Gary Neubauer : Applying the Gold Standards in Calf Raising

1. Why set standards?
Why set standards?
Proactive industry leadership
“Applying the Gold Standards Repeated questions from members and potential members
in Calf Raising”
Raising” Raise success level of entire industry
Need was reinforced in 2008 industry survey
Priority of DCHA board for many years
Standards for dairy calves from birth to 6
months of age
Research Objectives
Research Objectives
Attitudes and Usage Study Determine the reasons why some dairy producers raise their own calves
Dairy Producers/Calf Raisers Profile dairy calf feeding practices
August, 2008
Understand the challenges facing dairy operator and calf ranchers
Final Report
Gage likelihood of trying a new feeding program
Study Sponsors:
Measure concerns about animal health issues
Dairy Calf and Heifer Association
Pfizer Animal Health Determine the level of involvement of veterinarians and nutritionists
Land O’Lakes Animal Milk Products Identify vaccines typically given to dairy calves and heifers
Understand the factors considered in medication/treatment protocol
decisions
PRESENTED BY:
Identify sources of information for operation improvement
Explore perceptions of membership in the Dairy Calf and Heifer Association
3 4
Number of Dairy Producers and Cow/Heifer Raisers
Number of Dairy Producers and Cow/Heifer Raisers Areas of Operation Which Would Benefit from More
Areas of Operation Which Would Benefit from More
by State
by State Information from Outside Sources
Information from Outside Sources
76% 72%
7 4 2
80%
63%
17
1 40 15 1 60%
4 47% 44%
5 6
1 15
3 6 40%
6 6 3
2
4 7 4
17 3 2 4 20%
1
1 0%
1 2 2 Environmental Benchmarking Facility Upgrades Employee
Financial
Compliance Data on Heifer to Change Layout Training
Planning
1 1 Information Raising of Operation
4 1
• Puerto Rico - 1 • Three out of four stated their operation would benefit from information
North Central (123)
about environmental compliance information (76%) and benchmarking data
Large Herd (37) on heifer raising (72%) from an outside source. About two out of three
Others (40) (63%) would benefit from information about financial planning, while just
(n=200) under half would benefit from information on facility upgrades (47%) or
employee training (44%).
5 6
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2. Reasons for Raising Own Calves
Reasons for Raising Own Calves I. Mortality
I. Mortality
Dairy Producers Continued
Dairy Operation Size Dairy Operation Size
Reasons to Raise Own Calves Total
200 –
999 1,000+ Reasons to Raise Own Calves Total
200 –
999 1,000+
A. Given that some calves are born with a heartbeat
(Base) (100) (75) (25) (Base) (100) (75) (25)
and breathing, yet die not long after birth, the age
More control 27.0% 28.0% 24.0% Bio Security 2.0 2.7 0 of 24 hours shall be used to distinguish between
We are able to do a better job 24.0 20.0 36.0 They freshen sooner 1.0 1.3 0
“dead on arrival” (stillbirth) and “calf mortality.”
Cost effective 19.0 16.0 28.0 Controlled breeding 1.0 0 4.0
Have the facilities and feed to do so 15.0 16.0 12.0 Like doing it 1.0 1.3 0
Not available in our area
We have the land
9.0
7.0
10.7
6.7
4.0
8.0
Refused 1.0 1.3 0
B. All newborn calves should be placed in an
Closed herd 5.0 6.7 0 • When asked why they chose to raise their own dairy environment that will be safe from adult animals
Bad past experiences 3.0 2.7 4.0 calves, the most frequent reasons included:
• More control (27%) and adult animal diseases.
Always have 3.0 2.7 4.0 • We are able to do a better job (24%)
Easier 2.0 2.7 0 • Cost effective (19%)
• Have the facilities and feed (15%)
Disease control 2.0 2.7 0
• No significant differences by operation size.
We use limited calf raising services 2.0 0 8.0
7
I. Mortality (cont.)
I. Mortality (cont.) Maternity & Calving Management
Maternity & Calving Management
C. Every newborn calf should receive care to its navel
to control infection.
D. Target mortality rates are:
1. 24 hours to 60 days of age: <5%
2. 61 to 120 days of age: <2%
3. 121-180 days of age: <1%
Clean & dry environment
Calving Management
Calving Management Calving Assistance
Calving Assistance
Cleanliness - This is the every day
standard for cleanliness at this dairy.
Note that the calves are marked to
confirm administration of 1 gallon of
colostrum.
Intervention - Clean equipment, and
clothes. Wash and Sanitize the cow and
use LOTS of Lubrication!
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3. Care After the Delivery
Care After the Delivery Care After Calving
Care After Calving
After Delivery - Offer the cow all the warm
water she wants to drink. They are usually
very dehydrated following calving. Stimulate the calf to breath
Don’t hang it upside down
Instead, use cold water on the
face
Or rotate your finger or a
piece of straw in the nostril
Remove calf from its dam
Dry off with a towel
Dip umbilical cord with 7%
tincture of iodine
Feed high quality colostrum
After Delivery - Separate the calf and
administer 1 gallon of colostrum within the
1st two hours of birth.
Care After the Delivery -- Breathing
Care After the Delivery Breathing II. Morbidity
II. Morbidity
A. Defining scours as a case of diarrhea which
requires any intervention for more than 24 hours,
target morbidity rates are:
1. 24 hours to 60 days of age: <25%
2. 60 to 120 days of age: < 2%
Once delivered, your first concern is that the calf
3. 121-180 days of age: < 1%
is breathing. Position it on it’s chest to allow full
lung expansion and tickle the interior of the nostril
with a piece of straw to stimulate a gasp.
DO NOT hang the calf by the back legs. This only
compresses the lung field and makes it more
difficult to breath
The Drost Project – University of Florida
Vaccination Guidelines
Vaccination Guidelines Management can prevent scours!
Management can prevent scours!
Sound dry cow management
Vaccinate Dam if possible for nutrition & vaccinations
maximum protection!
Maternity management
Colostrum management is clean, dry & assist
critical & the BEST vaccine
Colostrum management
one can give!
!
Quality * Quantity * Timing * Contamination
Environmental management
individualize, hutches, bedding
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4. Where is the Source of Infection?
Where is the Source of Infection? II. Morbidity (cont.)
II. Morbidity (cont.)
B. Defining pneumonia as a case of respiratory
disease which requires individual-animal treatment
with an antibiotic (does not include use of feed-
grade medication fed with a regular ration), target
morbidity rates are:
1. 24 hours to 60 days of age: <10%
2. 60 to 120 days of age: <15%
3. 121-180 days of age: < 2%
Diarrhea < 5 days Diarrhea > 7 days
Maternity Pen Calf Housing
Communal Drying/Warming
Slide: courtesy of Dr. Sheila McGuirk
Pneumonia
Pneumonia Respiratory Disease Control
Respiratory Disease Control
Ventilation
Vaccination
Early detection & diagnosis
Treatment with effective antibiotic
Correct dosage & duration of antibiotic
Key Factors for decreasing endemic
Key Factors for decreasing endemic
respiratory infections
respiratory infections
1. Solid panels between calves (P<0.003)
2. Nesting in deep bedding (P<0.002)
3. Low airborne bacteria counts (P<0.003)
UW Research – Dr. Ken Nordlund, et al
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5. Lowering airborne bacteria counts
Lowering airborne bacteria counts
Slide: courtesy of Dr. Sheila McGuirk Slide: courtesy of Dr. Sheila McGuirk
USDA is Referee for Vaccines
USDA is Referee for Vaccines The Five USDA Label Claims
The Five USDA Label Claims
Prevents all colonization or replication of challenge organism
Stringent labeling guidelines are granted
and enforced by the USDA.
In 2002 CVB issued new guidelines Highly effective in preventing clinical disease
Veterinary Services Memorandum No. 800.202
outlines requirements for approval, DOI, onset
claims, etc. Aids in preventing disease by a clinically significant amount
five possible label claims can be issued.
Knowing the facts about labels can help
Aids in reduction of disease severity, duration or onset
you choose the best option for your
operation.
Products with beneficial effects other than direct disease control
Utilization of UW’s --Dr. Sheila McGuirk
Utilization of UW’s Dr. Sheila McGuirk
Respiratory Scorecard
Respiratory Scorecard
III. Growth Rate
III. Growth Rate
Twice weekly from 3 weeks to weaning A. Target growth rate standards for Holstein calves are:
After treating the calf for 5 to 6 days
1. 24 hours to 60 days of age: Double birth
Before they go to a group pen weight
2. 60 to 120 days of age: 2.2 lbs. ADG
3. 121-180 days of age: 2.0 lbs. ADG
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6. Number of Quarts of Milk or Milk Replacer Fed per
Number of Quarts of Milk or Milk Replacer Fed per Weigh Heifers at Weaning Time by Market Segment
Weigh Heifers at Weaning Time by Market Segment
Feeding by Market Segment
Feeding by Market Segment
Market Segment
Total Market Segment
Total Dairy Calf/Heifer TotalCalf/H
Producers Raisers Total Dairy eifer
Number of Quarts of Milk or Milk Replacer Total (B) (C) Weigh Heifers at Producers Raisers
(Base) (165) (95) (70) Weaning Time Total (B) (C)
One or less 4.2% 5.3% 2.9% (Base) (165) (95) (70)
2 45.5 42.1 50.0 Yes 9.7% 12.6% 5.7
3 24.8 30.5B 17.1 No 90.3 87.4 94.3
4 10.3 9.5 11.4 Upper case letters indicate significance at the 95% level.
Lower case letters indicate significance at the 90% level.
5+ 10.3 7.4 14.3
Don’t Know 4.8 5.3 4.3
Upper case letters indicate significance at the 95% level.
Lower case letters indicate significance at the 90% level.
• Just under half (45.5%) fed 2 quarts of milk or milk replacer per feeding. • Only one out of ten (10%) weighed heifers at weaning time.
• A significantly larger percent of dairy producers fed 3 quarts of milk or milk
replacer per feeding, compared to calf/heifer raisers. • This did not vary by market segment.
31 32
IV. Colostrum Management
IV. Colostrum Management IV. Colostrum Management (cont.)
IV. Colostrum Management (cont.)
A. First feeding B. Colostrum quality
1. Colostrum equaling 10% of body weight should be fed in the first 4 1. Colostrum should be free of blood, debris and
mastitis
hours of life. [For example, a 90-lb. calf should receive 4 quarts of
2. Colostrum should be disease-free
colostrum].
3. Test for quality with a colostrum tester or IgG test
4. Target bacteria count (also known as
standard plate count) is <100,000 CFU/mL
5. Target immunity level of animals at 2 to 7 days of age is:
a. blood serum total protein of
>5.2 g/dL for maternal-source-
colostrum-fed calves; or
b. serum IgG of >10.0 g/L
Biggest Challenges Faced by Calf/Heifer Raisers in
Biggest Challenges Faced by Calf/Heifer Raisers in Calves:
Working With Dairy Clients Colostrum Management
Working With Dairy Clients
Survival and profit for the business
They will not get over a bad start!
Ranked First Ranked Second Ranked Third Ranked Fourth Ranked Fifth
Challenge (n=200) (n=200) (n=200) (n=200) (n=200)
Resist Costs 27.7% 13.8% 23.4% 19.1% 16.0%
Clients Do Not Feed
Adequate Colostrum 26.6 26.6 18.1 11.7 17.0
Clients Do Not Adequately
Vaccinate Their Cows 23.4 26.6 21.3 14.9 13.8
Communicating Regularly
with Dairy Clients 12.8 21.3 19.1 28.7 18.1
Managing Unreasonable
Client Demands/
Expectations 9.6 11.7 18.1 25.5 35.1
• Calf and heifer raisers were asked to rank order the issues they faced in
working with their dairy clients. The top three issues ranked first included:
• Resist costs (27.7%)
• Clients do not feed adequate colostrum (26.6%)
• Clients do not adequately vaccinate their cows (23.4%)
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7. Status U.S. Calf Health Colostrum Management
Colostrum Management
Status U.S. Calf Health
Between 8.4 and 10.8% of calves die before weaning.1
62% of pre-weaning deaths occur in first three weeks of life.1
Scours accounts for 60% of pre-weaning disease.1
40% of dairy calves have failure of passive transfer.1
31% of dairy heifer deaths could be prevented through better
colostrum management (Wells, Prev. Vet. Med, 1996 Vol. 29
Pgs. 9-19)
Quality
Quality
Quantity
Quantity
Timing
Timing
1 – NAHMS, 2002 Contamination
Contamination
Vaccination of Dam for Calf Protection
Vaccination of Dam for Calf Protection
Colostrogenesis
Colostrogenesis First Time
First Time
IgG selectively transported to the mammary gland and Min 2wk Min 3wk Min 3wk
concentrated by 5X1 100
Concentration of immunoglobins in mammary gland begins Serum IgG
90 Primary Secondary IgG Transfer
5 weeks prior to calving and peaks 2 weeks precalving2 To Colostrum
80 Response Response
One study 2 weeks with a peak 48 hours precalving3 - 70 Colostrum IgG
artificial induction of lactation 60
Cow systemic IgG antibodies may drop by up to 50% during this 50
period 40
Calf absorption of colostral antibodies will end up 30
approximating the precolostral titer of the cow 20
10
1 Klaus, et al. A quantitative study of the transfer of colostral immunoglobins in the newborn calf. Immunology 1969;
16:295-299.
0
2 Morrow. Current Therapy in Theriogenology. diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of reproductive diseases in
animals.Theriogenology 1980, ISBN 07-216-65640.
0 2 4 6 8 10
3 Smith KL, et al. 1973. Hormone-induced lactation in the bovine: lactation performance following injection of 17–
oestradiol and progesterone. J Dairy Sci 56:738-743. 1st 2nd Weeks Calving
Vac. Vac.
Clean and well attended maternity pen!
Harvest Clean Colostrum
Harvest Clean Colostrum
1. Udder preparation
2. Sanitize collection, storage, feeding
equipment
3. Do not pool
4. Refrigerate by 2 hours
(use in 3 days) or freeze
Sample
Colostrum Godden, S. 2007. Proc. PDHGA Conf.
Harvest Clean Colostrum
87

8. Colostrum Culture Goals
Colostrum Culture Goals Source of Colostrum Bacteria
Source of Colostrum Bacteria
Total Count < 100,000 CFU/mL Inadequate cow preparation
Lactose positive coliforms
Coliform lactose positive < 10,000
Fecal pathogens in this group
Coliform lactose negative < 50,000
Sanitation of equipment and collection buckets
Strep agalactiae 0
Lactose negative coliforms
Strep non-agalactiae < 50,000 Environmental Staphs and Streps
Coagulase positive Staph 0 Inadequate cooling/storage
Coagulase negative Staph < 50,000 Environmental Staphs and Streps
Other No Mycoplasma or Salmonella Amplification of any bacteria
Mastitis
McGuirk, Collins: Managing Collection and Storage of
Colostrum; Vet Clin Food Anim 20 (2004) 593–603
Harvest Colostrum Quickly
Harvest Colostrum Quickly Colostrum Timing
Colostrum Timing
Declining IgG in Colostrum
Following Calving Effect of Calf’s Age at First Colostrum Feeding on Serum
13 cows/52 quarters
12 11.3
IgG Concentration
Reason for effect? 11 -17% 1.6
-Not due to dilution 10 9.4 1.4
-27%
Serum IgG, gm/dL
(same volume from 1.2 G.L. Caldow, D.G.
9 8.2 -33%
g m /d l
White, M. Kelsey,
all quarters at each A.R. Peters and K.J.
1
time point) 8 7.2 Solly, Relationship of
0.8 calf antibody status to
disease and
- Possibly due to 7 0.6 performance. Vet.
Rec. 122 (1988), pp.
reabsorption into 6 0.4 63–65
maternal 0.2
circulation 5
2 6 10 14 0
0 3 6 9 12 15 24
Hours Post-calving
Time, Hours
Moore, et al., 2005 JAVMA
Vol.226 Issue 8 p:1375 – 1377
Colostrum Storage:
Colostrum Storage: Colostrum Storage:
Colostrum Storage:
Prevent bacterial growth in
stored colostrum:
Refrigeration (24 - 48 hrs)
Refrigeration
+ K-sorbate preservative
Freezing
Yes!
No!
88

9. Heat Treating/Pasteurization
Heat Treating/Pasteurization Estimating Colostrum Quality
Estimating Colostrum Quality
Research in a laboratory setting shows that heat treating
colostrum at 60 °C (140 °F) for 60 minutes in a commercial Colostrometer
batch pasteurization system destroys pathogens while Variations due to temperatures etc
preserving colostral IgG. Palm Lab type products
18 pound rule
negative relationship between antibody
McMartin, S., S.
concentration and volume of colostrum
Godden, et al. (2006).
"Heat treatment of
bovine colostrum. " J.
Dairy Sci. 89(6): 2110-
2118
Colostrometer
Colostrometer Colostrum Quantity
Colostrum Quantity
Calibrated at 72 F or room temp - measures specific 4 quarts of first milking colostrum ASAP for holstein
gravity 1.050= 50g/dl calves (3 quarts for Jerseys)
IF out of cow - add 15g/L calves left to nurse often do not get enough
IF out of fridge - subtract 15g/L colostrum and often pick up other pathogens
2 quarts of colostrum is NOT adequate!
Colostrum Study (Long Term Effects)
Colostrum Study (Long Term Effects)
Colostrum Feeding
Colostrum Feeding 2 vs 4 quarts at birth
2 vs 4 quarts at birth
Calves Fed Calves Fed
4 quarts immediately 2 quarts 4 quarts
Veterinary Costs $24.51 $14.77
Per calf
Average 1.76 2.27
Daily Gain
•Multiple feedings in 1st Lactation
Milk Yield (305-D)
19,739 21,845
the first 6 hours
2nd Lactation 21,261 24,903
Milk Yield (305-D)
Faber, et al., Effects of Colostral Ingestion on Lactation Performance, The
Professional Animal Scientist 21 (2005):420–425
Faber, et al., 2005. Prof. Animal Sci. 21:420
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10. Colostrum Tube Feeding
Colostrum Tube Feeding Monitor Colostrum Feeding
Monitor Colostrum Feeding
Refractometer measures index of refracted light
• Close correlation between serum total protein (TP) and IgG
• Inexpensive, fast
Yes • Can be done on farm
• Assumes normal hydration status
But make
Use in calves > 24 hrs – 7 day
sure you
> 5.5 g/dL : very successful
correctly
5.0 - 5.5 g/dL : moderately successful
tube feed!
< 5 g/dL : FPT (IgG < 10.0 mg/mL)
Interpretation of Serum
Interpretation of Serum Why Worry About Colostrum Management?
Why Worry About Colostrum Management?
Total Protein Data
Total Protein Data
Less accurate for individual animals Reduced morbidity/mortality: 31% of all dairy heifer
mortality during the first 21 days could be prevented
Should test 12 or more calves to evaluate the program by improved colostrum management
(SJ Wells, DA Dargatz, SL Ott - Factors associated with mortality to 21 days of life in dairy
Cut Points: heifers in the United States Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 1996 – Elsevier Pages 9-19)
Reduced treatment costs, improved growth, improved
No. of calves feed efficiency:
Interpretation $23.00 advantage at 4 weeks (Fowler, M. 1999. What
< 5.5 mg/dL is it worth to know a calf’s Ig level?.
Proc. 3rd Annual PDHGA National Conference, pp. 31-38, March 26-28,
Bloomington, MN. Professional Dairy Heifer Growers Association, Stratford,
0 - 2 of 12 FPT is not a problem Iowa,)
Improved growth to 180 days, reduced age at first
3 - 4 of 12 Borderline problem calving
(JE Nocek, DG Braund, RG Warner – Influence of Neonatal Colostrum
Administration, Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 67, No. 2, 1984 Page 4)
5 or more of 12 FPT is a problem
Associated (direct? indirect?) with an increase in first
lactation milk production
(SK DeNise, JD Robison, GH Stott, DV Armstrong – Effects of Passive
Immunity on Subsequent Lactations in Dairy Heifers, Journal of Dairy
Science Vol. 72 No. 2 552-554, 1989 )
SM McGuirk, M Collins - Veterinary Clinics of North America:
Food Animal Practice, 2004 - Elsevier
Pages 593-603
Value of Colostrum
Value of Colostrum V. Nutrition
V. Nutrition
4.6 More Calves Weaned per 100 calves
4.6 Calves X $400 Calf / 100 Calves x 40% = $7.40 A. Structure your nutrition program to achieve health
2 lb More Milk /day for two Lactations. and growth standards defined in II and III, and
IOF of $0.09 /lb X 2 lb X 660 days = $118 monitor performance regularly. Consult your
Reduced Calf Health Care veterinarian and nutritionist routinely.
$9.74 B. Clean water and starter grain should be offered to
170 more lbs of Heifer – 170 lbs more cull cow calves with continuous availability by 3 days of age,
170 lbs X $0.45/lb = $76.50 and refreshed or replenished daily.
Total $211.64 / 2 qt = $423.22 per gallon
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11. VI. Housing
VI. Housing VI. Housing (cont.)
VI. Housing (cont.)
A. Target housing standards for calves 24 hours to 60
B. Target housing standards for calves 61 to 120 days of
days of age are: age are:
Clean Clean
Dry Dry
Draft-free Draft-free
Good air quality Good air quality
Sized so calf can turn around Minimum of 34 square feet per animal of resting space
Adequate feeding space for all animals to eat at the same time
VI. Housing (cont.)
VI. Housing (cont.)
C. Target housing standards for calves 121 to 180 days
of age are: “Applying the Gold Standards
Clean
Dry in Calf Raising”
Raising”
Draft-free
Good air quality
Minimum of 40 square feet per animal of resting space in bedded-pack
housing
If animals are in free-stall housing, there should be one stall per animal
Adequate feeding space for all animals to eat at the same time
91

12. Dairy Calf & Heifer Association Gold Standards
Production and performance standards established for Holstein calves, from
birth to 6 months of age, across the United States.
I. Mortality
A. Given that some calves are born with a heartbeat and breathing, yet die not long after birth, the age of 24 hours
shall be used to distinguish between “dead-on-arrival” (stillbirth) and “calf mortality.”
B. All newborn calves should be placed in an environment that will be safe from adult animals and adult animal diseases.
C. Every newborn calf should receive care to its navel to control infection.
D. Target mortality rates are:
1. 24 hours to 60 days of age: < 5%
2. 61 to 120 days of age: < 2%
3. 121-180 days of age: < 1%
II. Morbidity
A. Defining scours as a case of diarrhea which requires any intervention for more than 24 hours, target morbidity
rates are:
1. 24 hours to 60 days of age: < 25%
2. 61 to 120 days of age: < 2%
3. 121 to 180 days of age: < 1%
B. Defining pneumonia as a case of respiratory disease which requires individual animal treatment with an antibiotic
(does not include use of feed-grade medication fed with regular ration), target morbidity rates are:
1. 24 hours to 60 days of age: < 10%
2. 61 to 120 days of age: < 15%
3. 121 to 180 days of age: < 2%
III. Growth Rate
A. Target growth rate standards for Holstein calves are:
1. 24 hours to 60 days of age: Double birth weight
2. 61 to 120 days of age: 2.2 lbs. average daily gain
3. 121 to 180 days of age: 2.0 lbs. average daily gain
continued ®
16020 Swingley Ridge Road Suite 300 • Chesterfield, MO 63017
Toll-free 1-877-HEIFERS Fax: (636) 449-5051 • info@calfandheifer.org • www.calfandheifer.org
92

13. DCHA Gold Standards (continued)
IV. Colostrum Management
A. First feeding
Colostrum equaling 10% of body weight should be fed in the first 4 hours of life. [For example, a 90-lb. calf
should receive 4 quarts of colostrum.]
B. Colostrum quality
1. Colostrum should be free of blood, debris and mastitis
2. Colostrum should be disease-free
3. Test for quality with a colostrum tester or IgG test
4. Target bacteria count (also known as standard plate count) is <100,000 CFU/mL
5. Target immunity level of animals at 2 to 7 days of age is:
a. blood serum total protein of >5.2 g/dL for maternal-source-colostrum-fed calves; or
b. serum IgG of >10.0 g/L
V. Nutrition
A. Structure your nutrition program to achieve health and growth standards defined in II and III, and monitor
performance regularly. Consult your veterinarian and nutritionist routinely.
B. Clean water and starter grain should be offered to calves with continuous availability by 3 days of age, and
refreshed or replenished daily.
VI. Housing
A. Target housing standards for calves 24 hours to 60 days of age:
I Clean
I Dry
I Draft-free
I Good air quality
I Sized so calf can turn around
B. Target housing standards for calves 61 to 120 days of age:
I Clean
I Dry
I Draft-free
I Good air quality
I Minimum of 34 square feet per animal of resting space
I Adequate feeding space for all animals to eat at the same time
C. Target housing standards for calves 121 to 180 days of age:
I Clean
I Dry
I Draft-free
I Good air quality
I Minimum of 40 square feet per animal of resting space in bedded-pack housing
I If animals are in free stall housing, there should be one stall per animal
I Adequate feeding space for all animals to eat at the same time
16020 Swingley Ridge Road Suite 300 • Chesterfield, MO 63017
Toll-free 1-877-HEIFERS Fax: (636) 449-5051 • info@calfandheifer.org • www.calfandheifer.org
93