and size.
 SMAs also show a property called superplasticity, whereby they show almost rubber-like
behavior.
 The Ni-Ti alloys have greater shape memory strain upto 8.5% tend to be much more thermally
stable.
 They have excellent corrosion resistance and susceptibility, and have much higher ductility.
 Machining by turning or milling is very difficult except with special tools.
 The material do respond well to abrasive removal such as grinding, and shearing.
 Punching can be done if thicknesses are kept small.

58. There are several thousand patents for devices utilizing the properties of SMAs.
 The first industrial application occurred in 1969 when SMA couplings joined hydraulic pipes in the F-14 aircraft.
 Fire sprinkler systems can be activated by the shape change induced by the heating of an SMA in a fire.
Similarly, a fire safety valve incorporating an SMA activator shuts off the flow of a flammable or toxic gas if a fire
occurs.
 Recent developments have been rapid, making the alloys a viable solution for numerous situations in buildings
and infrastructure.
 They can be used in bioengineering applications such as dental wires such as those used in dental braces,
mending broken bones using metal plates, and for medical devices that help open clogged veins and arteries.
 SMAs can dampen vibrations, hence tuning the natural frequency of various structures. This property of
vibration damping has also been used in launch vehicles and jet engines.
APPLICATIONS OF SHAPE MEMORY
ALLOYS

59. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTGES
 Some of the main advantages
of shape memory alloys
include:Bio-compatibility
 Diverse Fields of Application
 Good Mechanical Properties
(strong, corrosion resistant)
 High power to weight ratio
 High damping capacity
 Large deformation
 High corrosion and chemical
resistance
 Low operation voltage
 Compactness and lightness
 These alloys are still relatively expensive to
manufacture and machine compared to
other materials such as steel and aluminum.
 Most SMA's have poor fatigue properties;
this means that while under the same
loading conditions (i.e. twisting, bending,
compressing)
 Low operational speed
 Complex motion control
 Temperature dependent effect

60. THERMOSTATIC BIMETALS
Thermostatic Bimetal is a composite material, usually in the form of a strip or sheet, made up of two or more metallic layers
having different coefficients of expansion. When permanently bonded together, these layers cause the material to change its
curvature when subjected to a change in temperature. This change of curvature, or bending, in response to temperature change,
(flexivity), is a fundamental property of all Thermostatic Bimetals.
If a Thermostatic Bimetal element is initially straight or has an initial uniform curvature, the resulting curvature for uniform
temperature change is uniform; that is, a true arc of constant radius is produced.
How is it made??
A wide variety of alloys are used in the
manufacture of Thermostatic Bimetals.
The components are joined
in a true metallurgical bond made by
special techniques. The result is a
permanent bond that in many instances
exceeds the strength of the separate
metals.

61. Thermostatic Bimetals have a
wide array of applications, but
these can be classified under
the following broad headings
•Temperature indication.
•Control of any parameter against temperature.
•Compensation (usually for ambient temperature).
•Thermo-mechanical applications where heat is converted into
mechanical energy.
SIZES AVAILABLE
• Thickness: 0.003 to 0.125 inches
• Width: 0.020 to 12 inches, in increments of 1/64 inch. As a general rule, the minimum width is three times
• the thickness.
• Length: Strip is furnished in coils or flat cut lengths. Flat cut lengths are available up to 12 feet long. To
• minimize material waste, flat cut lengths should be ordered in multiples of the part lengths.
The shapes most
commonly used
are:
• Cantilever strip
• Simple Beams
• Spiral and helix coils
• U-Shapes
• Discs
• Snap elements

62. THERMOSTATIC
BIMETALS
Different types of metals expand to different extents when
experiencing a rise in temperature and vice versa. When two
metal strips with varying thermal expansion rates are
bonded together, the upper strip is partly prevented from
expanding by the lower strip when heated. The resulting
force causes the linked strips to bend. Due to this quality a
bimetal is also called a thermostatic bimetal or thermo
bimetal, since its performance is directly tied to the effect of
heat. When no external forces are applied the bimetal will
take the shape of an arc.
When the surface gets hot, the thin panels on the shade curl
up to allow more air to pass through to the space below—
and when it cools down, it closes up again.
Price of Thermostatic Bimetal strip Rs180- 680/kg

63. THANK YOU