1. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Introduction to Taxation
Introduction to Taxation
2. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lecture, you should be able to understand:
ďźthe UK tax structure
ďźtypes of taxation
ďźincome tax computation
3. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
UK
Government
Tax Tribunal
First Tier
Tribunal
Upper
Tribunal
HMRC
Officers
UK Tax Structure
4. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Source: www.taxwiz.org
UK Tax System â Tax Avoidance and Evasion
5. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
General Anti Abuse Rule (GAAR)
HMRC
Taxpayer
Powers to counteract tax advantages
arising from abusive tax arrangements
Material error
or omission
Fails to File
Tax Return
Written notice by HMRC
45 days â
Written response
to HMRC
21 days â
written response
to Advisory
Panel
Appeal
UK Tax System â Rules on Abuse
6. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
UK Tax System â Tax Year
7. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Types of Tax Affected by
Income Tax Individuals
Corporation Tax UK Companies
Capital Gains Tax Individuals and UK Companies
Inheritance Tax Individuals
VAT Businesses
UK Tax System â Types of Tax
8. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Income Tax
⢠Capital
Allowance
⢠Income Tax
⢠National
Insurance
Capital Gains
Tax
⢠Chargeable
Gains
Inheritance
Tax
⢠Inheritance
Tax
Corporation
Tax
⢠Chargeable
Gains
⢠Capital
Allowance
⢠Corporation
Tax
VAT
⢠VAT
UK Tax System â Sources of Tax Law
9. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Resident?
Income Tax â Scope of Income Tax
UK non residents
⢠Liable for tax on UK income only
UK residents
⢠Liable for tax on UK and overseas income
UK residents not UK domiciled
⢠Liable for tax on UK income only
⢠UK income on remittance basis
10. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Overseas Test
Present in UK
less than 16
days in a tax
year
Present in the UK for
less than 46 days in
a tax year and not
resident during
previous 3 years
Work overseas full
time. Not present in
UK for more than 90
days in a tax year
UK Resident Test
Present in UK for
183 days or
more in a tax
year
Only home is in
the UK
Full time work in
UK
Sufficient Ties
Test
How many ties in
the UK
How many days
present in the UK
in a tax year
Income Tax â Statutory Test of Residency
11. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Resident?
Income Tax â Scope of Income Tax
Example:
Victor lives in Japan all his life where he owns a
house. He came to the UK on 1st May 2014
having sold his house in Japan the day before.
He decided to buy a flat in London.
He lived in the London flat until 30th Sept
2014.
Victor then went on an overseas holiday for a
year.
Is Victor a UK resident for 2014/2015?
12. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Non Savings
Income
Savings
Income
Dividend
Income
Trading Income x
Less: loss relief (x)
x
Employment Income x
Property income x
Building society/Bank interest
received x 100/80 x
Dividends from UK companies x 100/90 x
Total income x x x
Less qualifying interest paid (x)
Less loss relief (x)
Net income x x x
Less personal allowance -10,000
Taxable Income x x x
Income Tax â Computation
Proforma income tax computation for 2014/2015
13. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Income Tax â Exempt Income
⢠Income from National Savings Certificate
⢠Statutory redundancy money
⢠Winnings
⢠Scholarships
⢠Interest on damages for personal injuries
⢠Income from investment made through ISAs
⢠Local authority grant
14. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Non Savings Income Savings Income Dividend Income
Trading Income 0
Less: loss relief -
0
Employment Income 9600
Property income 0
Building society/Bank interest
received x 100/80 10000
Dividends from UK companies x 100/90 5000
Total income 9600 10000 5000
Less qualifying interest paid 0
Less loss relief 0
Net income 9600 10000 5000
Less personal allowance -9,600 -400
Taxable Income 0 9600 5000
Income Tax â Computation: answer
15. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Income Tax â PA example
Rhiannon has the following income in the tax
year 2014/2015:
Salary: ÂŁ9,600 (PAYE ÂŁ75)
Bank interest received: ÂŁ8,000 net
Dividends: ÂŁ4,500 net
ISA interest received: ÂŁ2,000
Calculate Rhiannonâs net income for 2014/2015.
16. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Rate Band Non Savings
Income
Savings Income Dividend Income
Additional Rate
ÂŁ150,000 onwards
45% 45% 37.5%
Higher Rate
ÂŁ31865 - ÂŁ149,999
40% 40% 32.5%
Basic Rate
ÂŁ2880 - ÂŁ31864
20% 20% 10%
Lower Rate
< ÂŁ2879
20% 10% 10%
Tax Bands and Tax Rates
17. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Income Tax Calculation:
Savings Income 2880@ 10% 288
Savings Income - 9600 - 2880 6720@ 20% 1344
Dividend Income 5000@ 10% 500
Income Tax Liability 2132
Less dividend tax paid at source 5000@ 10% -500
Less interest tax paid at source 10000@ 20% -2000
Less PAYE - tax paid at source -75
Income Tax payable/repayable -443
Income Tax â Computation: answer
18. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Income Tax â Personal Allowance
For 2014/2015 - ÂŁ10,000
⢠All individuals
⢠Include children
Tapering:
Net income > ÂŁ100,000
⢠Personal allowance reduced by £1 for
every ÂŁ2 excess income.
⢠Net income > £120,000 = 0 personal
allowance
19. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Income Tax â PA example
Rhiannon earns ÂŁ105,000 a tax year in salary.
What personal allowance is she entitled to for
2014/2015?
20. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Basic PA ÂŁ10,000
Income: ÂŁ105,000
Less limit (ÂŁ100,000)
------------
£5,000 x ½ (£2500)
---------
Personal Allowance ÂŁ7,500
Income Tax â PA example
Rhiannon earns ÂŁ105,000 a tax year in salary.
What personal allowance is she entitled to for 2014/2015?
Answer:
21. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Income Tax â Personal Allowance
Higher personal allowance
Born between 6 April 1938 to 5 April 1948 =
ÂŁ10,500
Born before 6 April 1938 = ÂŁ10,660
Net income > ÂŁ27,000 = Restriction on higher
PA
Restriction: (Net income - ÂŁ27000) x half
22. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Income Tax â Personal Allowance
Example:
Karen was born on 2nd Sept 1932. She has a net
income of ÂŁ28,000.
What personal allowance does Karen receive for
2014/2015?
23. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Answer:
Higher PA ÂŁ10,660
Income ÂŁ28,000
Less (ÂŁ27,000)
----------
£1,000 x ½ (£500)
--------
PA ÂŁ10,160
Income Tax â Personal Allowance
24. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Gift aid donations
are charitable gifts
of money which
qualify for tax
relief
Donors must
make a gift aid
declaration to the
charity
Tax Reliefs â Gift Aid
25. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Gift Aid Example
Jane has employment income of ÂŁ90,000.
She made a gift aid donation of ÂŁ7,200 net to a charity.
Calculate her tax liability for 2014/2015.
26. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Gift Aid Example
Answer:
Gift Aid relief:
ÂŁ7,200 x 100/80 = ÂŁ9000
Extend Tax band limits:
BR: ÂŁ31865 + ÂŁ9000 = ÂŁ40,865
HR: ÂŁ150,000 + ÂŁ9000 = ÂŁ159,000
Employment Income ÂŁ90,000
PA (ÂŁ10,000)
-----------
Taxable income ÂŁ80,000
27. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Gift Aid Example
Answer:
Income Tax:
ÂŁ40,865 x 20% ÂŁ8,173
ÂŁ39,135 x 40% ÂŁ15,654
----------
Total income tax liability ÂŁ23, 827
28. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
Post-lecture Work
Seminar 1, covering todayâs lecture:
Read chapters 1 and 2 of
Taxation â Finance Act 2014
by Alan Melville,
20th Edition, Pearson
29. School of Business, Introduction to Taxation, Topic 1 â Lecture
End of presentation
Hinweis der Redaktion
The Chancellor of the exchequer is responsible for the management of UK government treasury system.
The admin function for tax collection is undertaken by HMRC
Officers supervise the tax system and deal with collection of taxes
The revenue and customs prosecutions office provides legal advice as well as conduct criminal prosecutions
If anyone is prosecuted for tax â an individual can make an appeal and appeals will be heard by a tax tribunal
First tier tribunal deals with most cases
Upper tribunal deals with complex cases
Tax Evasion: deliberate false information given to HMRC to pay less or no tax â this is illegal
Tax avoidance = planning tax through legislation to pay less tax = legal
Finance act 2013 introduced a general anti abusive rule into UK tax law.
Applies to all taxes
Aim of GAAR â counteract tax advantages where tax arrangements have been abused
Abusive tax arrangements â if they cannot be regarded as reasonable in relation to relevant tax law
Are consistent with principles on which tax law is based
Involved in any contrived or abnormal steps
Intended to exploit any shortcomings in the tax laws
HMRC has powers to
Make just and reasonable adjustments to increase tax liability or impose tax liability
HMRC will give written notice to taxpayer explaining why they think its abusive
Taxpayer has 45 days to respond to notice
After written response from tax payer, if HMRC still believes that counteraction should be taken, the matter will be reffered to GAAR Advisory panel
Taxpayer will be notified about HMRC action
Taxpayer has 21 days to write reponse to Advisory panel
Advisory panel will consider and produce an opinion notice
HMRC must then issue a notice to taxpayer setting out whether tax arrangements will be counteracted
Taxpayer can then appeal against HMRC decision
Tax year â also known as fiscal year or year of assessment runs from 6th April to 5th April
This syllabus covers the assessment year 2014/2015
Therefore runs from 6th April 2014 to 5th April 2015
Note:
Individuals include Partnerships
Businesses are all businesses that are incorporated or unincorporated
Only VAT is known as Indirect Tax
All other taxes listed are Direct Taxes
The basic rules of the UK tax system are embodied in a number of tax statutes or Acts of Parliament.
Automatically not UK resident if you pass the overseas test
Automatically UK resident if you pass the UK resident test
If residence cannot be determine by either of the test then the next test is sufficient ties test
5 UK ties
Have close family in UK
Have a house in UK which is used in the tax year
Do substantive work in the UK
Present in UK more than 90 days during either of the 2 previous tax years
Spend more time in UK than any other country in the tax year
Any one of these 5 tests will qualify for UK residency test
Victor is automatic UK resident as
He failed the automatic overseas test because he is in UK more than 46 days in the tax year and not been a UK resident in any of the last 3 years
He passes the UK resident test as he has a home and does not own a home overseas
Go through the different types of income under each column
Income exempt from income tax liability
Go through the answer
Explain that what she received for interest and dividends â she has to gross up but then when it comes to tax liability â we take the difference between the gross and the net away from the tax calculation
Answer:
SO HMRC will have to pay Rhiannon back ÂŁ443 as he already paid up too much tax
Deduct PA against non savings income first before savings income then dividend income
If any person earn more that ÂŁ100,000 â PA starts reducing
Therefore earn more than ÂŁ120,000 = zero PA
For e.g. ÂŁ110,000 â PA = ÂŁ5000 only instead of ÂŁ10,000
Answer:
Answer:
Old folks get higher personal allowance as personal allowance is given by when a person is born
If their income is more than ÂŁ27,000 â then there is a restriction on the higher PA
Useful only for higher and additional rate tax payers.
Increase their limits on tax band by grossed up donation