206922923 alcatel-lucent-umts-link-budget-methodology-v1-0

UMTS Link Budget Methodology
Sylvestre Demonget
Wireless BG / W-CDMA BD /
Post-Sales Support & Technology Introduction / W-CDMA Network Engineering
April 2nd, 2007

2 | HSUPA Link Budget | February 28th, 2007 All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2006
Agenda
1. Uplink Link Budget Methodology
2. Downlink Link Budget Methodology
3. Capacity and Throughput Calculation Basics

Introduction
UMTS Link Budget methodology:
Uplink: Cell Range derivation based on a specific UL dimensioning service
Downlink:
Calculation for each DL service of transmit power necessary to reach cell edge
Comparison with maximum allowed power for this DL service
Aspects covered in this presentation:
Link budget methodology (UL and DL) applicable to both Release 99 and HSPA
Cell Range comparisons for multiple:
R’99 UL services
HSUPA user throughput targets
UL and DL Capacity calculation using analytic formulas
HSPA Throughput computation using static simulation:
Throughput map
Throughput Vs. Distance from Site

Agenda

1
UMTS Uplink Link Budget
Methodology, Cell Range Comparisons

Uplink Link Budget Methodology (1/8)
MAPL Calculation (1/3: R’99)
MAPLMAPL Calculation (Release 99)Calculation (Release 99)
Aim: used to derive Cell Range
Depends on:
• UL dimensioning service i (usually CS64)
• Propagation environment
• UE and Node-B performances
• Shadowing Margin, Fast Fading Margin, UL Interference Margin
MarginceInterferenULMarginFadingFastMarginShadowing
LossCablesGainAntBTSLossnPenetratioLossBody
iySensitivitNodeBPowerTxMaxUEiMAPL
−−−
−+−−
−=
.
)(.)(
UEMax.
TxPower
Body
Loss BTS
Antenna
Gain
Penetration
Loss
Node-BSensitivity
(dependsonULservicei)
Max. Allowable air
interface Path Loss
(MAPL)
Max. Allowable air
interface Path Loss
(MAPL)
Shadowing
Margin
Uplink Interference
Margin
Cables
Loss
Fast Fading
Margin

MAPL Calculation (2/3: Impact of HSDPA)
MAPLMAPL Calculation (Impact of HSDPA)Calculation (Impact of HSDPA)
Mandatory channels for data transfer on HSDPA:
Presence of HS-DPCCH impacts MAPL:
UE transferring on HSDPA must feed back CQI
and ACK/NACK to Node-B on HS-DPCCH
UE available Tx power for
dimensioning UL service i diminishes
MAPL diminishes








++
+
=
∆
222
22
0
log10
hsdc
dc
Target
b
N
E
UL
βββ
ββ
Handled in the UL link
budget as an increase in
UL Eb/N0 Target (Vs. w/o
HS-DPCCH case):

MAPL Calculation (3/3: HSUPA)
MAPLMAPL Calculation (HSUPA)Calculation (HSUPA)
Cell Range definition:
R’99: Cell Range derived assuming a specific UL R’99 dimensioning service i
HSUPA: Cell Range may be derived assuming either:
– a specific UL R’99 dimensioning service i
– a specific E-DCH user throughput at cell edge r
HSUPA Ec/N0 according to E-DCH user throughput at cell edge r:
)()(
0
i
N
E
NoiseThermalNodeBiySensitivitNodeB
Target
c+=
1. For several E-TFCs, E-DPDCHs Ec/N0 is
given by L1 curves:
E-DPDCHs Ec/N0
E-DCH
UserThroughput
2. For each E-TFC, HSUPA Ec/N0 is derived
from E-DPDCHs Ec/N0 :
3. Criterion for choice of E-TFC:
E-TFC giving best Ec/N0
E-TFC giving best BLER 1Tx
0
2
22222
0
N
E
DPDCHsE
n
n
N
E
HSUPA
c
eded
hscdeceded
Target
c
×
⋅
++++⋅
=
β
βββββ
r
or

Shadowing Margin
Shadowing MarginShadowing Margin
Aim: Compensation of Shadowing, i.e. variation in signal strength due to obstacles
modeled by a Log-Normal law, for mobiles close to cell edge.
Value computed so that UL service i can be statistically offered within AR% of cell
area (AR: Area Reliability).
Calculation Method:
1. Assumption on Log-Normal law Stand. Dev. :
2. Jakes Formula for Soft Handover with 2 servers (R’99)
Inputs: σShad, AR, Attenuation Exponent, Correlation coeff. between Shadowing of the 2 legs
HSUPA-specific: Jakes Formula for 2 servers without SHO
(SHO not supported in Alcatel-Lucent UA5.0 Release)
22
nPenetratioIndoorOutdoorShadShad σσσ +=
UEMax.
TxPower
Body
Loss BTS
Antenna
Gain
Penetration
Loss
Node-BSensitivity
Max. Allowable air
interface Path Loss
(MAPL)
Shadowing
Margin
Shadowing
Margin
Uplink Interference
Margin
Cables
Loss
Fast Fading
Margin

Fast Fading Margin
Fast Fading MarginFast Fading Margin
Aim: Compensation of Fast Fading, i.e. variation in signal strength due to
multi-path Rayleigh channel profile, for a mobile close to cell edge.
Value computed so that a mobile at cell edge can do efficient Power Control,
i.e. combat the Fast Fading.
Calculation Method:
Currently, same calculation method for R’99 and HSUPA
UEMax.
TxPower
Body
Loss BTS
Antenna
Gain
Penetration
Loss
Node-BSensitivity
Max. Allowable air
interface Path Loss
(MAPL)
Shadowing
Margin
Uplink Interference
Margin
Cables
Loss
Fast Fading
Margin
Fast Fading
Margin
( ) ( )OnTPC
N
E
ULOffTPC
N
E
ULMarginFadingFast
Target
b
Target
b =−==
00

Uplink Interference Margin (1/2)
Uplink Interference MarginUplink Interference Margin
Aim: Compensation of interference generated by other mobiles on the uplink.
Value computed for each UL service i so that i transmitted by a mobile can be
received at Node-B with sufficient SINR even at maximum UL Cell Load.
Calculation Method: )()(. iRiseNoiseULUserRiseNoiseULTotaliMarginInterfUL −=






−
=
∆
LoadCellULNoiseThermalBTS
ceInterferenULTotal
1
1
NoiseThermalBTS
PowerRxUser
( )[ ]).(.)(1log10)(. iPRxUserInterfULTotaliPowerRxUserNRULTotaliMarginInterfUL dBdB −+−=






+−= )(1log10)(
0
i
N
E
RiseNoiseULTotaliMarginceInterferenUL
Target
c
dBdB
UEMax.
TxPower
Body
Loss BTS
Antenna
Gain
Penetration
Loss
Node-BSensitivity
Max. Allowable air
interface Path Loss
(MAPL)
Shadowing
Margin
Uplink Interference
Margin
Uplink Interference
Margin
Cables
Loss
Fast Fading
Margin

Uplink Interference Margin (2/2)
Reminder:
Total UL Noise Rise value setting in the link budget:
Set to the maximum allowed value: Max. UL Noise Rise
Set according to an iterative process:
Functional point between {Cell Range = UL Link Budget( Total UL NR )} and
{Total UL NR = Traffic ModelTraffic Model( Cell Range )}
Total UL Noise Rise<Max. UL Noise Rise must be true
Max. UL Noise Rise is set by below UTRAN parameters:
Limit applied on R’99 traffic only: rtwpMaxCellLoadNonEdch
(Default in UA5.0: 50%)
Limit applied on total UL traffic (R’99+HSUPA): totalRotMax
(Default in UA5.0: 6dB)
•Number of subscribers per km2
•Call Profile
•Grade of Service (GoS) for each UL service






+−= )(1log10)(
0
i
N
E
RiseNoiseULTotaliMarginceInterferenUL
Target
c
dBdB
or

Cell Range Calculation
Cell RangeCell Range Calculation basing onCalculation basing on MAPLMAPL
Relationship Cell Range ↔ MAPL:
2100 MHz: COST-Hata propagation model
900 MHz: Okumura-Hata propagation model
Site Coverage for 3-sector case (surface covered by 1 Node-B):
]dB[.])m[log(])m[.log(55.69.44(
][..])m[.log(82.13])MHz[log(9.333.46]dB[
FactorCorrtEnvironmenkdHeightAntBTS
dBFactorCorrHeightAntUEHeightAntBTSfLossPath
+⋅−+
−−+=
]dB[.])m[log(])m[.log(55.69.44(
][..])m[.log(82.13])MHz[log(16.2655.69]dB[
FactorCorrtEnvironmenkdHeightAntBTS
dBFactorCorrHeightAntUEHeightAntBTSfLossPath
+⋅−+
−−+=
UEMax.
TxPower
Body
Loss BTS
Antenna
Gain
Penetration
Loss
Node-BSensitivity
Max. Allowable air
interface Path Loss
(MAPL)
Max. Allowable air
interface Path Loss
(MAPL)
Shadowing
Margin
Uplink Interference
Margin
Cables
Loss
Fast Fading
Margin
22
3 ]km[
8
39]km[ RangeCellCoverageSite Sectors ×=

Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) Benefits and Drawbacks
TMA Aim: Reduce the impact of Cables Loss in the UL ⇒ increase Cell Range
TMA handling in Alcatel-Lucent link budget:
UL:
Cables Loss = 0.4dB (jumper before TMA),
Friis Formula for the Noise Figure of {TMA, cables after TMA, BTS}
DL: +0.8dB on Cables Loss compared to without TMA case
(1 additional jumper + TMA insertion loss)
BTS
Antenna
Gain
Cables Loss
Without TMA
Node-B
Sensitivity
BTS
Antenna
Gain
Cables Loss
with TMA
With TMA
Node-B
Sensitivity
TMA impact
on the UL:
Simplified
vision

Cell Range Comparisons (1/2)
Dense Urban Environment
Main Assumptions:
Channel Profile = “Pedestrian A 3km/h”
HS-DPCCH impact included in UL R’99 services Eb/N0
E-TFC chosen according to best Ec/N0 criterion
Penetration Loss = 18dB, Hata Env. Corr. Factor = 0dB, TMA = On
UE Max. Tx Power = 21dBm for all services (conservative)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Max. UL Noise Rise [dB]
CellRange[km]
DCH 128
E-DCH 128
DCH 384
E-DCH 384
E-DCH 1024

Cell Range Comparisons (2/2)
Suburban Environment
Main Assumptions:
HS-DPCCH impact included in UL R’99 services Eb/N0
E-TFC chosen according to best Ec/N0 criterion
Penetration Loss=10dB, Hata Env. Corr. Factor = -12dB, TMA = On
UE Max. Tx Power = 21dBm for all services (conservative)
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Max. UL Noise Rise [dB]
CellRange[km]
DCH 128
E-DCH 128
DCH 384
E-DCH 384
E-DCH 1024

Agenda

2
UMTS Downlink Link Budget
Methodology, Impact of HSUPA DL channels

Downlink Link Budget Methodology (1/3)
Downlink Maximum Air Path Loss Calculation
Downlink Maximum Air Path LossDownlink Maximum Air Path Loss
DL air interface path loss at the cell edge,
i.e. for Cell Range derived from UL link budget
Aim: used to derive Downlink Maximum Total Path Loss
Calculation Method: COST-Hata-1( Cell Range, DL f )
≡ MAPL + Frequency Shift( DL f – UL f )
Depends on:
R’99: UL R’99 dimensioning service i
HSUPA: i or specific E-DCH user throughput at cell edge r
BTS Ant. Gain DL Max. Total
Path LossCables Loss
DL Max. Air
Path Loss
DL Max. Air
Path Loss
Penetration
Loss
Shadowing
Margin Fast Fading
Margin
RequiredDL
UserTxPower
(dependson
DLservicej) Body Loss
UESensitivity
(dependsonDLservicej)

Downlink Maximum Total Path Loss Calculation
Downlink Maximum Total Path LossDownlink Maximum Total Path Loss
DL total path loss at the cell edge, from BTS PA to UE
Aim: used to derive Required DL User Tx Power, HSDPA throughput…
Calculation Method:
Remark: DL Max. Total PL does not take into account any DL interference margin.
Indeed, DL interferences are directly taken into account in
the following formula giving Required DL User Tx Power.
BTS Ant. Gain
DL Max. Total
Path Loss
DL Max. Total
DL Max. Air
Path Loss
Penetration
Loss
Shadowing
Margin Fast Fading
Margin
RequiredDL
UserTxPower
(dependson
UESensitivity
MarginFadingFastMarginShadowing
LossBodyLossPeneGainAntBTSLossCable
PLAirMaxDLPLTotalMaxDL
++
++−+
=
..
..

Required Downlink User Tx Power
Required Downlink UserRequired Downlink User TxTx PowerPower
Required transmit power at BTS PA so that DL R’99 service j can be received with
sufficient SINR by a mobile at cell edge.
Allows to know if DL coverage can be assured at cell edge for service j,
by comparing with maxDlTxPower(j), i.e. max. power allowable for j per user.
Calculation Method:
BTS Ant. Gain
DL Max. Total
DL Max. Air
Path Loss
Penetration
Loss
Shadowing
Margin Fast Fading
Margin
RequiredDL
UserTxPower
RequiredDL
UserTxPower
(dependson
UESensitivity
1
0
)(
..)(
)(. −






+
×+×+
=
j
N
E
DLOF
PLTotalMaxDLNoiseThUEPAOF
Ii
Ie
DL
jPowerTxUserDLReq
Target
c
edgecell
Ii : Intra-cell interference
(before despreading, includes own signal)
OVSF Codes
Orthogonality Factor
(depends on channel
profile)
Ie : Extra-cell interference

Power Available for HSDPA (1/2)
Computation Method in UA5.0 Release, for Shared Carrier scenario
Power Available for HSDPAPower Available for HSDPA (HS-DSCH+HS-SCCH, all HSDPA users in cell)
Computation Method in UA5.0 Release:
Tx Power for each common control channel: set relatively to CPICH Tx Power
CPICH Tx Power : set according to CPICH Ec/I0 Target , Cell Range,
Area Reliability, environment parameters
P. HSUPA : room power reserved for HSUPA DL channels. Constant, tunable.
P. Non HSDPA : transmit power for non-HSDPA traffic, i.e. R’99 traffic,
common control channels and HSUPA downlink channels.
Updated within Node-B every 100ms.
DCH Margin: room power for DCH used to prevent fast increase of DCH power
due to Power Control. Proportional to (P. Non HSDPA – CPICH Tx Power)
{ }MarginDCHHSDPANonPPAHSUPAPCCCPMarginSHOPA
HSDPAforAvailablePowerDL
−−−−−= .,..Min
RNC view Node-B view

Power Available for HSDPA (2/2)
Impact of HSUPA Downlink Channels
Power for HSUPA Downlink Channels – Link Budget model:
DL HSUPA Tx Power is assumed constant:
ααααE-AGCH : coefficient (0~1) chosen according to supposed amount of HSUPA traffic.
Assumption: only 1 absolute grant sent at one time.
Default value in Link Budget: 1
E-AGCH Tx Power : Tx power for 1 E-AGCH channel.
UTRAN default value: CPICH Tx Power - 2.5dB
nE-HICH : Average number of signatures used on E-HICH
Default value in Link Budget: 2
E-HICH Tx Power : Tx power per signature of E-HICH.
E-HICH channel Tx power is proportional to #signatures used.
UTRAN default value: CPICH Tx Power – 18.6dB
PowerTxHICHEnPowerTxAGCHEPowerTxHSUPADL HICHEAGCHE ×+×= α
E-RGCH not
supported in
UA5.0

Agenda

3
Capacity and Throughput Calculation Basics
Method presented: calculation via formulas/static simulation

Pole Capacity:
Maximum theoretical number of active users on the UL supported per cell,
when no limit on UE Max. Tx Power and Max. UL Noise Rise
UL Cell Capacity:
Max. # active users on the UL supported per cell
(all using same UL service i)
Uplink Capacity Calculation (1/2)
Mono Service
ULie
i
II
I
FR
+
=






⋅
+=
SHO
Target
c
Pole
Gi
N
E
ULiAF
FR
iN
)()(
1)(
0
LoadCellULiNiCapacityCellUL Pole ⋅= )()(
Frequency Reuse Efficiency
Soft Handover Gain on capacity
(not considered for HSUPA)channel Activity Factor
(only for Speech service)
Assumed equal to the
maximum allowed value, i.e.
1-1 / Max UL Noise Rise
or
Set according to an iterative
process, thanks to
Traffic ModelTraffic Model
May also be Ec/N0
Target for E-DCH
with a specific
throughput r

UL Cell Capacity in Traffic Mix:
Maximum number of users (including non-active users) on the UL
supported per cell, assuming a specific Call Profile
Uplink Capacity Calculation (2/2)
Traffic Mix
∑=
= servicesUL
i Pole
UL
iN
i
LoadCellUL
MixTrafficinCapacityCellUL #
1 )(
)(α
Average user throughput in
Busy Hour for UL service i
as given in the Call Profile
∑=
= servicesUL
k
UL
iR
kthroughputCP
iR
ithroughputCP
i #
1 )(
)(
)(
)(
)(αRate for service i
(e.g. 64kbps for CS64)
Formula may
account for
some UL
services
defined as
E-DCH with a
specific
throughput r

Asymptotic Capacity:
Maximum theoretical number of active users on the DL supported per cell,
when no limit on BTS Power Amplifier (all using same DL service j)
DL Cell Capacity in Traffic Mix:
(HSDPA traffic not present, analytic calculation)
Max. #active users on the DL supported per cell
Dowlink Capacity Calculation
OF
Ii
Ie
DL
Gi
N
E
DLOF
iAF
jN
mean
SHO
Target
c
Asymp
+






+
+=
−1
0
)(
)(
1
)(
OF
Ii
Ie
DL
PLTotalMeanDLNoiseThUE
PA
PowerTxCCCPA
mean
+
×
+
−
.
∑=
= servicesDL
j Asymp
DL
jN
j
LoadCellDL
MixTrafficinCapacityCellDL #
1 )(
)(α

Power Available
for HS-DSCH
HS-DSCH
Rx Ec/N0
Distance
Serving Node-B↔↔↔↔UE
HSDPA UE
Category
HSDPA User
Throughput
CQI
reported
HSDPA Throughput Computation via Static Simulation (1/2)
UE SpeedChannel
Profile
DL Total
Path Loss
Shadowing at UE
BTS Ant. Diagram
HSDPA User ThroughputHSDPA User Throughput Map Computation via Static SimulationMap Computation via Static Simulation
1. Generate DL Total Path Loss map for each cell.
For each location {x,y} , find the serving cell.
2. Calculate Power Available for HS-DSCH
For each location {x,y} :
3. Calculate HS-DSCH Rx Ec/N0
4. Calculate CQI reported by the mobile
5. Calculate HSDPA User Throughput
[ ]),,(Min)ˆ,,(
,ˆ),(
cyxPLcyxPL
cyxCellServing
=
=
a)
b) Estimate and subtract HS-SCCH Tx Power






−−
−−−
=
MarginDCHHSDPANonPPA
HSUPAPCCCPMarginSHOPA
HSDPAforAvailablePowerDL
.
,..
Min

Power Available
for HS-DSCH
HS-DSCH
Rx Ec/N0
Distance
HSDPA UE
Category
HSDPA User
Throughput
HSDPA User
Throughput
CQI
reported
CQI
reported
HSDPA Throughput Computation via Static Simulation (2/2)
UE SpeedChannel
Profile
DL Total
Path Loss
Shadowing at UE
BTS Ant. Diagram
HSDPA User ThroughputHSDPA User Throughput Map Computation via Static SimulationMap Computation via Static Simulation
4. Calculate CQI reported by the mobile:
5. Calculate HSDPA User Throughput:
[dB]
0N
E
RxDSCHHSreportedCQI c
speed += β
13.3120 km/h
14.350 km/h
15.53 km/h
ββββspeedUE Speed
3
2
# HS-PDSCH(s)
QPSK
QPSK
Modulation
432 kbps31262 b10
288 kbps2931 b9
RLC Throughput# MAC-hs PDU(s)
per TB
Transport
Block Size
CQI
CQITablefor
UECategory6
……
Derived from TBS, MAC-d PDU size (=336b),
MAC-hs header size (21b)
Derived assuming
BLER 1Tx=10%

UL Noise Rise
Available for
user
E-DCH
Rx Ec/N0
Distance
HSDPA UE
Category
E-DCH User
Throughput
E-TFC
HSUPA Throughput Computation via Static Simulation
UE Speed
Max. UL
Noise Rise
(totalRotMax)
UL Total
Path Loss
Shadowing at UE
BTS Ant. Diagram
HSUPA User ThroughputHSUPA User Throughput Map Computation via Static SimulationMap Computation via Static Simulation
1. Generate UL Total Path Loss map for each cell.
For each location {x,y} , find the serving cell.
2. Calculate UL Noise Rise Available for User
For each location {x,y} :
3. Calculate E-DCH Rx Ec/N0
4. Derive E-TFC
5. Calculate E-DCH User Throughput
Channel
Profile
usersotherRiseNoiseUL
xtotalRotMa
−
E-DPDCHs Ec/N0
E-DCH
UserThroughput

HSUPA Throughput Computation via Static Simulation (1/2)
User Throughput Map
Main Assumptions:
HSUPA dedicated carrier (no R’99 UL traffic)
Penetration Loss = 18dB, Hata Env. Corr. Factor
= 0dB, TMA = On
Shadowing standard deviation = 8dB
UE: Max. Tx Power = 21dBm, HSUPA Category 3
Cell
Range:
+20%
Cell Range
dimensioned
on E-DCH 128

HSUPA Throughput Computation via Static Simulation (2/2)
User Throughput Vs. Distance from Site
Main Assumptions:
Shared carrier R’99/HSUPA
Penetration Loss = 18dB, Hata Env. Corr. Factor
= 0dB, TMA = On
Shadowing standard deviation = 8dB
UE: Max. Tx Power = 21dBm, HSUPA Category 3
•0 •100 •200 •300 •400 •500 •600
•700
•800
•900
•1000
•1100
•1200
•1300
•Distance from Serving NodeB [m]
•E-DCHMAC-eUserThroughput[kbps]
•
R’99 UL Cell Load = 50% * Max. UL Cell Load
No R’99 UL traffic
Cell Range = 450m
Cell Range = 540m
Cell Range: +20%

Presentation Summary
UMTS Link Budget methodology:
Uplink: Cell Range derivation based on specific UL dimensioning service
Downlink:
Calculation for each DL service of required power necessary to reach cell edge
Comparison with maximum allowed power for this DL service
UMTS Link Budget tool usage:
Main objective: derive Cell Range assuming a dimensioning UL service
Other features: UL and DL Capacity calculation via formulas
Gives an idea of capacity without running any simulation
Gives inputs for Radio Dimensioning and Cell Planning
Used to study impact of features on RF aspects

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206922923 alcatel-lucent-umts-link-budget-methodology-v1-0

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