it will discuss the meaning and nature of intelligence plus the theories about intel

1. Psychology
Topics to be discuss:
• Meaning and Nature of Intelligence
• Theories of Intelligence

2. INTELLIGENCE

3. MEANING AND NATURE
OF INTELLIGENCE

4. FOR YOU,
WHAT
IS
INTELLIGENCE?

5. INTELLIGENCE
The capacity to understand the world,
think rationally, and use resources
effectively when faced with
challenges.

6. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (1905) – ability to judge well, understand
well/ and to reason well.
David Wechsler – “the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act
purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment”.
Howard Gardner – “the ability or skill to solve problems or to fashion products which
are valued within one or more cultural settings”.
Engel – intelligence as the ability of an organism to adapt to its environment.
It consist of mental abilities valuable in almost any type of learning and thinking.

7. Terman – says that intelligence is a general capacity of an individual to adjust his
thinking to new requirements; it is a general mental adaptation to new problems. It
is ability to learn in terms of abstract ideas.
Stagner – refers to intelligence as learning ability, and the ability to see learning in
new situations.
Thustone – says intelligence is both general ability and a number of specific
abilities.

8. A.I. Gates – refers to intelligence as a composite or organization of abilities to learn, to grasp
broad and subtle facts, especially abstract facts, with alertness and accuracy, to exercise
mental control, and to display flexibility and ingenuity in seeking the solution of problems.
Colvin – possesses intelligence in so far as he has learned or to learn to adjust himself to his
1. Ability to deal with abstract symbols, concept and relationship.
2. Learning or the ability to profit from experience.
3. Ability to adapt to new situations or problem situations.
environment.

9. NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence is an aggregate of relatively independent
attitudes as:
a. Verbal comprehension
b.Word fluency
c. Skills in numerical computation
d. Perceptual speed and accuracy
e. Associative memory
f. Spatial visualization
g. Mechanical engineering

10. THEORIES
OF
INTELLIGENCE

11. There are different theories about
intelligence,
none of which agree with each other.
Every approach to thinking comes up with
it’s own different perspective and
assumptions,
Often contradicting at least one earlier
theory.
THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE

12. Faculty
Theory

13. According to this
theory, mind is made up of different
faculties
like reasoning, memory,
discrimination,
imagination, etc.
FACULTY THEORY

14. Spearman’s
Two Factor
Theory
Charles Spearman

15. Spearman’s Two Factor Theory
Charles Spearman, who proposed that intellectual
abilities were comprised of two factors : one
general ability or common ability known as ‘G’
factor and the other a group of specific abilities
known as ‘S’ factor.

16. The idea that general intelligence (g)
exists comes from the work of Charles
Spearman (18631945) who helped
develop the
factor analysis approach in
statistics.
The G Factor
Spearman’s Two Factor Theory

17. Spearman’s Two Factor Theory
The G Factor
‘G’ factor is universal
inborn ability. Greater ‘G’ in an
individual leads
to greater success in life.

18. Spearman’s Two Factor Theory
‘S’ factor is acquired
The S Factor
from the environment. It varies
from activity to
activity in the same individual.

19. General
Intelligence
L. L . Thurstone

20. General Intelligence
L. L. Thurstone, a critic of Spearman, analyzed
his subjects NOT on a single scale of general
intelligence, but on seven clusters of primary
mental abilities, including:
Word Fluency, Verbal Comprehension, Spatial
Ability, Perceptual Speed, Numerical Ability,
Inductive Reasoning, Memory.

21. Theory of
Multiple
Intelligence
Howard Gardner

22. THEORY OF MULTIPLE
INTELLIGENCE
Howard Gardner’s theory that
proposes that there are EIGHT distinct
spheres of intelligence and speculates
about the NINTH ONE –
existential intelligence.

23. THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
Existential intelligence is the
ability to
think about the question of life,
death and existence.

24. THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
Visual/Spatial
1
Pablo Picasso, artist
Involves visual perception of the
environment, the ability to create
and manipulate mental images, and
the orientation of the body in space.

25. PABLO PICASSO
Born: 25 October 1881
Málaga, Spain
Died: 8 April 1973 (aged 91)
Mougins, France
Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also
known as Pablo Picasso,
was a Spanish painter,
sculptor, printmaker,
ceramicist, stage designer,
poet and playwright who
spent most of his adult
life in France.

26. THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
Verbal/Linguistic
2 T.S. Elliot, poet
Involves reading, writing,
speaking, and conversing in
one's own or foreign languages.

27. THOMAS STREANS ELIOT
Born : 26 September 1888
St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Died: 4 January 1965 (aged 76)
Kensington, London, England
Thomas Stearns Eliot OM
was an essayist, publisher,
playwright, literary and
social critic and "one of
the twentieth century's
major poets." He was born
in St. Louis, Missouri to an
old Yankee family.

28. THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
3 Albert Einstein, scientist
Logical/Mathematical
Involves number and computing skills,
recognizing patterns and
relationships, timeliness and order,
and the ability to solve different kinds
of problems through logic.

29. ALBERT EINSTEIN
Born: 14 March 1879
Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German
Empire
Died: 18 April 1955 (aged 76)
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Albert Einstein was a
German-born theoretical
physicist and philosopher
of science. He developed
the general theory of
relativity, one of the two
pillars of modern physics.

30. THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
Bodily/Kinesthetic
4 Martha Graham, dancer
Involves physical coordination and
dexterity, using fine and gross
motor skills, and expressing
oneself or learning through
physical activities.

31. MARTHA GRAHAM
Born: May 11, 1894
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died: April 1, 1991 (aged 96)
New York City, U.S.
Martha Graham was an
American modern dancer and
choreographer whose
influence on dance has been
compared with the influence
Picasso had on the modern
visual arts, Stravinsky had on
music, or Frank Lloyd Wright
had on architecture.

32. THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
Musical
5 Igor Stravinsky, composer
Involves understanding and
expressing oneself through music
and rhythmic movements or
dance, or composing, playing, or
conducting music.

33. IGOR STRAVINSKY
Born: June 17, 1882, Lomonosov,
Russia
Died: April 6, 1971, New York City, New
York, United States
Igor Fyodorovich
Stravinsky was a Russian
composer, pianist and
conductor. He is widely
considered to be one of
the most important and
influential composers of
the 20th century.

34. THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
Interpersonal
6 Mahatma Gandhi, leader
Involves understanding how to
communicate with and
understand other people and
how to work collaboratively.

35. MOHANDAS GANDHI
Born: October 2, 1869, Porbandar,
India
Assassinated: January 30, 1948,
New Delhi, India
Mohandas Karamchand
Gandhi was the
preeminent leader of
Indian independence
movement in British-ruled
India.

36. THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
Intrapersonal
7 Sigmund Freud, psychiatrist
Involves understanding one's inner
world of emotions and thoughts,
and growing in the ability to
control them and work with them
consciously.

37. SIGMUND FREUD
Born: May 6, 1856, Příbor, Czech
Republic
Died: September 23, 1939, London,
United Kingdom
Sigmund Freud was an
Austrian neurologist
who became known as
the founding father of
psychoanalysis.

38. THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
Naturalist
Involves understanding the natural
world of plants and animals,
noticing their characteristics, and
categorizing them.
8 Charles Darwin, naturalist

39. CHARLES DARWIN
Born: February 12, 1809, The
Mount, Shrewsbury, United
Kingdom
Died: April 19, 1882, Down House,
Downe, United Kingdom
Charles Robert
Darwin, FRS was an
English naturalist and
geologist, best known
for his contributions to
evolutionary theory.

40. Savant
Syndrome

41. SAVANT SYNDROME
Some individuals diagnosed with autism
or mental retardation, is characterized
by exceptional talent in one area of
functioning, such as music or math, and
poor mental functioning in all other
areas.

42. Triarchic
Theory
Robert Sternberg

43. TRIARCHIC THEORY
Psychologist
Robert Sternberg (1985) has constructed
a three—pronged, or triarchic theory of
Intelligence; Sternberg
also agrees with Gardner,
but suggests three intelligences
rather than eight.

44. TRIACHIC THEORHY
Analytical Intelligence
Intelligence that is assessed by
intelligence tests.
1

45. TRIACHIC THEORHY
Creative Intelligence
Intelligence that makes us adapt
to
novel situations, generating novel
ideas.
2

46. TRIACHIC THEORHY
Practical Intelligence
Intelligence that is required for
everyday tasks (e.g. street
smarts).
3

47. Emotional
Intelligence
Peter Salovey

48. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
The set of skills that underline the
accurate assessment, evaluation,
expression and regulation of emotions.
The test of emotional intelligence
measures overall
emotional intelligence and its four
components.

49. Emotional Intelligence: Components
Component Description
Perceive Emotion Recognize emotions in faces,
music and stories.
Understand Emotion Predict emotions, how they
change
and blend.
Manage Emotion Express emotions in different
situations.
Use Emotion Utilize emotions to adapt or be
creative.

50. Cattell’s
Fluid and
Crystallized
Intelligence
Raymond Cattell

51. CATTELL’S FLUID AND CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
FLUID INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence that reflects information -
processing capabilities, reasoning and
memory.

52. CATTELL’S FLUID AND CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
The accumulation of information,
skills and strategies that are learned
through experience and can be
applied in problem solving
situations.

53. One factor &
UNI Factor
Theory

54. It reduces
all abilities to a single capacity of
general
intelligence or ‘common sense’.

55. Miano, Jay-Vee M.
Psychology-Meaning and Theories
of Intelligence
 Feldman. Psychology and Your Life. Mc
Graw Hill Companies. 2010.
 http://psychology.about.com
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