Asian 845 china catayas

• Originally a tribe living in the lower regions of the Yellow River
during the Xia Dynasty (21st - 17th century BC), Shang was
established by King Tang in 1675 BC after overthrowing the
tyrannical rule of Jie, (Xia's last emperor).
• This dynasty lasted over 600 years and was led by 30
different emperors. As the capital of the Shang was always
based in Yin (the now Xiaotun Village, in Anyang City of Henan
Province), it is also known as 'Yin Shang'.
Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/shang/

• 1st Tang - Family name: Zi; Given name:
Tang; He overthrew the tyrannical rule of Jie
of the Xia Dynasty. The society was stable
and the people lived happy lives during his
reign.
• 2nd Wai Bing - Son of Tang
• 3rd Zhong Ren - Son of Tang and younger
brother of Wai Bing
• 4th Tai Jia - grandson of Tang
• 5th Wo Ding - Son of Tai Jia
• 6th Tai Geng - Son of Tai Jia and the younger
brother of Wo Ding
• 7th Xiao Jia - Son of Tai Geng
• 8th Yong Ji - Brother of Xiao Jia; The dynasty
began to decline under his rule.
• 9th Tai Wu - Younger brother of Yong Ji
• 10th Zhong Ding - Son of Tai Wu
• 11th Wai Ren - Son of Tai Wu and younger
brother of Zhong Ding
• 12th He Dan Jia - Son of Tai Wu and
younger brother of Wai Ren
• 13th Zu Yi - Son of He Dan Jia; the Shang
Dynasty came into prosperity again.
• 14th Zu Xin - Son of Zu Yi
• 15th Wo Jia - Son of Zu Yi and the younger
brother of Zu Xin
• 16th Zu Ding - Son of zu Xin
• 17th Nan Geng - Son of Wo Jia
• 18th Yang Jia - Son of Zu Ding; the country
was in decline during his reign.

• 19th Pan Geng - Son of Zu Ding and the
younger brother of Yang Jia; He moved the
capital to Yin, thus the dynasty is also called
Yin Shang. The country was prosperous during
his reign.
• 20th Xiao Xin - Son of Zu Ding and the
younger brother of Pan Geng. The country
declined again in his reign.
• 21st Xiao Yi - Son of Zu Ding and the
younger brother of Xiao Xin
• 22nd Wu Ding - The best emperor after Pan
Geng. He enlarged the domain of the country
through a war. Social productivity developed
to a high level, including aspects of textile,
medicine, and astronomy. There were great
achievements during his reign.
• 23rd Zu Geng - Son of Wu Ding
• 24th Zu Jia - Son of Wu Ding and younger
brother of Zu Geng
• 25th Lin Xin - Son of Zu Jia
• 26th Geng Ding - Son of Zu Jia and younger
brother of Lin Xin
• 27th Wu Yi - Son of Geng Ding
• 28th Tai Ding - Son of Wu Yi
• 29th Di Yi - Son of Tai Ding; the country was
declined even worse.
• 30th Zhou - Family name: Zi; Given name: Xin;
He acted atrociously toward his people and
doted on his imperial concubine, Daji. He was
finally defeated by the tribe of Zhou.

Fishing began to grow as an industry as the people
fished in the fresh waters.
The most famous bronze work from this time is the
Simuwu Quadripod, weighing 832.84 kg (about
1836 pounds) it is the largest and heaviest Chinese
bronze vessel.
The improvements in the bronze casting techniques
allowed for delicate musical instruments to be
made. In Yin Xu (Yin Yuins) in Xiao Tun Village of
Anyang City, archeologists discovered musical
instruments of the Shang Dynasty including: Xun
(Ocarina made of baked clay), drums, and copper
cymbals.
Simuwu Quadripod
Xun

• The Western Zhou was established by King Wu which included
the reigns of 13 emperors and played a very important role in
Chinese history because of its great developments, the Western
Zhou is renowned as the period which saw the height of
splendor of Prehistoric Times.
• Originally a dependency of the Shang, the Zhou developed
quickly under the reign of Wenwang and Wuwang and In 1046
BC, Wuwang defeated the Shang and established the Zhou.
Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/zhou/western/

• 1st Wenwang (Ji Chang) - With the assistance
of Jiang Ziya, he developed the Zhou that laid
the foundation for overthrowing the Shang
Dynasty. - 1097 BC - 1046 BC
• 2nd Wuwang (Ji Fa) - The son of Wenwang; He
defeated the Shang Dynasty in 1046 BC and
established the Western Zhou Dynasty. - 1046
BC - 1043 BC
• 3rd Chengwang (Ji Song) - The son of
Wuwang; he established the capital city of
Luoyi (near Luoyang in Henan Province). - 1042
BC - 1021 BC
• 4th Kangwang (Ji Zhao) - The son of
Chengwang; Under his reign, the Zhou Dynasty
prospered. - 1020 BC- 996 BC
• 5th Zhaowang (Ji Xia) - The son of Kangwang;
the Zhou Dynasty began to decline during his
rule. - 995 BC - 977 BC
• 6th Muwang (Ji Man) - The son of Zhaowang;
His reign time is the longest among all the
emperors in the Western Dynasty. - 976 BC -
922 BC
• 7th Gongwang (Ji Yihu) - The son of Muwang - 922 BC
- 900 BC
• 8th Yiwang (Ji Jian) - The son of Gongwang. The Zhou
Dynasty fell into a decline in his reign. - 899 BC - 892
BC
• 9th Xiaowang (Ji Pifang) - The son of Muwang and the
younger sister of Zhou Gongwang - 891 BC - 886 BC
• 10th Yiwang (Ji Xie) - The son of Yiwang (899 BC - 892
BC) - 885 BC - 878 BC
• 11th Liwang (Ji Hu) - The son of Yiwang (885 BC - 878
BC); He was a tyrant that abused the people and was
defeated in many wars. After the people's rebellion in
841 BC, he was exiled. - 877 BC - 841 BC
• 12th Gong Bohe - He was elected by other vassals to
deal with the state affairs after Zhou Liwang was exiled.
- 841 BC - 828 BC
• 13th Xuanwang (Ji Jing) - The son of Liwang; He
carried out a series of effective innovations and
succeeded. - 827 BC - 782 BC
• 14th Youwang (Ji Gongsheng) - The son of Xuanwang;
he made fun of his seigneurs in order to make his
concubine smile. The Western Zhou Dynasty was lost at
last in his reign. - 781 BC - 771 BC

 The Zhou society was based on agricultural production.
The Zhou dynasty put field grid patterns into use, which
promoted efficient use of the land and systematic
irrigation allowing fields to be properly watered.
 Iron technology also increased significantly in Zhou
Dynasty. This technology became so well-developed that
the Chinese knew how to produce cast iron a full
millennium before the same technique of producing cast
iron was discovered in Europe.
 The Zhou Dynasty contributed a lot to literature. It was
one of the first dynasties to start collecting books
including some famous works such as Zhou Li (Zhou
Rituals), which became a description of how the early
Zhou government was organized and the conduct of a
gentleman.
Source: http://www.chinatraveldepot.com/C160-Zhou-Dynasty

• Zhou Dynasty is considered the classical age. It was a time of great
philosophers. This cultural flowering is called the One Hundred Schools
Period. Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism developed during this time.

• The Western Han (206BC - 24AD) was regarded as the first
unified and powerful empire in Chinese history. Lasting from
206 BC to 24 AD, it was established by Liu Bang, who became
Emperor Gaozu following four years of civil war started by
peasant uprisings against the despotic Qin Dynasty (221 -
207BC).
Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/han/western.htm

• 1st Han Gaozu(Liu Bang) - Son of a
peasant family; He revolted against the
rule of Qin. After defeating Xiangyu (his
rival) during a four-year war, he
established the Western Han in 202 BC
and ruled the country for 12 years. - 206
BC - 195 BC
• 2nd Han Huidi(Liu Ying) - Son of Liu Bang;
Because he was inept to be an emperor, the
power was held in the hand of his mother,
Lvhou. - 195 BC - 188 BC
• 3rd Han Lvhou(Lv Zhi) - Wife of Liu Bang;
After Liu Bang died, she was in the seat of
power although Liu Ying, Liu Gong and Liu
Hong were the emperors in succession. -
188 BC - 180 BC
• 4th Han Wendi(Liu Heng) - The fourth son of Liu
Bang; He lightened the taxes and paid great
importance to production thus promoting the
development of society. Also he was a famously
frugal emperor. - 180 BC - 157 BC
• 5th Han Jingdi(Liu Qi) - Son of Han Wendi; He
carried out serious measures like Wendi had
done and obtained good results. - 157 BC - 141
BC
• 6th Han Wudi(Liu Che) - The ninth son of Han
Jingdi; He subdued the ethnic Xiongnu (Hun)
invaders by wars. The Western Han was in its
most powerful period during the reign of the
Han Wudi. - 141 BC - 87 BC
• 7th Han Zhaodi(Liu Fuling) - The youngest son
of Han Wudi; He lightened the burden of the
peasants and was on good terms with Xiongnu
(Hun). - 87 BC - 74 BC

• 8th Han Xuandi(Liu Xun) - Also called Liu
Bingyi and the great grandson of Han Wudi;
During his reign, the ruling position of
Confucianism was strengthened and burdens of
the people were reduced greatly. - 74 BC -
49 BC
• 9th Han Yuandi(Liu Shi) - Son of Han Xuandi;
The Western Han began to decline during his
reign. - 49 BC - 33 BC
• 10th Han Chengdi(Liu Ao) - Son of Han
Yuandi; He squandered the countries wealth,
which caused the country to decline. - 33 BC -
7 BC
• 11th Han Aidi(Liu Xin) - Nephew of Han
Chengdi; Although all kinds of social
contradictions were sharp, he only believed in
ghosts and gods to solve all the problems with
the result that Wang Mang stole power. - 7 BC
- 1 BC
• 12th Han Pingdi(Liu Kan) - Grandson of
Han Yuandi; was really a puppet of Wang
Mang. Later, he was poisoned to death by
Wang Mang. - 1 BC - 5 AD
• 13th Ruzi(Liu Ying) - He came to the
throne when he was two years old. In 8 AD,
Wang Mang claimed himself as the
emperor and killed Ruzi in 25 AD.

 In industry, productivity was improved greatly in both
metallurgy and the textile industry. Looms were used
taking the place of manual labor in weaving.
 The stability of the country and rapid development of the
arts with the invention of paper and porcelain and
industry provided commerce a favorable environment to
develop.
 Literature flourished with the invention of paper, as art
flourished with the invention of the loom, and the invention
of porcelain.
Coins Inscribed with Characters
"Wuzhu" or "Banliang"
A Wine Vessel with Loop Handle
Pottery Horse, Burial Object

• Regarded as a continuation of the Western Han (206 BC - 24
AD), the Eastern Han (25 AD - 220 AD) was established by Liu
Xiu, who became the Emperor Guangwu.
• With Luoyang in Henan Province as its capital city, the dynasty
was reined over by 12 emperors in a span of 195 years.
Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/han/eastern.htm

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/han/eastern.htm
• 1st Guang Wudi(Liu Xiu) - He joined the
troops to rebel against the Xin. After
defeating the army of Wang Mang, he re-
established the Han Dynasty making
Luoyang its capital city. - 25 - 57
• 2nd Mingdi(Liu Zhuang) - The fourth son of
Guang Wudi; People lived a stable life
during his reign. The famous White Horse
Temple was built under his order. - 57 - 75
• 3rd Zhangdi (Liu Da) - The fifth son of
Mingdi; He was also regarded as a
calligraphist adept at cursive scripts. - 75 -
88
• 4th Hedi(Liu Zhao) - The fourth son of
Zhangdi - 88 - 105
• 5th Shangdi (Liu Long) - The youngest son
of Hedi - 105 - 106
• 6th Andi (Liu Hu) - Grandson of Zhangdi; The social
divide was increased and all kinds of social
contradictions became sharp under his rule. - 106 - 125
• 7th Shundi (Liu Bao) - Son of Andi; Eunuch grasped the
power to deal with the state affairs under his reign. -
125 - 144
• 8th Chongdi(Liu Bing) - Son of Shundi - 144 - 145
• 9th Zhidi(Liu Zuan) - Great grandson of Zhangdi - 145
- 146
• 10th Huandi(Liu Zhi) - Great grandson of Zhangdi -
146 - 167
• 11th Lingdi(Liu Hong) - Great-great-grandson of
Zhangdi; the country was again in great disarray,
meaning that people lived a very hard life. The rule of
Lingdi intensified all kinds of social (divides)
contradictions that caused the insurgence led by Zhang
Jiao. - 168 - 189
• 12th Xiandi (Liu Xie) - Son of Lingdi; the Han Dynasty
perished under his reign. - 189 - 220

 The productivity of industry was greatly improved. A
special tool called 'Shui Pai' was invented by a local
viceroy in Nanyang.
 Some crucial changes in science and culture also took
place in this dynasty. In 105, a court official named Cai
Lun improved the previous method of making paper,
which ended the use of inscribed bamboo strips.
 In Eastern Han, the arts began to gain status. Calligraphy
and painting were no longer purely used as letter
symbols.
Three-legged Bronze Lamp, Eastern Han Dynasty
Potteries of Eastern Han Dynasty
Armillary Sphere
invented by Zhang Heng,
Eastern Han Dynasty

• Started from 581 and ended in 618, the Sui Dynasty lasted for
only 38 years and had only three emperors. With a tyrannical
second emperor - Emperor Yang, this dynasty was often
compared to the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC).
Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/sui/

• 1st Sui Wendi(Yang Jian) - He
was father-in-law of the last
emperor of Northern Zhou;
After the emperor died, he
seized the throne for himself
and established the Sui Dynasty
- 581 - 604
• 2nd Sui Yangdi(Yang Guang) -
The second son of Sui Wendi;
known as a tyrant who led the
dynasty to decline - 604 - 617
• 3rd Sui Gongdi(Yang You) -
The last emperor of Sui
Dynasty who yielded the
throne to Li Yuan (later
Emperor Gaozu of the Tang
Dynasty (618 - 907)) - 617 -
618

 The Sui Dynasty made great advances in natural science
and art. The noted astronomer Liu Zhuo wrote Huang-ji
Calendar, in which the lunisolar precession he worked out
was almost the same as that of modern times. Famous
artisan Li Chun then designed and constructed the
Zhaozhou Bridge which is the most ancient stone bridge in
existence, enjoying the fame as “the First Bridge in the
World”.
 In economy, Sui ordered the rectification of the household
register, checked the population, carried out a land
equalization system, and adjusted the taxes and conscript
labor.
Yangtze Rivers
Zhaozhou Bridge
Buddha statues in Maiji
Mountain, carved in the Sui Dynasty

• The Tang Dynasty was the most glistening historic period in
China's history. Founded in 618 and ending in 907, the state,
under the ruling of the Tang Emperors, became the most
powerful and prosperous country in the world.
Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/tang/

• 1st Tang Kao Tsu(Li Yuan) - A chancellor
of the Sui Dynasty (581 - 618) who rose
in rebellion; the founder of the Tang
Dynasty - 618 - 626
• 2nd Tang Taizong(Li Shimin) - The
second son of Li Yuan; a bold and
powerful ruler good at both military
strategy and Chinese calligraphy; His
reign was called the Zhenguan Reign,
which started the glorious period of
Tang. - 627 - 649
• 3rd Tang Gaozong (Li Zhi) - The 9th son
of Li Shimin; considered a weak ruler
because he was assisted by Empress Wu
Zetian for most of his reign - 650 - 683
• 4th Tang Zhongzong(Li Xian) - Son of
Lizhi and Wu Zetian; He was on the
throne for two month in 684 before Wu
deposed him. After Wu was deposed in
705, he ruled for five years with Empress
Wei's interfering in court affairs - 684,
705 - 710
• 5th Tang Ruizong (Li Dan) - The eighth
son of Li Zhi and Wu Zetian; the fifth and
ninth emperor of the Tang Dynasty; His
first ruling period came after Wu
deposed Li Xian. His second period of
reign began after the coup by his sister
Princess Taiping and his son Li Longji
(later Xuanzong). - 684 - 690, 710 -
712

 The Tang period was a golden age of Chinese literature
and art. Tang poem was one of the most outstanding
ones.
Tang Tri-colored Glazed
Pottery
Mural of a Banquet, Tang Dynasty
Agate Cup with Animal Head, Tang Dynasty

• In 960, a military general of the Latter Zhou Dynasty (951 -
960) named Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny in Chenqiao
County. After forcing the last emperor of the Latter Zhou to
yield the throne, he established the Northern Song in Kaifeng.
• In 1125, the Northern Song court was invaded by the army of
the Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234). With weak military strength,
Emperor Huizong was not able to withstand the fierce attack of
the Jin army and had to flee the capital city.
Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/song.htm

• 1st Song Taizu(Zhao Kuangyin) - Formerly
the leading general of the Latter Zhou (951 -
960); He usurped the throne and founded the
Song Dynasty by launching a coup. - 960 -
976
• 2nd Song Taizong(Zhao Guangyi) - The
younger brother of Zhao Kuangyin; during
his reign, the whole China was unified by
his defeating the Northern Han (951 - 979). -
976 - 997
• 3rd Song Zhenzong(Zhao Heng) - Son of
Emperor Taizong; In his reign, the military
power of Song was strengthened but he
signed the first humiliating treaty with the
Liao (916 - 1125). Especially, he founded the
famous ceramic kiln in Jingdezhen. - 997 -
1022
• 4th Song Renzong(Zhao Zhen) - Son of
Emperor Zhenzong; His reign was the turning
point of the Song Dynasty from the prosperity
to the disintegration. - 1022 - 1063
• 5th Song Yingzong (Zhao Shu) - Son of one of
the imperial clansmen and was adopted by
Emperor Renzong; Actually, Emperor
Yingzong's father was the first cousin of
Emperor Renzong. - 1063 - 1067
• 6th Song Shenzong(Zhao Xu1) - During his
reign, he appointed Wang Anshi as
Chancellor who presented a series of reform
policy. He tried to expel Xixia (a
contemporary kingdom of the Northern Song)
troops out of the Song's territory but it was in
vain. - 1067 - 1085

• 7th Song Zhezong(Zhao Xu3) - Son of
Emperor Zhenzong; In his reign, a
conventional chancellor named Sima
Guang was appointed, who once halted
the reform policy put forth by Wang
Anshi. - 1085 – 1100
• 8th Song Huizong(Zhao Ji) - The 11th son
of Emperor Shenzong; one of the few
monarchs who favored Taoism and
against Buddhism; As an emperor, he
was more well-known as a painter, poet,
calligrapher and musician. - 1100 - 1125
9th Song Qinzong(Zhao Huan) - The eldest son
of Emperor Huizong; He ascended to the
throne after his father abdicated. However, the
Song court was defeated by the Jin army in
1127 after which both Qinzong and Huizong
were demoted to commoner. - 1126 - 1127

 the development of science, culture, and art during this
period was as advanced as that of the Tang Dynasty
(618 - 907).
 In science, the world's earliest typography was invented
by a man named Bi Sheng. In addition, gunpowder was
first applied to military affairs.
Ruins of Song Great Wall
in Kelan County, Shanxi
Porcelain, Northern Song Dynasty
Zhao Kuangyin,
the first emperor of Northern Song Dynasty

• After the downfall of the Northern Song (960 - 1127), the Jin
army captured many members of the imperial family, except
Zhao Gou, the younger brother of the last emperor. In 1127,
the Jin dynasty withdrew its troops from Kaifeng (capital of the
Northern Song) and enthroned a puppet emperor.
• After the death of the former king of the Mongolians, his
younger brother - Kublai Khan - became the new king.
Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/song/southern.htm

• 1st Song Gaozong(Zhao Gou) - The ninth son
of Emperor Huizong who escaped the capture
of the Jin court; He founded the weak
Northern Song in Lin'an (currently Hangzhou).
- 1127 - 1162
• 2nd Song Xiaozong(Zhao Shen) - He belonged
to the seventh generation descendants of
Emperor Taizu. - 1162 - 1189
• 3rd Song Guangzong(Zhao Dun) - The present
Chongqing City was originally named by
Guangzong, meaning ‘double celebration'. -
1189 - 1194
• 4th Song Ningzong(Zhao Kuo) - In his reign,
the cultural and intellectual achievements
were abundant. - 1194 - 1224
• 5th Song Lizong(Zhao Yun) - He was not interested
in state affairs. In his reign, the Jin (1115 - 1234)
was destroyed in 1234. - 1224 - 1264
• 6th Song Duzong(Zhao Qi) - Nephew of Emperor
Lizong; His reign was full of rebellions and war
affairs. - 1264 - 1274
• 7th Song Gongdi (Zhao Xian) - Son of Emperor
Duzong; His reign lasted for only two years then
he abdicated to his elder brother. - 1275 – 1276
• 8th Song Duanzong(Zhao Shi) - Son of Emperor
Duzong; His reign also lasted for two years till his
death. - 1276 - 1278
• 9th Song Weiwang(Zhao Bing) - Younger brother
of Duanzong and died at eight; Chancellor Lu Xiu
carried him jumping into the sea after the Yuan
army's invasion. - 1278 - 1279

Iron statues of Zhang Jun and Mo Qixie,
who murdered Yue Fei
together with Qin Hui and his wife
Tomb of General Yue Fei, Hangzhou
Statue of Yue Fei,
a famous general in
the Southern Song Dynasty

• Great Yuan Empire was the first of two time periods where the
entire area of China was ruled by minorities, in this case, the
Mongols. It ended hundreds years of dispute in China afterTang
Dynasty and reunified the country as a whole. It is considered
both as a division and continuation of the Mongol Empire and
as an imperial dynasty of China.
• Genghis Khan led the Mongols in their defeat over most of
China. However, it was his grandson, Kublai Khan who became
the emperor and founder of the Yuan dynasty. Genghis Khan
was placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty
(Emperor Taizu). The Yuan Dynasty was famous for its
incomparable military genius.
Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/yuan/

• 1st Yuan Shizu(Borjigin Kublai) - Grandson of
Genghis Khan, and founder of the Yuan
Dynasty. He moved the capital to Beijing and
settled there. In 1279, he defeated the
Southern Song (960 - 1279). - 1260 - 1294
• 2nd Yuan Chengzong (Borjigin Temür) -
Grandson of Kublai Khan; a conventional
emperor - 1295 - 1307
• 3rd Yuan Wuzong(Borjigin Qayshan) -
Nephew of Chengzong - 1308 - 1311
• 4th Yuan Renzong(Borjigin Ayurparibhadra) -
Younger brother of Wuzong; he ascended the
throne after Wuzong died - 1312 - 1320
• 5th Yuan Yingzong(Borjigin Suddhipala) - Son
of Renzong; he was killed by political enemies
in a coup. - 1321 - 1323
• 6th Taiding Di(Borjigin Yesün-Temür) - Grandson of
Kublai Khan; an unremarkable emperor - 1324 -
1328
• 7th Tianshun Di(Borjigin Arigaba) - The youngest son of
Taiding Di; he was placed on the throne following a
coup, but ruled for only a month. - 1328
• 8th Yuan Wenzong(Borjigin Toq-Temür) - The second
son of Wuzong; he died of illness in 1332. - 1328 -
1332
• 9th Yuan Mingzong(Borjigin Qoshila) - The eldest son
of Wuzhong; He was poisoned by Wenzong and
reigned for only eight months. - 1329
• 10th Yuan Ningzong(Borjigin Irinchibal) - The second
son of Mingzong; after ruling for less than two months,
he died of illness. - 1332
• 11th Yuan Huizong(Borjigin Toghan-Temür) - The eldest
son of Mingzong; during his reign, the Hongjinjun
Uprising broke out and subsequently the capital was
captured by Zhu Yuanzhang. - 1333 - 1368

 In the area of science, astronomy, mathematics and
medicine reached a very high level. In literature, the Yuan
drama, along with the Tang poem and 'ci' poem of the
Song Dynasty (960 - 1279), was considered another
heritage of Chinese literature.
Genghis Khan's Mausoleum,
Baotou, Inner Mongolia
Nadam Fair on Gegentala
Grassland, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia
Statue of Genghis Khan

• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD) was the last dynasty in China
ruled by ethnic Hans. Ming was another peak in China’s dynastic
history. It was established by Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Hongwu,
who led the revolution against the Mongols and the Yuan
Dynasty.
• Zhu Yuanzhang, a great strategist and politician with a
legendary life, reached his dream of emperor step by step.
Instead of the traditional way of naming a dynasty after the
first ruler's home district, Zhu's choice of “Ming” or “Brilliant” for
his dynasty followed a Mongol precedent of an uplifting title.
Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/ming.htm

• 1st Ming Taizu / Emperor Hongwu(Zhu Yuanzhang)
- Founder of the Ming Dynasty; once entered a
monastery and later a leader of the peasant's
uprising army. In 1368, he proclaimed himself
emperor in Yingtian (today's Nanjing). - 1368 -
1398
• 2nd Ming Huizong(Zhu Yunwen) - Grandson of Zhu
Yuanzhang; Originally, his father Zhu Biao was
designated as the heir. He came to the throne
because of Zhu Biao's early death. - 1399 - 1402
• 3rd Ming Chengzu(Zhu Di) - The fourth son of Zhu
Yuanzhang; He usurped the throne by from the
hands of Zhu Yunwen. His reign was said to be the
most prosperous period of the Ming Dynasty. -
1403 - 1424
• 4th Ming Renzong(Zhu Gaochi ) - The eldest son of
Zhu Di; His reign was short because of his early
death. But he was remembered as an innovative
emperor. - 1425
• 5th Ming Xuanzong(Zhu Zhanji) - Son of Emperor
Renzong; ruled for ten years and died of illness -
1426 - 1435
• 6th Ming Yingzong(Zhu Qizhen) - Son of Emperor
Xuanzong; He ascended the throne at eight and was
later imprisoned by Mongols. After being house
arrested for seven years, his launched a coup and
regained his second reign. - 1436 - 1449,1457 -
1464
• 7th Ming Daizong(Zhu Qiyu) - Younger brother of
Yingzong; He was put on the throne after his brother
was captured by Mongols. - 1450 - 1457
• 8th Ming Xianzong(Zhu Jianshen) - Son of Emperor
Yingzong; He ascended the throne at 17 and was
once infatuated with a consort who was 19 years old
than he was. - 1465 – 1487
• 9th Ming Xiaozong(Zhu Youtang) - Son of Emperor
Xianzong; He was the sole perpetually monogamous
emperor in the whole of Chinese history. - 1488 -
1505

• 10th Ming Wuzong(Zhu Houzhao) - The eldest son
of Emperor Xiaozong; He was irresponsible and
indulged himself in playing with women. - 1506 -
1521
• 11th Ming Shizong(Zhu Houcong) - Cousin of
Emperor Wuzong and nephew of Emperor
Xiaozong; He was also infatuated with women as
well as Taoist alchemical pursuits. - 1522 - 1566
• 12th Ming Muzong(Zhu Zaihou) - Son of Emperor
Shizong; He was considered as an open-minded
emperor since he used to adopt a series of
positive policies the reverse the declining situation.
- 1567 – 1572
• 13th Ming Shenzong(Zhu Yijun) - Son of Emperor
Muzong; His reign was the longest one among the
Ming emperors. He also received Matteo Ricci the
first christian missionary. - 1573 - 1620
• 14th Ming Guangzong(Zhu Changluo) - The eldest
son of Shenzong; His reign was less than a half year
due to his mysterious death which was probably
caused by the so-called red pills. - 1620
• 15th Ming Xizong(Zhu Youxiao) - The eldest son of
Guangzong; He came to the throne at 15 and his
reign was controlled by a treacherous court official
named Wei Zhongxian. - 1621 - 1627
• 16th Ming Weizong(Zhu Youjian) - Son of Guangzong
and younger brother of Xizong; He reign was
thought to hasten the end of the Ming Dynasty. In
1644, he committed suicide in Jingshan Park after Li
Zicheng captured Beijing. - 1628 - 1644

 The Ming Dynasty was a period of cultural restoration
and expansion. The reestablishment of an
indigenous Han ruling house led to the imposition of court-
dictated styles in culture.
 In Ming painting, the traditions of both the Southern Song
painting academy and the Yuan scholar-artist were
developed further.
Stone Camel on Sacred Way,
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, Nanjing
Badaling Great Wall, Ming Dynasty
Statue of Zhu Di,
the third emperor of Ming Dynasty
Yongle Encyclopedia

• Qing Dynasty (1644-1911AD) was the last feudal dynasty in
Chinese history drew to a close established by the Manchu
People (Nuzhen People). Overview the 268 years of reign,
there were altogether 11 emperors in addition to the ruling
Emperor Taizong Huang Taiji in Shenyang.
Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/qing.htm

• 1st Emperor Taizu (Nurhachu) - Founder of the
Latter Jin regime which later turned into the Qing
regime; He created the military organization
called Banner System. - 1616 - 1626
• 2nd Emperor Taizong (Huang Taiji) - The eighth son
of Nurhachu; actually the first emperor of the
Qing Dynasty. He moved the capital to Shenyang.
- 1626 - 1643
• 3rd Emperor Shunzhi (Fulin) - Son of Huang Taiji; In
his reign, the Qing army defeated the Ming
Dynasty (1368 - 1644) and moved the capital
into Beijing. - 1643 - 1661
• 4th Emperor Kangxi (Xuanye) - The third son of
Emperor Shunzhi; One of the greatest emperors in
the Qing Dynasty; His reign was the beginning of
the heyday of the dynasty. - 1661 - 1722
• 5th Emperor Yongzheng (Yinzhen) - The fourth son of
Emperor Kangxi; A fairly wise and competent
emperor who maintained the prosperity of the Qing
Dynasty - 1722 - 1735
• 6th Emperor Qianlong (Hongli) - Son of Emperor
Yongzheng; Inheriting the prosperity brought by his
predecessors, his reign reached the zenith. - 1735 -
1796
• 7th Emperor Jiaqing (Yongyan) - Son of Emperor
Qianlong; He prosecuted the infamous corrupt
official, He Shen, who used to be a favorite
chancellor of Emperor Qianlong. - 1796 - 1820
• 8th Emperor Daoguang (Minning) - Son of Emperor
Jiaqing; His reign saw the outbreak of the First
Opium War in 1840, from which China entered the
modern history. - 1820 - 1850
• 9th Emperor Xianfeng (Yizhu) - Son of Emperor
Daoguang; In his reign, the Qing Dynasty apparently
began to decline. The well-known Taiping Rebellion
broke out in that period. - 1850 - 1861

• 10th Emperor Tongzhi (Zaichun) - Son of Emperor
Xianfeng and Empress Dowager Cixi; died early -
1861 - 1875
• 11th Emperor Guangxu (Zaitian) - Grandson of
Emperor Daoguang; a progressive emperor who
tried lots of methods to save the declining Qing
Dynasty - 1875 - 1908
• 12th Emperor Xuantong (Puyi) - The last emperor
of the Qing Dynasty and the last feudal monarch
of China; He was imprisoned at Shenyang till
1959 when Chairman Mao remitted him. - 1908 -
1911

 By the middle of the 18th century, the feudal economy of
the Qing Dynasty reached a zenith, spanning the reign of
Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor
Qianlong.
 In that period, both culture and science were much more
prosperous than any other periods.
Forbidden City, Beijing
Old Summer Palace was destroyed
by British and French troop in 1860
Animal’s Head
Summer Palace, Beijing

• http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/timelines/china_timeline.htm
• http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/china/tp/ChineseDynasties0
33009.htm
• http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/chinadynasties/a/chinesedyn
asty.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Zhou_of_Shang
• http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/
• http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/shang/
• http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/shang/
• http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/han/western.htm

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