Vishram Singh - Textbook of Anatomy Upper Limb and Thorax.. Volume 1 (1).pdf
Matter in Motion
1. Take out your vocab sheet from yesterday and have it laying
on your desk so I can look at it.
Describe your position in the classroom compared to
something else in the classroom(a reference point) and a set
of reference directions.
WARMUP
3. By the end of this section, you should be able to:
Describe the motion of an object by the position of
the object in relation to a reference point.
Identify the two factors that determine speed.
Explain the difference between speed and velocity.
Analyze the relationship between velocity and
acceleration.
Demonstrate that changes in motion can be
measured and represented on a graph.
SECTION 1: MEASURING MOTION
4. Motion is an object’s change in position relative to
another object, or reference point.
The object that appears to stay in place is called a
reference point.
OBSERVING MOTION USING A REFERENCE POINT
5. The direction of an object’s motion can be
described with a reference direction, such as
north, south, east, west, up, or down.
The Earth’s surface is a common reference point
for determining motion.
OBSERVING MOTION USING A REFERENCE POINT
6.
7. Speed is the distance traveled by an object divided
by the time taken to travel that distance.
The SI unit for speed is meters per second (m/s).
Kilometers per hour (km/h), feet per second
(ft/s), and miles per hour (mi/h) are other units
commonly used to express speed.
SPEED DEPENDS ON DISTANCE AND TIME
9. 2 cars both travel at 65 mi/h for 3 hours.
How far did they travel?
Why didn’t they end up at the same place?
WARMUP
10. Speed can be shown on a graph of distance versus
time.
SPEED DEPENDS ON DISTANCE AND TIME
11. The speed of an object in a particular direction is
called velocity.
Speed and velocity have two different meanings.
Velocity must include a reference direction.
VELOCITY: DIRECTION MATTERS
12. You can think of velocity as the rate of change of
an object’s position. An object’s velocity is constant
only if its speed and direction don’t change.
You can combine different velocities to find the
resultant velocity.
VELOCITY: DIRECTION MATTERS
13.
14. The rate at which velocity changes over time is
called acceleration. An object accelerates if its
speed, or direction, or both change.
An increase in velocity is commonly called positive
acceleration. A decrease in velocity is commonly
called negative acceleration, or deceleration.
ACCELERATION
16. Complete the problem inside the
Math Practice box on p.8
CALCULATING AVERAGE ACCELERATION
17.
18. Acceleration can be shown on a graph of velocity
versus time.
ACCELERATION
19. An object traveling in a circular motion is always
changing its direction. Therefore, its velocity is
always changing, so it is accelerating.
The acceleration that occurs in circular motion is
known as centripetal acceleration.
CIRCULAR MOTION:
CONTINUOUS ACCELERATION
21. By the end of this section, you should be able to:
Describe forces, and explain how forces act on
objects.
Determine the net force when more than one force
is acting on an object.
Compare balanced and unbalanced forces.
Describe ways that unbalanced forces cause
changes in motion.
SECTION 2: WHAT IS A FORCE?
22. In science, a force is simply a push or a pull
exerted on an object in order to change the motion
of the object.
All forces have both size and direction.
A force can change the acceleration of an object.
This acceleration can be a change in the speed or
direction of the object.
FORCES ACTING ON OBJECTS
23. Scientists express force using a unit called the
newton (N).
It is not always easy to tell what is exerting a force
or what is receiving a force. For example, you
cannot see what exerts the force that pulls magnets
to refrigerators.
You cannot see that the air around you is held near
Earth’s surface by a force called gravity.
FORCES ACTING ON OBJECTS
24. Usually, more than one force is acting on an object.
The net force is the combination all of the forces
acting on an object.
Determining net force depends on the directions of
the forces.
DETERMINING NET FORCE
25. Two forces are added to determine the net force if
the forces act in the same direction. The net force
will be in the same direction as the individual
forces.
If forces are acting in opposite directions, the net
force can be found by subtracting the smaller force
from the larger one.
DETERMINING NET FORCE
26.
27. When the forces on an object produce a net force
of 0 N, the forces are balanced.
Balanced forces will not cause a change in the
motion of a moving object.
Balanced forces do not cause a nonmoving object
to start moving.
BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCES
28. When the net force on an object is not 0 N, the
forces on the object are unbalanced.
Unbalanced forces produce a change in motion,
such as a change in speed or a change in direction.
Unbalanced forces are necessary to cause a non-
moving object to start moving, or to change the
motion of moving objects.
BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCES
30. By the end of this section, you should be able to:
Explain why friction occurs.
List the two types of friction, and give examples of
each type.
Explain how friction can be both harmful and
helpful.
SECTION 3: FRICTION –
A FORCE THAT OPPOSES MOTION
31. Friction is a force that opposes motion between two
surfaces that are in contact.
Friction occurs because the surface of any object is
rough. Even surfaces that feel smooth are covered
with microscopic hills and valleys.
SOURCES OF FRICTION
32. When two surfaces are in contact, the microscopic
hills and valleys of one surface stick to the tiny hills
and valleys of the other surface. This contact
causes friction.
33. The amount of friction depends on the force
pushing the surfaces together.
If this force increases, the hills and valleys of the
surfaces can come into closer contact. The close
contact increases the friction between the surfaces.
Objects that weigh less exert less downward force
than objects that weigh more.
SOURCES OF FRICTION
34.
35. Rough surfaces have more microscopic hills and
valleys than smooth surfaces do. So, the rougher
the surface is, the greater the friction is.
SOURCES OF FRICTION
36. The word kinetic means “moving.” So, kinetic
friction is friction between moving surfaces.
The amount of kinetic friction between two surfaces
depends in part on how the surfaces move.
Surfaces can slide past each other, or a surface
can roll over another surface.
TYPES OF FRICTION
37. Usually, the force of sliding kinetic friction is
greater than the force of rolling kinetic friction. It is
usually easier to move objects on wheels than to
slide the objects along the floor.
TYPES OF FRICTION
38. When a force is applied to an object but does not
cause the object to move, static friction occurs.
The word static means “not moving.” The object
does not move because the force of static friction
balances the force applied.
Static friction disappears as soon as an object
starts moving, and then kinetic friction immediately
occurs.
TYPES OF FRICTION
39.
40. Without friction, a car’s tires could not push against
the ground to move the car forward, and the brakes
could not stop the car. Without friction, a car is
useless.
However, friction can also cause problems in a car.
Friction between moving engine parts increases
their temperature and causes the parts to wear
down.
FRICTION: HARMFUL AND HELPFUL
41. Friction can be both harmful and helpful, so it may
be necessary to decrease or increase friction.
One way to reduce friction is to use lubricants.
Lubricants are substances that are applied to
surfaces to reduce the friction between the
surfaces.
Some examples of common lubricants are motor
oil, wax, and grease. Lubricants are usually
liquids, but they can be solids or gases.
FRICTION: HARMFUL AND HELPFUL
42. Friction can be reduced by switching from sliding
kinetic friction to rolling kinetic friction. Ball
bearings can be placed between wheels and axles
to make it easier for wheels to turn by reducing
friction.
Another way to reduce friction is to make surfaces
that rub against each other smoother.
FRICTION: HARMFUL AND HELPFUL
43. Making surfaces rougher is one way to increase
friction. For example, sand scattered on icy roads
keeps cars from skidding.
Another way to increase friction is to increase the
force pushing the surfaces together. For example, if
you are sanding a piece of wood, you can sand the
wood faster by pressing harder on the sandpaper.
FRICTION: HARMFUL AND HELPFUL
45. By the end of this section, you should be able to:
Describe gravity and its effect on matter.
Explain the law of universal gravitation.
Describe the difference between mass and weight.
SECTION 4: GRAVITY –
A FORCE OF ATTRACTION
46. Gravity is a force of attraction between objects that
is due to their masses.
Gravity can change the motion of an object by
changing its speed, direction, or both.
All matter has mass, and gravity is a result of
mass. Therefore, all matter is affected by gravity
and all objects experience an attraction toward all
other objects.
THE EFFECTS OF GRAVITY ON MATTER
47. The mass of most objects is too small to cause a
force large enough to move objects toward each
other.
Compared with all objects around you, Earth has a
huge mass. Therefore, Earth’s gravitational force is
very large.
You must apply forces to overcome the Earth’s
gravitational force any time you lift objects or even
parts of your body.
THE EFFECTS OF GRAVITY ON MATTER
48. Why do objects fall toward the Earth? What keeps
the planets moving in the sky?
In 1665, British scientist Sir Isaac Newton made
the connection between these two questions
when, as legend has it, he saw an apple falling
from a tree.
NEWTON & THE STUDY OF GRAVITY
49. Newton knew that unbalanced forces are needed to
change the motion of objects. He concluded that an
unbalanced force on the apple made the apple fall.
He also reasoned that an unbalanced force on the
moon kept the moon moving around the Earth.
He proposed that these two forces are actually the
same force – gravity.
NEWTON & THE STUDY OF GRAVITY
50. Newton summarized his ideas about gravity in a
law known as the law of universal gravitation.
This law describes the relationships between
gravitational force, mass, and distance.
The law is called universal because it applies to all
objects in the universe.
NEWTON & THE STUDY OF GRAVITY
51. Gravitational force is small between objects that
have small masses. Gravitational force is large
when the mass of one or both objects is large.
Gravitational force is strong when distance
between two objects is small. If the distance
between two objects increases, the gravitational
force pulling them together decreases rapidly.
LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
52.
53. Weight is related to mass, but they are not the
same.
Weight is a measure of the gravitational force on
an object. Weight changes whenever gravitational
force changes.
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. An
object’s mass does not change if gravitational force
changes.
WEIGHT AS A MEASURE OF
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
54.
55. The SI unit of force is a newton (N). Gravity is a
force, and weight is a measure of gravity.
So, weight is also measured in newtons.
The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). Mass is
often measured in grams (g) and milligrams (mg)
as well.
On Earth, a 100 g object weighs about 1 N.
WEIGHT AS A MEASURE OF
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
