Diamond is the hardest natural substance known.
whare formed deep in the mantle, and brought to the surface via kimberlite pipes other rocks that originate deep within the mantle.
2. The physical properties of diamond
Diamond
Has a very high melting point (almost 4000°C).
Is very hard. This is again due to the need to break very
strong covalent bonds
Doesn't conduct electricity.
Is insoluble in water and organic solvents
3. HARDNESS AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Nanometer grain size are harder and tougher
Hardness value of 167 GPa - 310 Gpa
Hardness is directional: some cases the hardest direction100 times
harder than the softest direction
Tensile strength up to 60 GPa
Highly lustrous faces
Triangular shaped growth defects present
Flattest and sharp facets and facet edges
4. The giant covalent structure of diamond
Carbon has an electronic arrangement of 2,4. In diamond
each carbon shares electrons with four other carbon atoms
5. Toughness
Ability to resist breakage from falls or impacts
Perfect and easy cleavage -> vulnerable to breakage
Only fair to good toughness
:. Diamond will shatter if hit with an ordinary hammer
6. Optical properties
Color and its causes
Occur in various colors
Substitutional impurities and structural defects, cause the coloration
Pure diamonds would be transparent and colorless
Luster
‘Adamantine’ luster
The refractive index - 2.417
7. Optical properties
Fluorescence
Emit light of various colors under long-wave ultraviolet light
Optical absorption
Visible absorption spectrum consisting of a fine line at 415.5 nm
Continued
8. Electrical properties
Semiconductors due to substitutional boron impurities
Good electrical insulator, resistivity of 1011 to 1018 Ωm-1
Magnetic properties observed in diamond nanocrystals
Thermal conductivity
• Good conductor of heat
• Thermal conductivity of natural
diamond about 22 W/cm·K
9. Synthetic diamonds
A synthetic diamond is a diamond produced through chemical and
physical processes in laboratory conditions
History
The earliest successes were reported in 1879
Synthetic diamond is also widely known as HPHT diamond or CVD
diamond
11. Applications
Applications are wide range due to the extraordinary properties
Widely used in oil and gas drills
‘window’ material for several industrial, R&D, defence and laser
applications
Electronic and electrical applications
12. Applications
‘heat sink’ for sensitive components
Optimum exit windows for CO2 lasers In the production of laser optics
Industrial and household water treatment
Advanced healthcare applications
Continued
13. Applications
As surgical scalpel in ophthalmic and neuro surgery
Diamond-based quantum computer technology
Essential component in high performance loudspeakers
As consumer diamond gemstones.
Continued
Hinweis der Redaktion
Good morning, let me disscuss the most hardest naturally occaring mineral in the world..
Diamond is the hardest natural substance known.
whare formed deep in the mantle, and brought to the surface via kimberlite pipes other rocks that originate deep within the mantle.
Also we can found in alluvial deposits, along with quartz, corundum, zircon and other minerals, derived from such rocks, and in certain meteorites.
Diamond is the allotrope of carbon in which the carbon atoms are arranged in the specific type of cubic lattice called diamond cubic.
Also Diamond is an optically isotropic crystal that is transparent to opaque.
Owing to its strong covalent bonding, diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known.
But, due to important structural weaknesses, diamond's toughness is only fair to good.
precise tensile strength of diamond is unknown, however strength up to 60 GPa has been observed, and it could be as high as 90–225 GPa depending on the crystal orientation.
Diamond has a high refractive index (2.417) and moderate dispersion (0.044) properties which give cut diamonds their brilliance.
Trace impurities substitutionally replacing carbon atoms in a diamond's crystal lattice, and in some cases structural defects, are responsible for the wide range of colors seen in diamond.
Most diamonds are electrical insulators but extremely efficient thermal conductors.
Unlike many other minerals, the specific gravity of diamond crystals (3.52) has rather small variation from diamond to diamond.
Let me discuss the physical properties of diamond
It has very high melting point almost 4000°C degrees due to strong carbon-carbon covalent bonds
Same time it is very hard due to the need high energy to break very strong covalent bonds operating in 3-dimensions.
because of this hardness diamond scoring 10 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness.
Diamond doesn't conduct electricity because all the electrons are tightly bonded between the atoms.
It Is insoluble in water and organic solvents because There are no possible attractions can generate to breakdown strong covalent bonds
In some cases diamond aggregates having nanometer grain size are harder and tougher than large diamond crystals, And they perform better as abrasive material.
Diamond hardness can be vary form 167GPa to 310 Gpa due to the direction
Hardness is directional: some cases the hardest direction100 times harder than the softest direction
The precise tensile strength of diamond is unknown, however strength up to 60 GPa has been observed,
The faces of diamond octahedrons are highly lustrous because of there high hardness
Also triangular shaped growth defects can be observe.
And Because of its great hardness and strong molecular bonding, faces and edges appear the flattest and sharpest in the range
When it comes to structure, we can describe it as giant covalent structure of diamond,
where
Carbon has an electronic arrangement of 2,4.
And each carbon shares electrons with four other carbon atoms while forming four single bonds.
Toughness relates to the ability to resist breakage from falls or impacts
Because of diamond's perfect and easy cleavage, it is vulnerable to break
And Unlike hardness, diamond's toughness or tenacity is only fair to good
Because of this, diamond can shatter by hiting with an ordinary hammer.
When it comes to optical properties,
We can observe Diamonds in various colors: black, brown, yellow, gray, white, blue, orange, purple to pink and red likevise.
There coloration occurs Cdue to crystallographic defects, including substitutional impurities and structural defects.
Anyhow Theoretically, pure diamonds should be transparent and colorless.
The luster of a diamond described as 'adamantine', which simply means diamond-like
The refractive index is 2.417. Because it is cubic in structure,
And,
Diamonds exhibit fluorescence, that is, they emit light of various colors and intensities under long-wave ultraviolet light
Also
diamonds have a visible absorption spectrum consisting of a fine line in the violet at 415.5 nm range
Electrical properties,
Except for most natural blue diamonds, most diamonds are semiconductors due to substitutional boron impurities replacing carbon atoms.
Diamond is a good electrical insulator, which having resistivity of (1011 to 1018 Ω·m)
Theses mineral has Uncommon magnetic properties were we can observed in diamond nanocrystals.
Also diamond is a good conductor of heat because of the strong covalent bonding.
Thermal conductivity of natural diamond was measured to be about 22 W/(cm·K), which is five times more than copper.
A “synthetic diamond” is a diamond, produced through chemical and physical processes in laboratory conditions.
After the 1797 discovery that diamond was pure carbon, many attempts were made to convert various cheap forms of carbon into diamond.
Anyhow The earliest successes were reported by James Hannay in 1879
Todays world Synthetic diamond is also widely known as HPHT diamond or CVD diamond
There are several methods used to produce synthetic diamond.
The original method uses high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) and is still widely used because of its relatively low cost.
The process involves large presses that can weigh hundreds of tons to produce a pressure of 5 GPa at 1500 °C.
The second method, using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), creates a carbon plasma over a substrate onto which the carbon atoms deposit to form diamond.
Other methods include explosive formation and sonication of graphite solutions are still in R&D level
Due to the extraordinary properties of diamond such as extreme hardness, chemical inertness, optical transparency, high thermal conductivity ,electrical insulation more and more fields of applications recognize the benefits provided by this material.
D’s are widely used in oil and gas drills as no other material is capable of handling the extreme conditions such as high P&T. by these diamond bits Large economic benefits are gained by rig drilling operators.
And diamonds are Ideal ‘window’ material for industrial applications, R&D, defence and laser applications
infrared windows,
lenses,
X-ray windows
Also All types of electronic and electrical applications in which build-up of heat can severely impact or destroy circuits.
Also used As a ‘heat sink’ for sensitive components used in the telecommunications industry and in microelectronic devices.
In the production of laser optics where synthetic diamond provides optimum exit windows for CO2 lasers, such as those used in automotive cutting applications.
Synthetic diamond-based products are being used in industrial and household water treatment plants.
And In advanced healthcare applications such as therapy for eye cancer patients where synthetic diamond-based radiation detectors ensure the delivery of the correct dosage to precisely target only the cancer-affected tissue and not the healthy tissue around it.
Also diamonds used As surgical scalpel in neuro surgery.
And Researchers are trying to develop synthetic diamond-based quantum computer technology that could enable faster data processing and secure communication.
Polycrystalline CVDs are an essential component in high performance loudspeakers.
And last, not least diamonds use As consumer diamond gemstones.
This is the end of my disscution about the diamond in advance in
Properties
Structure
Synthesis and
Applications
Thank you