Synthesis, Properties and application

1. K ashan Univ e rsity
De partm e nt of C he m istry
Group of Organic Chem istry
Master Degree Seminar
Subject:
Organic Nano Particles
(ONPs)
Synthesis, Properties and
applicationsSuperviser: Dr Leila Moradi
By: Mahdi Mirzaie
November. 2015

2. Contents
◎Introduction
◎Prepartion and Synthesis
◎Properties
◎Applications
◎Conclusion

3. Introduction: Type of ONPs
◎Carbon nanomaterials
◎Other organic materials
◎fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs)
◎water soluble organic nano particles
◎Starch nanoparticles :SNPs
◎Metal Organic Frameworks (MOPs)

4. ◎Nanochemistry: pass form the Microscale level to nanosize
◎Discovery of size effect
Reason for delaying studies the ONps vs Metal Nanopartiles :
-Low Melting Tempratures
- Lesser thermal Stability
- Then: limit the methods for their synthesis and applications
- Believed that no size effect is manifested in ONPs (Wrong)

5. Prepartion and Synthesis

6. Factors for Select the methoods
◎Particle Size
◎Size Distribution
◎Stability of Synthesized Systems
◎Solubility

7. Methods for the fabrication of nanoparticles
◎bottom-up: Chemical Methods
◎top-down: Physical Methods

8. Physical Methods
◎Mechanical Grinding
◎Laser Ablation

9. Grinding
Dry
Ball mills Jet Mills
Wet
Dissocubes

10. ◎Ball Mill ◎Jet Mill

11. Grinding of ibuprofen by the jet milling technology
◎particles measuring from 1 to 7 nm, SEM image
◎Source: Rasenack, N.; Steckel, H.; Muller, B. W. Powder Technol. 2004, 143, 291.

12. stabilization
◎For unstable particles : stabilization was achieved by adding
cellulose ethers or poly(vinylpyrrolidone),
The particles acquired a positive charge that kept them from
agglomeration
◎Source: Liversidge, E.M.; Liversidge, G.G. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 2011, 63, 427
◎Source: US P. 5628981 (1997)

13. drawbacks of the mechanical synthesis
• Impurities from the mill
•destruction of thermally unstable
•the presence of a relatively large number of particles
•limited possibility of a control over the size and the
their wide size distribution, and also their irregular shape

14. Laser Ablation
◎Application in ONPs back to 2000
◎Prepartion of suspensin
◎ impact of an intense laser pulse
fragmentation of grains , transparent colloidal solution
Source: Sugiyama, T.; Asahi, T.; Yuyama, K.; Takeuchi, H.; Jeon, H.; Hosokawa, Y.; Masuhara, H. Proc. SPIE 2008,
6891, 37.

15. ◎preparation of stable colloidal solutions in the absence of
stabilizers.
◎control the size : wavelength, the laser pulse width, and fluence
◎increase in the laser-radiation fluence results in a decrease in the
nanoparticle size
◎nanosecond region: photothermal
◎femtosecond region: photomechanical
◎Source: Sergeev, G.B. In Nanokhimiya: Uchebnoe Posobie Nanochemistry: The Manual, Moscow:Izd. KDU, 2006, p
336.

16. Example
◎20 nm particles of indometacin , a drug used for treating epilepsy
◎pulse width of 8 ns: size was 40–60 nm
◎and did not depend on the nature of substance.
◎With pulse width of 150 fs : smaller particles could be synthesized.
◎Source: Nagare, S.; Senna, M. Solid State Ionics 2004, 172, 243.

17. SEM image of quinacridone particles obtained upon laser radiation of
wavelength 355 nm, pulse duration 8 ns, and fluence 100 mJ cm

18. Drawbacks of the laser ablation method
◎only a small amount of dispersion is formed
◎may cause photochemical decomposition

19. Chemical Methods
•Solvent Replacement
•Antisolvents for Precipitation
•Chemical Reduction in Solution
•Ion Association
•Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Water–Oil Emulsion
•Photochemical Method
•The use of Supercritical Fluids
•Cryochemical Synthesis and Modification of Nanoparticles

20. Solvent Replacement
◎ Carotene and PVP were dissolved in chloroform, and then
chloroform was evaporated in vacuo to form a solid mixture of β-
carotene and PVP. Upon the addition of water to the solid mixture, an
aqueous colloidal solution formed, which was called “ hydrosol”
◎Source: Li, S.; He, L.; Xiong, F.; Li, Y.; Yang, G. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 10887.

21. Example
◎perylene particles with an average size of 100 nm were obtained by
pouring the 0.25 × 10-3 M perylene solution in acetone to water with
vigorous stirring
◎Source: Mori, J.; Miyashita, Y.; Oliveira, D.; Kasai, H.; Oikawa, H.; Nakanishi, H. J. Cryst. Growth, 2009, 311, 553

22. Benefits
◎mild conditions
◎for thermally unstable
compounds
◎relatively simple and accessible
◎Drawbacks
◎Low production performance
◎cannot be used for substances
poorly soluble in organic solvents
◎Very dilute solutions are obtained

23. Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Water–Oil Emulsion
◎(1) preparation of the oil-in-water emulsion by stirring;
◎ (2) transfer of nanoparticles into the water phase, for example, by
sonication or high-pressure homogenization
◎Source: Margulis-Goshen, K.; Netivi, H. D.; Major, D. T.; Gradzielski, M.; Raviv, U.; Magdass, S. J. Colloid Interface
Sci. 2010, 342, 283.

24. Example
◎by sonication : nanoparticles of tetracene measuring 85 nm and
anthracene measuring 75 nm were prepared
◎From microemulsions containing sodium dodecyl sulfate as the
surfactant, nanoparticles of propylparaben with the sizes of 40–70
nm were obtained.

25. Cryochemical
◎Cryochemistry studies the reactions proceeding at low (77 K) and
ultralow (4 K) temperatures.
◎The cryodrying includes the following stages:
• deep Freezing
• primary drying
• secondary drying (freeze-drying (cryodrying) or cryoextraction)

26. Properties

28. Detection and characterization
Sample Preparation (Filteration, Centrifugation)
Imaging (TEM, SEM, AFM)
Separation (HPLC)
Characterization

29. NMR Applications in ONPs
◎Phase transitions of the nanoparticle matrix
◎Molecular exchange on the nanoparticle surface
◎Molecular exchange through nanocapsule walls
◎Local phase separations
◎Particle degradation
◎Assignment to structural elements of particle dispersions

30. NMR
Benfits
Study of nanoparticles dispersions
In Drugs:
-Release properties
-Surface exchange process
-Decomposition pathways
Disadvantages
Poor Sensitivity
Time consuming

36. Source: Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2011

37. Notes
◎The dependence of the Stokes shift in the molecular spectra on the
size of organic particles was revealed
◎The restriction for the exchange interactions in organic
nanoparticles brings about an increase in the nonlinear optical
characteristics
◎ It was shown that with the increase in the particle size, the
luminescence decreased
◎Increase in particle size, decrease in luminescense

38. Applications

39. Applications
◎Drug: poorly water-soluble drug
◎Food
◎Gene therapy
◎Sensors
◎Catalyst

40. Flourscent organic nanoparticles
◎Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED)
◎The photoluminescence of solid nanoparticles was 700 times (!)
more intense than that of its solution

41. Multicolor emision
◎1,2,3,4,5-pentaphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene
◎ Source: Zhao, Y. S.; Fu, H.; Hu, F.; Peng, A.; Yao, J. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 3554.

42. Food
Based of degradable polymers (lipid proteins, polysaccharides)
-Basic food materials
Nano cluster: Starch based biopolymers: Modifier
-Food processing
Oil fresh 1000: Nanosized modified surface: Catalyst
- Food product/Supplemnets
Lypo-spheric Vitamin C: Liposomal nanospheres: Carrier
Source: Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2011

43. Source:http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.snb.2014.09.031

44. Drugs
◎poorly water-soluble drug : Solubility of drugs is one of the
properties that determine their efficacy
◎The calculated and measured solubility values sometimes differed
from 2–3-fold to 20-fold
◎The drug celecoxib , poorly soluble in water
Production of amorphous nanoparticles of this drug measuring 17
nm increased its dissolution rate by 10-fold

45. Conclusion
◎The Problem of stabilizing organic nanoparticles
◎enhancing the efficiency of the methods of their fabrication
◎reducing their cost
◎Now: grinding is only method for manufacturing ONPs

46. Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
mirzaie@alum.sharif.edu
Download : www.slideshare.com/mirzaie1986