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Lord Palmerston
A Brief Introduction to his Life
Contents
 Who he was
 Background
 Personal life
 Role in politics
 Foreign Secretary
 Methods
• Gun boat Diplomacy
 Relations with European
Powers
 Poland 1930
 Belgium 1930
 Spain and Portugal 1930
 Don Pacifico Affair 1850
 Eastern Question
• Mehemet Ali Crisis's
 Home Secretary
 Interference with foreign
policy
 Prime Minister
 Crimean War
 American Civil War
 Conclusions
 Effectiveness
 Significance
Who was Palmerston?
 Henry John Temple, 3rd
Viscount Palmerston
 From Irish aristocracy but keen
to be English
 Very popular with the public but
mixed in Parliament
 Hated by Queen Victoria
 Womaniser
 Committed to peace but had
British interests at heart
 Began career as a Whig but
ended it as a Liberal
 Jingoistic and great orator
Years in Politics
 Foreign Secretary
 22nd November 1830 – 15th November 1934
 18th April 1835 – 2nd September 1841
 6th July 1846 – 26th December 1851
 Home Secretary
 28th December 1852 – 6th February 1855
 Prime Minister
 6th February 1855 – 19th February 1858
 12th June 1859 – 18th October 1865
Role in Politics
 Seen as a later starter for politics
 Relations with Wellington
 Played major powers against each other
 Never really lets go of foreign policy
 One major policy was to abolish the slave trade
 Brought down government after fired
 Napoleon III dispute
 PM due to popularity with public
 Same reason Queen couldn’t fire him
 Last PM to die in office
Foreign Secretary
 Three terms in office under this position
 Seen as successful but controversial in methods
used
 Particularly gun-boat diplomacy
 In politics in what is typically seen as the height of
British power
 British relations with France key
 Eastern Question continues to loom
 Independence of Greece
 Mehemet Ali Crisis’s
Gun-Boat Diplomacy
The Opium Wars
 TRADE!
 Tea major import at home
 1841 – Treaty of Nanking
 Enhanced Pam’s
reputation
 Tories critical
 Admired in and out of
Parliament
 Britain gained Hong Kong
(only returned in 1997)
Independence of Greece
 1821-1830
 Palmerston urged Wellington
into active interference
 Combined with Russia and
France
 Defeat of Egyptian fleet
 Popular at home
 Leads to the Mehmet Ali
crisis’s
 French wanted Egypt, Russia
wanted Straits
The Opium Wars Use of gun-boat diplomacy was
successful in China
Relations with European Powers
 Allies with France
 Particularly unpopular with public
 Historically enemies
 Napoleon III
 Anglo-Russian relations
 Underlying hostility
 Reluctant to go to war with each other
 Belief Ottoman Empire must be kept ‘alive’ by all the
major powers
 Britain was Liberal but not Revolutionary
 Independence of Belgium
 Iberian Peninsular
 Poland revolt
Map of Europe 1830 Britain, Russia, Austria, France
and Prussia all major powers
Suppression of Poland 1830
 Not much that Britain could do
 Militarily weak
 No diplomatic footing to use
 Within Prussian and Russian territory
 Had to just sit by and watch
 Unpopular at home
Kingdom of Belgium 1830
 Important to Britain due to geographical location
 Threat of being invaded
 Balance of power in Europe if Dutch or French
controlled Belgium
 France wanted to annex Belgium
 Happy for it to be independent
 Question of King of Belgians almost led to war
 Resolved by Prince from England allowed to marry lesser
Princess from France
 Operated like Canning
Queens of Spain and Portugal
 Youthful Queens in Spain and Portugal
 Problem of who they should marry
 Opposition from absolutists in their own countries
 Britain felt the need to preserve the constitutionalist’s
Queens
 France wanted some power there
 Treaty for pacification signed in London 22nd April
1834
 France reluctant
 Maria II of Portugal married Napoleon I’s grandson
(suited France), then German Prince (suited Britain)
 Isabella II of Spain married her Spanish cousin which
suited France not Britain
Don Pacifico Affair 1850
 With Greece independent it was under the
protection of Britain, Russia and France
 The claim:
 Police did nothing while Don Pacifico’s home was
vandalised
 Some of the mob included sons of a government minister
 Appealed to Greek government for compensation but lost
 Turned to help from Britain as a British citizen from
Gibraltar
 The result was a blockade on Greece causing
diplomatic tensions between powers
Eastern Question
 Ottoman Empire at point of collapse
 If it collapses who gets it – war inevitable
 No one can afford a war but no diplomatic ‘carving up’ of
Ottoman Empire likely to be agreed
 Russia needed Black Sea as its unfrozen and thus
needs access to the Straits – under Ottoman
control
 Britain and France worry about Russian power
 Austrians weakening but typically allies of Russia
 Coincides with 1842’s Reform Act
Mehmet Ali Crisis’s
First Crisis 1830
 Egyptians not happy with
compensation for losses in
Greek revolt
 Went to war with Ottomans
 Russia there to help but
France and Britain busy
elsewhere
 Led to Treaty of Unkiar
Skelessi 1833
 Led to Straits Problem
 Straits closed when Russia at
war
 France and Britain unhappy at
Russian expansion and threat
Second Crisis 1839
 Sultan dies and chance for
Egyptians to try expansion
 Britain and Russia intervene
to stop collapse of Ottomans
 France pro-Mehmet Ali but
not strong enough for war
 Compromise reached
 1841 London Straits
Convention
 Re-established previous rule of
the Straits
 Preservation of Ottomans
Straits and Crimea Map of the Black Sea includes
Straits and Crimea
Role as Home Secretary
 Interfered with foreign policy continuously
 Crimean War
 Some believed he helped created
 Although many believed he was the only one that could help
Britain
 Others now believe it may not have happened if he was
Foreign Secretary
 There because they had to have him there in a Whig-
Peelite coalition
 Palmerston strongly opposed much of Russell’s plans
like the urban working class being able to vote
 He resigned but was persuaded to return
Prime Minister
 Queen reluctant to make Palmerston PM
 Little choice when others declined position
 Popularity also a major factor
 Crimean War
 Ended due to peace talks when Alexander II ascended to
the throne
 France major winner
 Peace treaty signed 30th March 1856
 Second Opium War
 Palmerston backed legally and morally wrong actions
 Popular with public, winning the biggest majority since 1835
Second Premiership
 American Civil War
 Gave Confederation a ship despite being ‘neutral’
 When North won they wanted compensation
 Palmerston refused to pay or refer to the dispute
• Gladstone would pay $15,500,000 in gold but keep Canada
 He won another general election in July 1865
 Problems in Ireland
 Suspension of trial-by-jury
 Monitor Americans going to Ireland
Death
 He died 18th October 1865
 Wanted o be buried at Romsey Abbey
 Given a State funeral and buried at Westminster
Abby
 27th October 1865
 Fourth person to be buried there who wasn’t
royalty
 Sir Isaac Newton
 Lord Nelson
 Duke of Wellington
Conclusions
 Very popular with the public despite some decisions
 Allies with France
 Recognition of Napoleon III
 Mostly effective at securing British interests
 Belgium
 Spain and Portugal
 Straits Convention
 Opium Wars
 Not ‘soft’ on Foreign Policy and seen as his great
strength
 American compensation, compare to Gladstone
 Remembered as light-hearted
 Florence Nightingale
Disagreement
 Some disagreement lies with whether he was a
Liberal or Conservative or both...
 Sir Henry Balwer and Evelyn Ashley call him a
Liberal
 D. Southgate and J. Vincent claim he was a Liberal
in Europe but Conservative at home
 E.D. Steele claims he was a Progressive
 Personal opinion... he was pragmatic!

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Lord Palmerston

  • 1. Lord Palmerston A Brief Introduction to his Life
  • 2. Contents  Who he was  Background  Personal life  Role in politics  Foreign Secretary  Methods • Gun boat Diplomacy  Relations with European Powers  Poland 1930  Belgium 1930  Spain and Portugal 1930  Don Pacifico Affair 1850  Eastern Question • Mehemet Ali Crisis's  Home Secretary  Interference with foreign policy  Prime Minister  Crimean War  American Civil War  Conclusions  Effectiveness  Significance
  • 3. Who was Palmerston?  Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston  From Irish aristocracy but keen to be English  Very popular with the public but mixed in Parliament  Hated by Queen Victoria  Womaniser  Committed to peace but had British interests at heart  Began career as a Whig but ended it as a Liberal  Jingoistic and great orator
  • 4. Years in Politics  Foreign Secretary  22nd November 1830 – 15th November 1934  18th April 1835 – 2nd September 1841  6th July 1846 – 26th December 1851  Home Secretary  28th December 1852 – 6th February 1855  Prime Minister  6th February 1855 – 19th February 1858  12th June 1859 – 18th October 1865
  • 5. Role in Politics  Seen as a later starter for politics  Relations with Wellington  Played major powers against each other  Never really lets go of foreign policy  One major policy was to abolish the slave trade  Brought down government after fired  Napoleon III dispute  PM due to popularity with public  Same reason Queen couldn’t fire him  Last PM to die in office
  • 6. Foreign Secretary  Three terms in office under this position  Seen as successful but controversial in methods used  Particularly gun-boat diplomacy  In politics in what is typically seen as the height of British power  British relations with France key  Eastern Question continues to loom  Independence of Greece  Mehemet Ali Crisis’s
  • 7. Gun-Boat Diplomacy The Opium Wars  TRADE!  Tea major import at home  1841 – Treaty of Nanking  Enhanced Pam’s reputation  Tories critical  Admired in and out of Parliament  Britain gained Hong Kong (only returned in 1997) Independence of Greece  1821-1830  Palmerston urged Wellington into active interference  Combined with Russia and France  Defeat of Egyptian fleet  Popular at home  Leads to the Mehmet Ali crisis’s  French wanted Egypt, Russia wanted Straits
  • 8. The Opium Wars Use of gun-boat diplomacy was successful in China
  • 9. Relations with European Powers  Allies with France  Particularly unpopular with public  Historically enemies  Napoleon III  Anglo-Russian relations  Underlying hostility  Reluctant to go to war with each other  Belief Ottoman Empire must be kept ‘alive’ by all the major powers  Britain was Liberal but not Revolutionary  Independence of Belgium  Iberian Peninsular  Poland revolt
  • 10. Map of Europe 1830 Britain, Russia, Austria, France and Prussia all major powers
  • 11. Suppression of Poland 1830  Not much that Britain could do  Militarily weak  No diplomatic footing to use  Within Prussian and Russian territory  Had to just sit by and watch  Unpopular at home
  • 12. Kingdom of Belgium 1830  Important to Britain due to geographical location  Threat of being invaded  Balance of power in Europe if Dutch or French controlled Belgium  France wanted to annex Belgium  Happy for it to be independent  Question of King of Belgians almost led to war  Resolved by Prince from England allowed to marry lesser Princess from France  Operated like Canning
  • 13. Queens of Spain and Portugal  Youthful Queens in Spain and Portugal  Problem of who they should marry  Opposition from absolutists in their own countries  Britain felt the need to preserve the constitutionalist’s Queens  France wanted some power there  Treaty for pacification signed in London 22nd April 1834  France reluctant  Maria II of Portugal married Napoleon I’s grandson (suited France), then German Prince (suited Britain)  Isabella II of Spain married her Spanish cousin which suited France not Britain
  • 14. Don Pacifico Affair 1850  With Greece independent it was under the protection of Britain, Russia and France  The claim:  Police did nothing while Don Pacifico’s home was vandalised  Some of the mob included sons of a government minister  Appealed to Greek government for compensation but lost  Turned to help from Britain as a British citizen from Gibraltar  The result was a blockade on Greece causing diplomatic tensions between powers
  • 15. Eastern Question  Ottoman Empire at point of collapse  If it collapses who gets it – war inevitable  No one can afford a war but no diplomatic ‘carving up’ of Ottoman Empire likely to be agreed  Russia needed Black Sea as its unfrozen and thus needs access to the Straits – under Ottoman control  Britain and France worry about Russian power  Austrians weakening but typically allies of Russia  Coincides with 1842’s Reform Act
  • 16. Mehmet Ali Crisis’s First Crisis 1830  Egyptians not happy with compensation for losses in Greek revolt  Went to war with Ottomans  Russia there to help but France and Britain busy elsewhere  Led to Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi 1833  Led to Straits Problem  Straits closed when Russia at war  France and Britain unhappy at Russian expansion and threat Second Crisis 1839  Sultan dies and chance for Egyptians to try expansion  Britain and Russia intervene to stop collapse of Ottomans  France pro-Mehmet Ali but not strong enough for war  Compromise reached  1841 London Straits Convention  Re-established previous rule of the Straits  Preservation of Ottomans
  • 17. Straits and Crimea Map of the Black Sea includes Straits and Crimea
  • 18. Role as Home Secretary  Interfered with foreign policy continuously  Crimean War  Some believed he helped created  Although many believed he was the only one that could help Britain  Others now believe it may not have happened if he was Foreign Secretary  There because they had to have him there in a Whig- Peelite coalition  Palmerston strongly opposed much of Russell’s plans like the urban working class being able to vote  He resigned but was persuaded to return
  • 19. Prime Minister  Queen reluctant to make Palmerston PM  Little choice when others declined position  Popularity also a major factor  Crimean War  Ended due to peace talks when Alexander II ascended to the throne  France major winner  Peace treaty signed 30th March 1856  Second Opium War  Palmerston backed legally and morally wrong actions  Popular with public, winning the biggest majority since 1835
  • 20. Second Premiership  American Civil War  Gave Confederation a ship despite being ‘neutral’  When North won they wanted compensation  Palmerston refused to pay or refer to the dispute • Gladstone would pay $15,500,000 in gold but keep Canada  He won another general election in July 1865  Problems in Ireland  Suspension of trial-by-jury  Monitor Americans going to Ireland
  • 21. Death  He died 18th October 1865  Wanted o be buried at Romsey Abbey  Given a State funeral and buried at Westminster Abby  27th October 1865  Fourth person to be buried there who wasn’t royalty  Sir Isaac Newton  Lord Nelson  Duke of Wellington
  • 22. Conclusions  Very popular with the public despite some decisions  Allies with France  Recognition of Napoleon III  Mostly effective at securing British interests  Belgium  Spain and Portugal  Straits Convention  Opium Wars  Not ‘soft’ on Foreign Policy and seen as his great strength  American compensation, compare to Gladstone  Remembered as light-hearted  Florence Nightingale
  • 23. Disagreement  Some disagreement lies with whether he was a Liberal or Conservative or both...  Sir Henry Balwer and Evelyn Ashley call him a Liberal  D. Southgate and J. Vincent claim he was a Liberal in Europe but Conservative at home  E.D. Steele claims he was a Progressive  Personal opinion... he was pragmatic!