3. How does it start?
It starts with a question!
A problem that face you in your daily practice
A problem is obvious in a population
A Phenomenon among a society or a population
A new material or technique draws an attention
4. Protocol
It is a document that clearly states why
and how are you going to perform your
research!
Protocol
6. In the Protocol you should:
Set the aim(s) of the study (research)
Set null and alternative hypotheses
Set the study design
Set the sample source & size
Set materials to be used in the study
Set ethical and legal approval
Estimate Time and cost
Protocol
7. Standard Format Of A Research Study
Title of the study
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Statistical analysis
Discussion
Summary and conclusion
Bibliography and references
With little variation, most published researches that
appear in the literature forms adhere to the following
design:
Standard Format
8. Title of Study
topic and focus of study
Briefly indicates the topic and the focus of the study.
Should reflect the central question being posed.
Novelty, used to attract the reader. (but should not at
expense of briefness making it too lengthy!)
Title of the Study
9. The importance of the title comes from the fact
that it attracts the attention of the potential reader,
so:
It is necessary to make it as short and to the point
as possible.
Why It is important ?
Title of the Study
10. Orthodontic Treatment of Gummy Smile Using
Anterior and Posterior Miniscrews (Temporary
Anchorage Devices TADs), a Prospective Clinical
Study
Investigation of Effectiveness of Temporary
Anchorage Devices (TADs) in Treatment of Gummy
Smile
Temporary Anchorage Devices and Gummy Smile
Title Of Study
Title of the Study
11. The last title comes straight to the point
without stating the obvious. It not only attracts
the attention of a reader, but it immediately
tunes them into the subject matter.
Title of the Study
12. Abstract
Appears at the head of the article.
It summarizes the study (around 250 words)
It may include “key words” for indexing the study in the
database.
The purpose of abstract is to quickly figure out if the study
is of interest!
It is submitted for publication in journals and for
presentations in scientific events
Abstract
15. Introduction
Educates the reader regarding the importance and
the history of the problem
summarizes Previous controversies
Clarifies question
Introduction
16. Educate the reader
regarding the
importance and the
history of the problem
Summarize Previous
controversies
(literature review)
Clarify question
Introduction
17. Review Of Literature
Provide a summary of field to date
Obligated to make reader aware of the relevant
past research and findings to:
Define the key issues
Define variables
Define questions involved
Create context and rationale for your study
Literature Review
18.
19. Hypothesis
The theory being tested is stated
The rival hypotheses are reviewed
Literature Review
20. Aim of the work
After you have given a broad picture of your topic, it is
time to clearly state your objective(s) of your work or study
Aim of the Work
21. After you have given a broad picture of your topic,
it is time to clearly state your objective(s) of your
work or study.
Aim of the Work
22.
23. Methods:
The methods section should fulfil the following objectives:
The reader is able to assess the validity of the study and the
reliability of measures;
The reader should be provided with specific and detailed
information regarding how the study was conducted.
Methodology
24. Methods
The reader should be able to develop independent
conclusion after reviewing the methods and results
sections
The reader should be able to replicate the study
(level of evidence )
Level 1: Systemic replication of results from well controlled, multiple,
randomized trails in which the outcomes are relatively homogenous
Methodology
25. Methods section includes four subsections:
The sampling strategy
Measurement strategies and instruments
The experimental design
Statistical analysis
Methods
Methodology
26. The sampling strategy:
The sample size ( does it allow the researcher to properly test
the study hypostasis?)
The methods of sample selection (to assure randomization)
Where human subjects are involved:
How they were oriented and how “informed consent”
was elicited
The reader should be able to decide whether the results
from the sample are properly attributed to the population
being studied.
Methods
Methodology
27. Sample source, size and randomization
Orientation
Legal concerned
Methodology
28. The sampling strategy:
In experimental studies, the reader want to know whether:
In vivo (in the organism it self)
Or
In vitro (in the test tube, on extracted teeth, etc.)
Methods
Methodology
29. Measurement strategies and instruments:
What is actually measured determines the real meaning of
variable.
Clear statement of how the variables are measured determines
exactly what is being studies.
For example:
Dental caries lesion: visual evidence of demineralization is not
enough
Compliance could mean different things!
only the measurement itself can provide a clear definition of the
variable.
Methods
Methodology
30. Measurement strategies:
The reader will want to determine whether the
descriptive(mean, SD, median, etc.) and inferential
statistics (probability, tests of significance, etc.) used are
appropriate scale employed to measure dependent and
independent variables.
Methodology
32. Instruments:
The following should be stated clearly:
The method of the examiner(s) calibration:
Intra and inter examiner calibration.
Equations and tests for examiners reliability.
Instruments calibration.
Methodology
33. The experimental design:
The study design should be described operationally in a
step-by-step sequence.
Should be detailed that the reader is able to replicate the
study
Methodology
38. Results:
The finding should be reported descriptively no
interpreted.
Tables, charts, and graphs may be used when
appropriate.
“Post hoc” analysis may provide important cues for
further studies and explorations of the topic.
Results
40. Discussion
Interpretation explanation of the results
Make sense of the findings
Review the hypothesis and the theory in the light of the findings
Speculate on the methodology
It is an opportunity for the researcher to:
editorialize (express your opinion) & dialogue with the reader
to propose different ways to conceptualize (from an idea) the
outcome data
and to reconceptualise the theory
Discussion
41. Summary & Conclusion
At the end the researcher:
Provides a summary and interpretation of the study
findings.
Attempts to draw conclusions related to the original theory
and study questions.
Summary & Conclusion
42. N.B.
It is tempting for the busy clinician or student who is
reviewing a large body of literature to read only the
introduction and conclusions.
With out carefully reviewing the methods and results
sections, it would be easy to be misled and to accept
unsupported assertions!
Summary & Conclusion
45. Why is referencing important in academic
writing?
Acknowledge the ideas or words of the others
Avoid plagiarism
Provide authority for your statements
There are two main styles of citation and
bibliography:
Harvard citation style
Vancouver citation style
References, Citation & Bibliography
46. There are two components of referencing:
• In-text citations
• The reference list
References, Citation & Bibliography
47. • Citations in the text:
It is an ’author/date’ system, so in-text citation consists of
author(s) and year of publication.
The Harvard citation style can vary in minor features
such as punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, and
the use of italics.
(Smith
Harvard style
48. (Mohamed, El-Kadi & Abo-Shamaa 2013)
Harvard style
When citing a work by two or three authors or authoring
bodies, cite the names in the order in which they appear
on the title page.
49. ;
If two or more works by
different authors or authoring
bodies are cited at one point in
the text, use a semi-colon( ; ) to
separate them!
Harvard style
50. If you quoted directly from an author or paraphrase a specific idea or
piece of information from a source, you need to include the page
number of the quote or passage in your text citation.
Harvard style
51. Block quotations
It consists of more than 30 words
The actual quote is in slightly smaller font and indented from
the left hand margin to distinguish it from the surrounding text.
For example: It was stated that:
If any similar qualitative research is to be undertaken in
the future, then stringent controls should be put in place
to ensure such statistical anomalies don not occur
through lack of methodological rigor, particularly
through corruption of data inadequately stored processes
(Mullane 2006, P.66)
Harvard style
52. • The reference list:
All in-text citations should be listed in the reference list at the end
of your document.
Reference list entries contain all the information that someone
needs to follow up your source. Reference lists in Harvard are
arranged alphabetically by first author.
Harvard style
53. Vancouver style
The Vancouver Style is formally known as:
Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and
Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals (ICMJE
Recommendations).
It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of medical
journals.
Vancouver style
54. • Citations in the Text:
Placement of citations:
In-text citation numbers should be placed after the relevant part of a sentence.
it is acceptable to place it before or after the period. Be consistent.
References are numbered:
Consecutively in the order they are first mentioned.
Place each reference number in parentheses throughout the text, tables, and
legends.
If the same reference is used again, re-use the original number.
Vancouver style
55. Personal communication:
• Weak evidence.
• Should be avoided, unless it provides essential information
not available from a public source.
• Do not include them in the reference list; instead cite the
name of the person and date of communication in
parentheses in the text.
Internet sources
May, in time, be deleted, changed, or moved, so it is a good
idea to keep a hard copy for your records. Also, take care to
critically evaluate the reliability of the information.
• Citations in the Text:
Vancouver style
56. Example:
Recently, the health sciences community has reduced the bias and
imprecision of traditional literature summaries through the development of
rigorous criteria for both literature overviews (1-3) and practice guidelines
(4,5). Even when recommendations come from such rigorous approaches,
however, “it is important to differentiate between those based on weak vs.
strong evidence” (6). Recommendations based on inadequate evidence often
require reversal when sufficient data become available, (John Doe, April 1,
2002) while timely implementation of recommendations based on strong
evidence can save lives (3).
• Citations in the Text:
Vancouver style
57. • The reference list:
• The last page of your paper is entitled References.
• References are single spaced, with double-spacing between
references.
• List all references in order by number, not alphabetically.
Vancouver style
58. • Each reference is listed once only, since the same number
is used throughout the paper.
• List each author’s last name followed by a space and then
initials without any periods.
• There is a comma and space between authors and a period
at the end of the last author.
• If the number of authors exceeds six, give the first six
followed by “et al.”
• The reference list:
Vancouver style
59. For edited books:
place the editors’ names in the author position and follow
the last editor with a comma and the word editor (or
editors).
For edited books with chapters written by individual
authors, list the authors of the chapter first, then the
chapter title, followed by “In:”, the editors’ names, and
the book title.
Vancouver style
• The reference list:
60. Title:
Capitalize the first letter of the first word in the title.
The rest of the title is in lower-case.
with the exception of proper names.
Do not underline the title; do not use italics.
If there is an edition for a book, it appears after the title,
abbreviated and followed by a period, for example: 3rd
ed.
Vancouver style
61. Publication information: Journals:
I. List the abbreviated journal title,
II. place a period and a space, year, (and abbreviated month
and day if applicable),
III.semi-colon, volume,
IV.issue number in parentheses, colon,
V. page range, and a period.
VI.For example, Brain Res. 2002;935(1-2):40-6.
VII.(The issue number may be omitted if the journal is
paginated continuously through the volume.)
Vancouver style
62. 1. Majourau A, Nanda. R. Biomechanical Basis of Vertical Dimension Control During
Rapid Palatal Expansion Therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1994;106:322-8.
2. Alatey M.Temporary Anchorage Devices & Gummy Smile.Libyan Dent J
2015;5:1-5.
