ICDL Module 1 - Concepts of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) - Presentation Slides

European Computer Driving
Licence
Module 1 – Concepts of IT
Section 1 – General Concepts
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 1 - General Concepts

Types Of Computer
 Mainframe computers
 Networked Computers
 Personal Computers
 Laptop/Notebook Computers

Personal Digital
Assistants/Handheld Computers
 Personal digital assistants (PDAs)
 Mobile Phones / Smartphones
 Multimedia players

Mainframe Computers
 Large, fast and expensive
 Used by large organisations such
as utility companies, banks or
multinational companies
 Connect hundreds or thousands of
users
 Users connect via terminals which
are located in different cities or
even abroad
 Dumb terminals – these types of
terminals cannot be used unless they
are connected to the mainframe
 Intelligent terminals – e.g. a personal
computer connected to a mainframe,
can also be used when not connected
to the mainframe
Mainframe
London
Dublin Paris
New York

Server
Networked Computers
 Personal computers connected to
a server via network cards and
cables
 The software and data is stored
on the central server rather than
installed individually on each PC
 The network also enables a fast
Internet connection, printers and
scanners to be shared
 Users access allocated resources
via a user name and password
 Very popular with small-to-
medium-sized businesses,
schools and colleges/adult
education centres

Personal Computers
 An indispensable tool for
managers, humble office
workers and home users
 Two main types:
 Desktop model – the system
unit sits horizontally on a desk
and the monitor is placed on top
 Tower model – the system unit
is vertical so can be placed on
the floor to save desk space
 Hardware devices (screen,
keyboard and mouse) attached
to the system unit (by a cable)
are called peripheral devices

Notebook/Laptop Computers
 Similar in specification to a
personal computer
 Monitor and keyboard are
integrated into a single unit
 Can be used from the mains or
with a built-in rechargeable
battery
 More expensive than personal
computers due to
miniaturisation of computer
components
 Ideal computer for business
people and ICT trainers who are
constantly on the move

PDAs/Handheld Computers
 Handheld computers
which have superseded
electronic organisers
 Some use a stylus which
you use to write or draw on
the screen
 Run very basic cut-down
software such as
calculator, address book
and notepad functions
 Can be connected to a PC
to synchronise data
 PDAs can also be used as
mobile phones and can
access the Web to send
and receive emails

Mains Parts of a PC
 Monitor – display results of processing
 System Unit (Computer Case) – contains
all basic computer components (CPU,
motherboard, microchips, etc) that do all
the hard work
 Keyboard – enable text and commands to
be input into computer
 Mouse – enable user to point and click at
pictures and menus
 Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – inside System
Unit , to store programs & data
 DVD Drive – read/write CD/DVD
 Speakers – play music, listen to voice
 Modem – connect to internet

Starting Your Computer
 Press the power switch on the front of your laptop
 Logging by typing:
Username: michael
Password: xxxxxxxx
 After a short period, the Windows desktop will appear
 REMEMBER: WORK SAFELY!!

Hardware and Software
 Hardware
 Refers to the physical parts of a
computer – those parts which
you can see or touch
 Such as monitor, keyboard,
mouse, CD-ROM drive, printer,
etc
 Software
 Primarily a list of instructions
coded in a special way that
computers can understand
o Operating system software –
eg Windows which works in the
background and controls your
software and hardware devices
o Applications software – eg
Microsoft Word – software
used to perform tasks

General Concepts
 Information & Communication Technology
 General term used to describe the use of
computers to store, process and transfer
information
 Can also refer to other office equipment
(such as faxes and telephones) which
contain tiny computer chips
 Information includes business data, voice
conversations, still images, motion pictures
and multimedia presentations.
 ICT is a technology that combines
computing with communication links carrying
data, sound and video.

Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 2 - Hardware 13
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Section 2 – Hardware

Computer Essentials
 Monitor – to display results of
processing
 System Unit – this contains
all the basic computer
components that do all the
hard work
 Keyboard – to enable text
and commands to be input
into the computer
 Mouse – to enable the user
to point and click at pictures
and menus

The System Unit
 Can be contained in a tower
case or desktop case
 Consists of a motherboard
which contains complex
electronic circuits and silicon
chips
 All the computer components
plug into the motherboard
either directly into slots or by
cables

Central Processing Unit
 Brain of the computer which is a small
silicon chip (Microprocessor). It has two
main parts
 The control unit – fetches computer
instructions from the computer’s memory,
decodes them and synchronises the
computer’s operations
 The arithmetic /logic unit (ALU) where all
the work is carried out
 Speed is measured in Megahertz or
Gigahertz

Input devices
 These are devices used to put data into the computer
Keyboard Light pen
Mouse Scanner
Trackball Joystick
Microphone Digital camera

Output Devices - Monitors
 Come in 15”, 17”, 19”, 21”
screen sizes
 Picture is made up of
millions of dots called pixels
 Picture quality depends on
number of pixels going
across and down the screen
 Refresh rate is the number
of times the picture is drawn
on screen
 Resolutions
 800 x 600 is typical of a 15”
screen
 1600 x 1200 is typical of
larger screens
 Two different types
 CRT monitors – similar to a
TV screen (Obsolete)
 LCD/LED monitors – much
more slim line

Output Devices - Printers
 Inkjet printers
 Mainly used by home users
 Monochrome and colour
printing
 Ink is forced through holes
onto the paper
 Running cost quite high per
page
 Laser printers
 Standard in most offices
 Very high quality b&w
printing, very quickly
 Suitable for large volume
printouts
 Running costs quite low due
to high capacity cartridges

Output Devices - Printers
 Dot matrix printers
 Steel pins hit an inked
ribbon
 Very noisy and poorer print
quality
 Used mainly by businesses
for printing out multi-part
invoices and wage slips etc
 Plotter
 Used mainly by architects
for printing large scale
drawings
 Several coloured pens are
used to draw output on
paper or opaque film

Output Devices
 Speakers
 Connect to a soundcard
supplied with multimedia
PCs
 Quality of the sound
produced can either be
controlled on the speakers
or from within software

Input & Output Devices
 Touch screen
 Allows the user to touch an
area of the screen rather
than typing from a keyboard
 Used mainly in tourist
offices, bus information
kiosks and Job Centres
 Synthesiser
 Can be used as an input
device to input music to a
computer
 Can be used as an output
device, for example
replicating human speech on
telephone systems

Input / Output Ports
 External input and output devices are connected to
PC via a port. Common types of ports are:
 Serial Port – connect mouse and keyboard
 Parallel Port – connect printer
 USB Port – connect mouse, scanner, printer, digital
camera, flash (thumb) drive
 Firewire Port – connect digital video camera
 Network Port – connect to cable modem or connect
to other computers in the network

Accessibility
 Used by People with
Disabilities
 Voice Recognition Software:
convert speech into text on
the screen or commands to
control programs (Limited
Mobility)
 Screen Reader: tells user
what is on the screen, either
speech or Braille output (for
the Blind or Visually
Impaired)
 Screen Magnifier: enlarge
display on the screen (Low
Vision or Visually Impaired)
 On-Screen Keyboard: type
data using a pointing device
or joystick (Mobility Impaired)

Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 25
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Section 3 – Storage

How memory is measured
 RAM is divided into millions
of units called Bytes
 Smallest Unit = 1 bit
 Each byte contains 8 bits
 1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (KB)
 1024 KB = 1 megabyte (MB)
 1024 MB = 1 gigabyte (GB)
 1024 GB = 1 terabyte (TB)

Storage Devices
 These are needed to store
data on your computer
 Most popular devices are:
 Floppy disk drive – this stores
smaller files (1.44MB)
 Hard disk drive – this stores all
your programs and data (500GB
– 3TB)
 CD ROM drive – software and
games are normally supplied on
CD ROM disks. Information is
read-only and cannot be
changed (650MB)
 CDR/CD-RW drive – large amounts
of data can be stored on a CDR or a
CD-RW disk (650MB)
 DVD ROM drive – these can be used
to watch films etc (7GB)
 Network drive – online drive for
storing and sharing your information
securely. (5GB- 2TB)

Storage Areas
 Click Start Button  Click My Computer
 Click C:  Click File Menu  Click Properties

Other Storage Devices
 Zip Drive (Obsolete)
 Uses zip disks which can store
either 100Mb or 250Mb of data
 Jaz Drive (Obsolete)
 Similar to a zip drive but can
store up to 1Gb of data
 Tape Drive (Obsolete)
 Uses data cartridges for backing
up data on servers
 Very slow access compared to
other options
 Flash Drive
 Plug into a USB port
 Typical storage – 4 GB, 16GB,
32GB and 64GB ($5 - $60)
 Network Drive
 Online File Storage
 Share Your Information (Photos,
Music, Video & Any Digital
Content) Securely with Friends
 (5GB – 2 TB)

Removable Storage Comparison
Device Capacity Price of Media
Floppy disk 1.44Mb NA (Obsolete)
Zip 250Mb NA (Obsolete)
USB Thumb drives* 4GB – 64GB $5 - $60
CDRW 650MB $1.20
DVDRW 7Gb $1.50
Hard drives* 500GB – 3TB $92 - $225
Network drives (Online storage) 5GB - 2TB FREE - $20/month

Types of Memory
 There are two kinds of
Computer Memory
 RAM (Random Access
Memory)
 This is the computer’s
working memory
 The more you have
installed, the faster your
computer will work
 ROM (Read Only Memory)
 Used to start your computer
and load Windows
 ROM can only be accessed
by the CPU and cannot be
changed

What is RAM?
 Used to store information on a
temporary basis (eg: software, text
document etc)
 CPU transfers information from the
hard disk drive to RAM
 Information can then be processed
 Information stored in RAM is
temporary
 When the computer is switched
off, anything stored in RAM is
lost
 This type of memory is called
volatile memory

An Example of RAM
 Switch on the computer
 The processor transfers
operating system software
from the hard disk drive to
RAM
 The Windows desktop
appears
 Double-click on the
Word icon
 The processor transfers the
software from the hard disk
drive to RAM
 Open a Word document
 The processor transfers the
file information into RAM so
you can see it and make
changes to it
 If you don’t SAVE the
document, the changes
will be lost when you
switch off the computer!

What is ROM?
 Used to store important
information that the CPU
needs to keep the PC
running
 Information stored in ROM
 can only be accessed by the
CPU and can’t be changed
 is permanent and is retained
after the computer is
switched off
 can be used repeatedly
 This type of memory is called
non-volatile

An Example of ROM
 Switch on your computer
 A Power On Self Test
(POST) and boot-up are
carried out to make sure
your CPU, memory chips
and other vital
components are working
 If they are, then information
is transferred to RAM to start
up your operating software
 If not, then an error
message will appear on
screen
 The PC start-up software
is stored in ROM so it can
be used time and time
again.

File Sizes
 A simple Word document will
measure approx 20KB
 A 12 page report with
pictures will take up much
more space – maybe 300KB
 A 100 page user manual with
photos and screenshots
could be at least 2MB in size
 Microsoft Excel, for example,
takes up approx. 6Mb of hard
disk space
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Text
document
12 page
report
100 page
manual
Microsoft
Excel

Standard PC Memory
 As computers have improved
so has the amount of
memory – look at the
following minimum
requirements:
 Windows XP requires
128MB RAM
 Windows Vista requires
 512MB RAM
 Windows 7 requires 1 GB
RAM
 Windows 8 requires 2 GB
RAM
 If you wanted to run
additional software, you
would need to double the
above figures!

Computer Performance
 Two main factors will
determine how quickly your
computer works
 The speed of the processor
measured in Megahertz(MHz)
or Gigahertz(GHz)
 The amount of RAM installed
measured in Megabytes(MB)
 Each time you launch
software, the program is
transferred to RAM
 If you have several programs
running at once, this will slow
down your computer!

Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 39
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Section 4 – Software

What is software?
 Primarily a list of instructions coded in a special way
that computers can understand
 Operating system software – eg Windows which works in
the background and controls your software and hardware
devices
 Applications software – eg Microsoft Word – software used
to perform tasks

Operating System Software
 A series of programs that
organise and control a
computer
 Provides an interface so that the
user can communicate with the
computer
 Communicates between
software and hardware devices
 Organises the storage and
retrieval of information
 Manages the smooth running of
programs running in RAM by
allocating the required resources

Popular Operating Systems
 Microsoft Windows is the
most widely-used operating
system (OS)
 OS2 is an OS created by IBM
 Macintosh (MacOS) was
created by Apple
 Linux is a popular alternative
open-source OS
 MS-DOS was precursor of
Windows but text-based
 Unix is another OS used in
companies or universities

What Happen When You Switch
On Your Computer ?
 A Power On Self Test
(POST) and boot-up are
carried out to make sure
your CPU, memory chips
and other vital
components are working
 If they are, then information
is transferred to RAM to start
up your operating software
 If not, then an error
message will appear on
screen
 BIOS (Basic Input/Output
System) is stored in ROM
 The PC start-up software
is stored in ROM so it can
be used time and time
again.

Software Updates
 Software is constantly
updated to give the user
improved features
 Most software manufacturers
will provide updates to solve
problem issues
 Software manufacturers will
provide new versions to
comply with new operating
systems
 Be careful with software
versions – a file created in
Word 2007 may not be
opened on a PC running
Word 97 or Word 2003

Graphical User Interface
 GUI Enables users to click and point at icons and menus on
screen, instead of typing in computer commands

Applications Software
 Word processor – used for typing letters, memos, reports etc
 Spreadsheet – used for performing calculations (eg Accounts)
and for creating Charts
 Database – used for storing large quantities of data which can be
interrogated to display specified pieces of information
 Desktop Publishing – used for creating newsletters, booklets,
posters, cards etc
 Presentation – used for creating presentations which can either
be displayed on screen, or printed onto overhead projection film
or 35 mm slides.
 Web browsers – allows users to view and download information
from the world wide web

Examples of Application Software
 Microsoft Office – which comprises:
 Word (Word Processing)
 Excel (Spreadsheet)
 Access (Database)
 PowerPoint (Presentation)
 Publisher (Desktop Publishing)
 Outlook (E-mail Management)
 FrontPage (Web Page Creation)
 Internet Explorer / Netscape
Navigator / Mozilla / Opera (Web
Browsers)
 CorelDraw / Photoshop (Photo
Editing)
 Final Fantasy (Games)
 AutoCAD (3D Design)

Problem Solving
 Problems due to operator error or problem with hardware or software
 Errors, beeps of tones, frozen display, missing cursor
 Problem alerted with screen message, prompt or instructions. Example
to “End Now” the application

Problem Solving
 Launch Windows Task Manager by
Pressing:
 Select the Application “Not Responding”,
then Press “End Task” button to Stop
Application

Problem Solving
 Peripherals Devices like Printers,
Scanners no response (Check
cable, connection, power switch
on)
 Call IT support staff, or online
support team to report the error
messages encountered

Managing the System
 Click Start button 
Click Control Panel

Managing the System
 Double Click System icon.
Click Hardware tab

Managing the System
 Click Device Manager

Managing the System
 Click Human Interface
Devices

Managing the System
 Windows Task Manager shows
software currently running
 Right click on any blank part of the
Taskbar  Click Start Task
Manager

Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 56
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Section 5 – Information Networks

Local Area Network
 Computers which are linked by cabling in the same room or
building
 A server controls the network and stores data which is used by
other users on the network (clients)

Networks
 Advantages
 Printers, scanners etc can be
shared
 Work is stored on the server and
can be accessed from any of the
client computers
 Users can communicate and
exchange data
 Software is loaded once onto the
server rather than on individual
computers
 Disadvantages
 Security measures are
needed to stop users
accessing programs and
data
 Can be complicated to set
up and requires support
from skilled technicians
 Faults affecting the server
will affect the client
computers

Wide Area Networks
 A WAN connects computers
in different geographical
areas
 These are connected via the
telephone system
 Used by multinational
companies to communicate
between different countries
 The world’s largest WAN is
the Internet!

Client/Server Networks
 Core data stored in central Server computer
 Data access by Client PC
 Allow users to interface with Server
 Downloading or Uploading Files from the internet is example
of Client/Server relationship

The Telephone Network in
Computing
 A modem is required for a computer to communicate over
telephone lines
 Data is converted from digital to analogue and then back again
 The speed at which data is transmitted and/or received is
measured in bits per second
 The dial-up modem speed is 56 Kilobits per second (Obsolete)
 Cable Modem speed range from

Public Switched Telephone
Network
 PSTN for short!
 The international telephone
system used for making day-
to-day telephone calls
 It is the main reason why
computers have become so
popular in recent years!

Integrated Services Digital Network
 ISDN for short
 Has a greater range of
frequencies than PSTN
 At least as twice as fast as
PSTN
 Typical transfer rate of 128
Kilobits per second
 Data & Voice is transmitted
simultaneously
 Special connection and
modem required

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
 ADSL uses telephone lines to transmit data at very fast speeds (512
Kilobits per second)
 ADSL modem and splitters required to separate telephone signal from
the ADSL signal. You can still make telephone calls when surfing web!

Wireless LAN
 The Computers / Laptops
in our classroom is
connected by WLAN
 Click Start button  Click
My Network Places to
view

Satellite Network
 Satellite Network is used in
Aeroplanes, Ships in vast
ocean, or mountaineers
climbing the mountains
when normal 2G,3G,4G
Smartphones cannot work

The Internet
 Huge network of computers connected together
 You need a computer, modem, an account with an
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
 ISP provides access to the Internet through their servers
 Many ISPs offer flat-rate access at fixed cost (e.g.
SingTel, M1, Starhub)

World Wide Web
 Huge sets of interlinked
documents accessible via
internet.
 Accessing huge information
and documents via internet

Search Engines
 Help you to find
information from internet
 Examples: Google,
Yahoo, Altavista, Lycos,
MSN, etc

Intranets and Extranets
 Intranet is similar to the Internet but is internal to an organisation
 Users access the Intranet through a user name and password
 Enables users to share information and communicate via electronic
messaging
 An Extranet can be accessed from outside the Intranet by authorised
users via a user name and password

E-mail
 By far the most popular use
of the Internet
 E-mail messages arrive
almost instantaneously,
anywhere in the world
 The same message can be
sent to more than one person
at the same time
 It is very easy to reply to and
forward e-mail messages
 Documents or photos can be
sent as attachments
 E-mail software is required or
you can access webmail
providers online (e.g.
Hotmail, Yahoo, Gmail etc)

Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 72
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Section 6 – Use of IT in Everyday Life

Computers or People?
 Computers can
 calculate millions of times faster
than humans
 never get tired
 can do jobs which are dangerous for
humans
 store large amounts of information
in one place
 find information quickly
 never lose or misplace information

People versus Computers
 Computers cannot
 write a book
 comfort a person in
distress
 think for themselves
 think of new ideas

Computers in business
 Business Administration
 Payroll
 Keeping customer records
 Processing sales orders
 Keeping accounts
 Stock management
 Airline Booking Systems
 Bookings instantly recorded
to avoid double booking
 Availability of flights instantly
accessible
 Online Banking
 Access your account 24/7
 No need to travel to a
branch
 Reduction in overheads for
the bank
 Insurance Claims Processing
 Maintain databases to
prevent duplicate
claims/fraud
 Send automatic renewal
notices to customers

E-Commerce
 Growth of the Internet in the last few
years has been phenomenal
 Virtually any organisation has their
own web site
 Virtually anything can be bought or
sold over the Internet
 The Internet is available 365 days a
year – it never closes!
 Eg: Buy/Sell at www.eBay.com or Book
Flights at www.TigerAirways.com

E-Banking
 Most Banks allow you to access your banking account via the
internet . You can access your bank account 24/7
 You can check your balance, transfer money, make payments,
apply/cancel GIRO, print statements, etc at www.DBS.com.sg
 Everything you can do accept withdrawal CASH

E-Government
 Most Governments information is online, including Singapore Government
 CPF, HDB, ICA, IRAS, MOH, MOM, LTA, SLA, URA, WDA, WSH, etc

Computers in Education
 Student Registration
 Keep student records
 Enable computerised timetabling
 Swipe-cards to monitor student
attendance
 Computer-Based Training
 Wide range of software packages
to aid learning
 Can teach a wide range of
subjects
 Multimedia Learning Platform
 E-learning
 Student resources made
available over the Internet
 Assignments can be submitted
via email
 Multimedia Learning Platform
 Distance Learning
 Flexible & Cost Effective
Training

e-Learning / Distance Learning
 Advantages
 Learn at own pace
 Learning at times convenient to
individual
 No travelling involved
 Much more control over
learning process
 Disadvantages
 Distractions around the home
 Needs for extra self discipline
 Lack of human interaction
 Potential feelings of isolation
Students choose to learn at home rather than at college

Teleworking
 Advantages
 Flexible schedules
 Reduces commuting (Less
travelling time)
 Avoid traffic jams
 Work in the comfort of your own
home
 Reduced office space
requirements
 Enables greater focus on specific
task
 Disadvantages
 Distractions around home
 Need extra self discipline
 Lack of human interaction
 Lack of teamwork in shared projects
 Feelings of isolation
Many people choose to work at home rather than commuting to the office

The Electronic World
 Information Superhighway
 Any kind of information, anywhere in the world available to anyone with
internet connected computer
 Information Society
 Access to unlimited amounts of information without leaving home or work
 Access information with looking at books
 People employed to collect, process, store, retrieve and transfer information

E-Commerce
 Company:
 advertise products and services on
internet
 can allow customers to return
unsatisfactory goods
 Customers:
 view on-line catalogue
 make choice of goods or services
 complete online order form, providing
personal details: name, address,
telephone number, email address, etc
 Specify payment method: credit / debit
card, PayPal, etc
 Store Available 24 hours a day,
365 days a year – it never closes!

Purchasing Over The Internet
 You have to enter your
name, address and
credit/debit card details to
purchase goods/services
 Most sites will offer a secure
site which will scramble your
details so it can’t be
intercepted by thieves
 Secure sites will start with the
prefix https:// - look out for
the padlock symbol at the
bottom of your screen
 You have the same
consumer rights as buying
from a shop

Purchasing Over The Internet
 Advantages
 You can shop 24 hours a
day, 7 days a week
 You can shop from the
comfort of your own home
 You can surf the web to find
the best bargains
 Many dealers will offer
discounted prices for
shopping online
 Disadvantages
 You cannot see or try goods
before purchasing
 You may have to pay extra
for delivery
 You cannot speak to a
person for sales advice
 There is some degree of risk
giving out your debit/credit
card details over the Internet

Alternative Payment Methods
 NOCHEX
(www.nochex.co.uk) lets you
send and receive money
from anyone with an email
address and a debit card
 Paypal (www.paypal.com)
offers a similar service

Instant Messaging (IM)
 Must have computer & internet connection
 Instant real time text communication globally
 Program known as instant messenger is used
for text or chat communication.
 Alerts you when somebody on your list is
online.
 Allows you to send files such as documents
and pictures.
 Nowadays, programs such as Windows MSN
(Messenger) and Skype are used as instant
messengers and VoIP. Some users make use
of web cam during IM or VoIP communications.

Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
 Communicate in real time using voice with
another person/s.
 It is a telephone conversation over
Internet. Sometimes this is referred to as
Internet telephony or IP telephony.
 Using your computer, internet connection,
a VoIP program, a microphone and
speakers/headphones.
 There are no additional charges for these
voice calls because these happen over the
same Internet service used for Web
browsing and e-mail.
 Eg: Skype,
Google Talk

Web log (Blog)
 Website posted in
chronological order
 Online diary / journal website
 Readers can leave comments
on Blog
 I have created a Blog for
students taking ICDL Test:
 ICDL-TEST.Blogspot.com

Podcast
 Audio & Video are broadcast
over the internet
 Constantly updated content
 Uses RSS feed to subscribe to
updated content

RSS Feeds
 RSS stands for Really
Simple Syndication
 A way of publishing
frequently updated content
such as news headlines,
football scores, stock prices,
weather information, etc

Virtual Communities
 Virtual or Online Communities
 Social Networking Sites:
MySpace, Facebook, Bebo,
Twitter, etc
 Allow you to share information
like photos and videos with
your friends online
 Allow you to write Blogs and
sent messages to your friends
 Fantastic way of making new
friends and have fun
 Be aware not every member in
communities are genuine.
 Keep personal information
like your phone no, your
address Private

Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 7 - Health and Safety Environment 93
Licence
Section 7 – Health and Safety Environment

Ergonomics
 Lighting – rooms should be
well lit and windows should
have blinds to avoid sunlight
 Ventilation – windows should
open to allow free circulation
of fresh air
 Monitors – should be
positioned away from
sunlight and windows
 Furniture – use an adjustable
chair with good back support
set to the correct height for
comfortable use of keyboard
and mouse
 Accessories – use
copyholders and footrests
where necessary
Ergonomics refers to design and functionality which
includes the following factors

Ergonomics

Health Issues
 Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)
 Collective name for a range of
disorders affecting neck, limbs and
back
 Results in numbness and tingling in
limbs
 Eyestrain
 Caused by long periods in front of a
computer screen
 Caused also by poor lighting
 Back problems
 Caused by poor seating and
posture
 Caused by prolonged use of a
computer
 Safety Precautions
 Cables should be safely
secured
 Keep work surfaces tidy
 Take frequent short breaks
 Wear your glasses!

The Environment
 Recycle printer cartridges
 Recycle printer paper
 Use Print Preview facility to check
your work before printing
 Do you REALLY need a printout?
Print for a purpose!
 Use power schemes to reduce
amount of electricity (Screen Saver)
 CD-ROMs, electronic documents all
reduce the need for printed materials

Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 8 - Security 98
Licence
Section 8 – Security

Backing Up Data
 You should always back up
your data on a regular basis
 Keep a second copy of important
files on a Thumb Drive or DVD
and store it separately from your
PC. (Store off-site)
 Your data is much more valuable
than your computer equipment -
it’s priceless
 You can protect your PC
equipment with insurance, but
this will not replace your data!

Data Security
 Confidential information must be kept
securely
 Only authorised personnel should have
access to confidential information
 Password should be changed regularly
 Password should not be revealed
 User ID and password to login into system
 Different access rights for different
persons in organisation by login with
different User IDs
 Lock your computer to furniture. Thieves
don’t need password to get your data.
They might just steal your PC

Computer Viruses
 Viruses are small programs which
are designed to cause damage to
a computer or whole networks by
spreading and replicating itself
 Examples of Virus: Time bomb,
Macro viruses, Worm, Trojan
Horse, etc
 Your PC can catch a virus by
sharing files on disks/CDs,
viewing/downloading files on the
web and from e-mail attachments
 The only protection against this is
having anti-virus software
installed on your machine

Protection against viruses
 Scan files for viruses before
opening them
 Make sure you keep your antivirus
software up to date – Thousands of
viruses are made daily – it only
takes one to wreak havoc on your
computer
 If on broadband, install a firewall to
prevent unauthorised people or
hackers from gaining access to your
personal data in your computer

Copyright
 Computer software is copyright
material
 Covered by Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988
 You don’t “buy” the software
 You pay for a licence to install
and use the software on one
machine – see the End User
Licence Agreement (EULA)
 You are breaking the law if you
make a copy of software and
give/sell it to someone else

Personal Privacy
 Right to privacy is a
fundamental human right
 The advance in
computerised technology
makes it easier to store
and share information
 See what can go wrong
with some case studies!

The Data Protection Act 1998
 Came into force in March 2000
 Sets rules for the processing of
personal information
 Applies to paper records as well as
computerised records
 Intended to protect the privacy of
individuals
 Full details can be found at:
www.dataprotection.gov.uk
 For Singapore Data Protection Act
2012, click:
http://app.mica.gov.sg/Default.aspx
?tabid=487

Data Protection Principles
 There are 8 enforceable
principles – data must be:
 Fairly and lawfully
processed
 Obtained for specific
purposes only
 Adequate, relevant and not
excessive
 Accurate and up-to-date
 Kept no longer than
necessary
 Processed in accordance
with the data subject’s rights
 Cannot be transferred to
other countries without
similar protection
 Kept safe and secure from
outsiders

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