1. Electric Vehicles: What’s in Your Garage?
CleanTALK San Diego
in partnership with
San Diego Regional Clean Fuels Coalition
November 19, 2009
2. • Disclosure • Objectives
– My own opinions based – Increase awareness and
upon science and understanding for
engineering estimates making better informed
and various available personal and business
references choices
– If you like it you can hire – Start a dialog for public
me consensus and support
– If you don’t like it, I’m on key issues
happy to help you get – Capture a little of your
started on your own imagination
quest
3.
4. • Imagination and Future Vision
– Read the 23 pages of Chapter 10 in Thomas Friedman’s
book, “Hot, Flat , and Crowded”
– Energy and transportation will be more closely connected
– Changes are going to affect the way we live, our children
live and the way our grandchildren live
• Lessons from history
– Transportation has been one of the most significant
influences in the development in civilization, life style, and
the economy
– Transportation is 64% of San Diego’s energy consumption
5. San Diego County Energy Consumption
Units Electricity Natural Gas Petroleum Fuels Total
Gallons 1,880,000,000
BTU 2.162E+14
MMTh 581
GWh 18,648 17,027 63,362 99,037
% of Total 18.8% 17.2% 64.0%
Electricity
19%
Natural Gas
17%
Petroleum Fuels
64%
7. Reasons for Alternative and Renewable Fuels
• Air Quality • Climate Change
– NOX – GHG
– HC – Carbon caps and taxes
– Particulates are coming
• Healthcare Costs • International trade
• National Security policies
– Global Economy
– Reliable Energy for the
Economy – New Business and
Employment Sectors
– Follow the Money
28. Energy Efficiency of Operation
Vehicle Range Energy Energy Net
(Miles) Storage Storage Efficiency
(kWh) (Gallons) to
Propulsion
Gasoline 300 366 10 20%
ICE
BEV-Grid 100 24 0.66 22%
BEV- Local 100 24 0.66 72%
34. BEV vs. 30 MPG ICE
• BEV Advantages • 30 MPG ICE Advantages
– Home fueling – Range and fueling
– Zero emissions infrastructure traditional
– Minimal service – Time to refuel
• No oil, belts, filters – Slightly less expensive
• >3x brake life • Disadvantages
– Local storage for grid – Oil, air quality, GHG
• Disadvantages – Service cost, time
– Needs infrastructure and – Time and distance to
PUC tariffs for sustainability fuel station
– Time to refuel
– Needs noise
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38.
39.
40. Battery Basics
• Chemistry • Packs
– Individual cells – Series cells to minimize
– Reversible wasted heat
electrochemical energy – Need heat rejection
– Unique characteristics design for safety and
• Power long life
• Energy – Equalization
• Life – Balancing
• Charge rate
– Battery Management
• Resistance
System
• Cost
– High capital for
• Toxicity
economies of scale
41. Desired Battery Characteristics
• Safety in operation • Long shelf life
• Light weight (power and • High operation cycle life
energy density) • Easily manufactured
• Quick charge/discharge • Easily recycled
• High power • Environmentally safe
• High energy • Available materials
• Wide temperature • High Quality, Fast
operation Delivery, Cheap –Pick
• Inexpensive two!
42. Some Battery Observations
• Cycle life exponentially • High rate charges and
increases with discharges can shorten
decreasing depth of the battery life and
discharge (DoD) waste more energy due
• Energy capacity (range) to heat generation-
may significantly efficiencies can easily
decease in extremely drop 30%-increasing the
cold temperatures – cost of usable kWh
needs to be managed
43. More Battery Observations
• Avoiding “empty” and • Heat is the enemy of
“full” can be the best batteries, inverters, and
thing you do for your electric motors.
battery life. • Each cell in a series
• Charging is not linear- pack gets exactly the
85% in half the time for same current.
a full charge. • BMS is required
• Braking regeneration because cells are
saves fuel, but uses different and age
some battery life differently.
44. Power and Energy
• Power • Energy
– Capacity – Power over time
– Up front cost – What you pay for
– Limits – Range
charging/discharging
– Acceleration
– Load
– Slope
45. Energy Path
• Fuel or battery into vehicle (1/2 mv²)
• Vehicle into brakes
• Vehicle into hill climb (30 feet = 30mph)
– Design highways to go up for deceleration and go down for
acceleration
• Brakes into heating air and wearing brakes
– Over 2,000 MWh/day in San Diego
• Alternatively, brakes into regeneration, storage, and
reuse
46. References
• “Hot, Flat, and Crowded,” Thomas Friedman, New
York Times Journalist
• “Deep Hot Biosphere,” Thomas Gold deceased
• CARB ZEV Presentations
• EPA
• DoE
– EERE
– NREL
– ANL
