environmental health

1. 11
Environmental Health andEnvironmental Health and
EcotoxicologyEcotoxicology
‫والسموم‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫صحة‬‫والسموم‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫صحة‬
‫اعداد‬
‫الدين‬ ‫نجم‬ ‫احمد‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫المهندس‬
‫البيئية‬ ‫الهندسة‬ ‫في‬ ‫ماجستير‬
‫كركوك‬ ‫بيئة‬ ‫مديرية‬

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Lay out of the PresentationLay out of the Presentation
 IntroductionIntroduction
 Chronic and acute PoisoningChronic and acute Poisoning
 Uptake ,Distributions and Elimination of Toxin inUptake ,Distributions and Elimination of Toxin in
human and Animalshuman and Animals
 Distribution, Fate and Effect of Toxins in theDistribution, Fate and Effect of Toxins in the
EcosystemEcosystem
 Bioaccumulation and BiomagnificationsBioaccumulation and Biomagnifications
 Factors in Environmental ToxicityFactors in Environmental Toxicity
 Some examples of Toxic chemicals used in someSome examples of Toxic chemicals used in some
small industries in Baghdadsmall industries in Baghdad
 Some Practical problem regarding to dealing withSome Practical problem regarding to dealing with
some chemical compoundssome chemical compounds

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IntroductionIntroduction
 Illness and mortality caused by:Illness and mortality caused by:
1.1. Infectious agentsInfectious agents ‫والفايروسات‬ ‫البكتريا‬‫والفايروسات‬ ‫البكتريا‬
2.2. Parasitic agentParasitic agent ‫الطفيليات‬‫الطفيليات‬
3.3. Diet and NutrientsDiet and Nutrients ‫الغذاء‬ ‫من‬ ‫ناتجة‬ ‫امراض‬‫الغذاء‬ ‫من‬ ‫ناتجة‬ ‫امراض‬
4.4. Toxic chemicalsToxic chemicals ‫السامة‬ ‫الكيمياوية‬ ‫المواد‬‫السامة‬ ‫الكيمياوية‬ ‫المواد‬
5.5. Physical factorsPhysical factors ‫الفيزياوية‬ ‫العوامل‬‫الفيزياوية‬ ‫العوامل‬
6.6. Psychological factorsPsychological factors ‫النفسية‬ ‫العوامل‬‫النفسية‬ ‫العوامل‬

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ECOLOGY ANDECOLOGY AND
ECOTOXICOLOGYECOTOXICOLOGY
Toxicology(Toxicology(‫السموم‬ ‫علم‬‫السموم‬ ‫علم‬ )is most commonly)is most commonly
concerned with effects of toxicants on humans.concerned with effects of toxicants on humans.
Ecotoxicology (Ecotoxicology (‫البيئي‬ ‫السموم‬ ‫علم‬‫البيئي‬ ‫السموم‬ ‫علم‬ )) isis
concerned with effects on organisms other than man.concerned with effects on organisms other than man.
This has three dimensions: toxicity to single speciesThis has three dimensions: toxicity to single species
other than man, toxic effects on interrelationshipsother than man, toxic effects on interrelationships
between species, and accumulation of toxicants bybetween species, and accumulation of toxicants by
organisms and their movement between organismsorganisms and their movement between organisms
and species.and species.

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Traditional hazardsTraditional hazards
‫التقليدية‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫مخاطر‬‫التقليدية‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫مخاطر‬
 lack of access to safe drinking waterlack of access to safe drinking water
 inadequate basic sanitationinadequate basic sanitation
 indoor air pollution from cookingindoor air pollution from cooking
 inadequate solid waste disposalinadequate solid waste disposal

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Modern hazardsModern hazards
‫الحالية‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫مخاطر‬‫الحالية‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫مخاطر‬
 Water pollutionWater pollution
 urban air pollutionurban air pollution
 climate changeclimate change
 ozone depletionozone depletion
 transponder pollutiontransponder pollution

7. 7

8. 8
Classes of Toxic compoundsClasses of Toxic compounds
(public interest(public interest((
1.1. Metals (Pb, Hg, Cd)Metals (Pb, Hg, Cd) ‫النزرة‬ ‫المعادن‬‫النزرة‬ ‫المعادن‬
2.2. Chemicals with neurotoxin mode of actionChemicals with neurotoxin mode of action
(DDT)(DDT) ‫الصعصاب‬ ‫صعلى‬ ‫تؤثر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكيمياوية‬ ‫المواد‬‫الصعصاب‬ ‫صعلى‬ ‫تؤثر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكيمياوية‬ ‫المواد‬
3.3. Chemical with genotoxic mode of actionChemical with genotoxic mode of action
(Mustered gas)(Mustered gas)‫صعلى‬ ‫تؤثر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكيمياوية‬ ‫المواد‬‫صعلى‬ ‫تؤثر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكيمياوية‬ ‫المواد‬
‫الجينات‬‫الجينات‬

9. 9
Acute and Chronic PoisoningAcute and Chronic Poisoning
AcuteAcute : short term exposure (high dose ) e.g. Leak: short term exposure (high dose ) e.g. Leak
accidentsaccidents..
ChronicChronic : long term exposure (low dose) i.e.: long term exposure (low dose) i.e.
accumulation e.g. : traffic police men, Leadaccumulation e.g. : traffic police men, Lead
smelter workerssmelter workers..

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Toxic and hazardous chemicalsToxic and hazardous chemicals
ToxicToxic :harmful in low doses e.g. Arsenic:harmful in low doses e.g. Arsenic
in drinking waterin drinking water..
HazardousHazardous : relatively harmless in low: relatively harmless in low
doses e.g. fluoride in drinking waterdoses e.g. fluoride in drinking water..

11. 11

12. 12
Up take , Distribution andUp take , Distribution and
elimination of toxin in the bodieselimination of toxin in the bodies
UptakeUptake
**Ingestion ( food and waterIngestion ( food and water((
**Inhalation( lungsInhalation( lungs((
**SkinSkin

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14. 14

15. 15
DistributionDistribution
**Blood and lymph: depending on physicalBlood and lymph: depending on physical
and chemical quality of the compounds andand chemical quality of the compounds and
the body tissuesthe body tissues..
**Some compounds have high affinity forSome compounds have high affinity for
specific tissues e.g. Pb in bone , DDT in fatspecific tissues e.g. Pb in bone , DDT in fat
tissues( hydrophobictissues( hydrophobic(.(.

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EliminationElimination::
Biological half life :time needed for theBiological half life :time needed for the
disappearance of 50% of the compounddisappearance of 50% of the compound
e.g. t1/2 for Cd about 2 decadese.g. t1/2 for Cd about 2 decades
When t1/2 is high ……….Accumulation willWhen t1/2 is high ……….Accumulation will
happened ( e.g. Cdhappened ( e.g. Cd((

17. 17
Elimination RouteElimination Route::
**UrineUrine
**FecesFeces
**Expired air and waterExpired air and water
**hairhair

18. 18

19. 19
2.2. Factors related to exposureFactors related to exposure
-dose ( conc. And volume of exposure)-dose ( conc. And volume of exposure)
-Route, site of exposure-Route, site of exposure
-duration and frequency of exposure-duration and frequency of exposure
- Time of exposure (time of day, season )- Time of exposure (time of day, season )

20. 20

21. 21
Fate and Effect of Toxin in theFate and Effect of Toxin in the
ecosystemecosystem
1.1. Factor related to the toxic agentFactor related to the toxic agent
-chemical composition-chemical composition
-physical characteristic (e.g. solubility)-physical characteristic (e.g. solubility)
-presence of impurities-presence of impurities
-stability (change with time) and storage-stability (change with time) and storage
characteristiccharacteristic

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3.3. Factors related to organismFactors related to organism
-resistance to uptake , storage in the body-resistance to uptake , storage in the body
-ability to metabolize, or eliminate agent-ability to metabolize, or eliminate agent
-tendency to activate or alter non-toxic-tendency to activate or alter non-toxic
substance so they become toxicsubstance so they become toxic
-genetic characteristic-genetic characteristic
-age ,sex, and body weight-age ,sex, and body weight

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Bioaccumulation andBioaccumulation and
biomagnificationsbiomagnifications
 Bioaccumulation (bio concentration):Bioaccumulation (bio concentration):
The concentration of hydrophobic compoundThe concentration of hydrophobic compound
(DDT, PCBs) in organism(DDT, PCBs) in organism
 Biomagnifications: the process ofBiomagnifications: the process of
bioaccumulation when a hydrophobicbioaccumulation when a hydrophobic
compounds accumulates via the food-chaincompounds accumulates via the food-chain

24. 24

25. 25
Some example of toxic chemicalsSome example of toxic chemicals
used in small industries in Iraqused in small industries in Iraq
Paint industryPaint industry White sprit, Ethylene glycolWhite sprit, Ethylene glycol
Xylene, Toloene, Red lead oxide, LeadXylene, Toloene, Red lead oxide, Lead
NaphatanateNaphatanate
GluesGlues Nitro Cellulose ,Thinner, Methanol,Nitro Cellulose ,Thinner, Methanol,
ButanolButanol
CosmeticsCosmetics Acetone, Ethanol, NitrocelluloseAcetone, Ethanol, Nitrocellulose
Cloth industryCloth industry Heavy MetalsHeavy Metals
Mirrors industryMirrors industry Sulphric acid, Ammonia, Nitric acid,Sulphric acid, Ammonia, Nitric acid,
Heavy MetalsHeavy Metals
Gold FinishingGold Finishing Nitric acid, sulphric acid, Cyanide saltNitric acid, sulphric acid, Cyanide salt
LeadLead batteries industriesbatteries industries

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10
20
40
60
80
100
120
Pb in blood
μg/ l
Effects
Rising severity death
Severe CNS effects
Overt anemia
Nerve conduction velocity
Hemoglobin
Vitamin D
CNS, growth

27. 27
Practical ProblemsPractical Problems
1.1. PCBs as transformer oilsPCBs as transformer oils
specially ministry of electricityspecially ministry of electricity
2. Used lubricating oil and TEL empty containers in2. Used lubricating oil and TEL empty containers in
the ministry of oilthe ministry of oil
3. Empty pesticides containers in the ministry of3. Empty pesticides containers in the ministry of
agricultureagriculture
4. Heavy metal in the sludge, Clinker in cement plants4. Heavy metal in the sludge, Clinker in cement plants
(thousands of Tones)(thousands of Tones)
5.Ash and Dioxin produced by hospitals incinerators5.Ash and Dioxin produced by hospitals incinerators

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