The Industrial Revolution

2. • Set of important social, economic,
technological and cultural transformations,
that began in Great Britain from the second
half of the 18th century.

4. • The Industrial
Revolution began
in Great Britain in
the 18th century.
• Why in Great
Britain?

5. • Great Britain had a stable political system, a
liberal or parlamentary monarchy.
• Great Britain was involved in several wars
during the 18th and 19th century, but those
wars didn’t cause damages in britain territory
(Great Britain).
• Great Britain had a stable currency and a
well-organised banking system.

6. Jorge III, king of Great Britain
House of Commons

7. • Plenty of capitals from the British commercial
colonies.
• Large number of workforce.
• An aristocracy that allows the wealth creation
(investments), in contrast to the traditional
nobility in other countries.
• A very large bourgeoisie, with lots of traders
and landowners.

8. • Plenty of iron and coal, above all in Wales and
Scotland.
• Easy and constant water provision as a source
of energy, as the weather, quite rainy, they
have more than 1000 mm per year and
without a dry season.
• Lots of ports that make easier the national
and international trade.

11. • From the 18th century a series of innovations
were carried out that make agricultural
production to increase dramatically.

12. • New machinery aparition, such as the
mechanic seeder (sembradora mecánica) by
Jethro Tull, that allowed to sow fast and to
put the seeds easily in rows, that made
simplier other agrarian tasks.

13. • The iron plough, which allows a deeper and more
effective labour, thanks to the birth of an important
iron and steel (siderúrgica) industry that provides
cheap and abundant iron.
• Threshing and mower machines (trilladoras and
segadoras) moved with a steam engine (máquina de
vapor).
• From The 19th century, first steam tractors.

16. • • New farming methods such as seed
selection or Norfolk system or four-year
rotation system.
• Use of fertilizers (manure and artificial).

18. • Properties enclosure. In Britain until the 18th
century the agricultural system called open
fields dominated: after collecting the harvest a
communal use of pastures was done.
• The enclosures will enable investment and
innovation: until then the open field system
required all farmers to follow the rhythms of
tradition (planting and harvesting the same
crops on the same dates).

20. • Improvements in the
cattle industry. The
British livestock
(cabaña ganadera) not
only grew with the rise
of plants (alfalfa,
clover) resulting from
crop rotations, but also
improved with the
spread of selective
breeding.

25. • Changes in agriculture produced a better diet,
which was reflected in a significant growth of the
population, that will serve to multiply European
population in a few years.
• Certain health and hygiene improvements, such
as the discovery of the first vaccine by Dr. Edward
Jenner in 1796 that protected against smallpox
(viruela).

26. • Europe rose from 187 million in the
seventeenth century to 400 million in 1800.
• The increase in population and the
mechanization of agriculture caused a huge
rural exodus to large industrial cities.

27. • Between 1800 and 1930 around 40 million
Europeans left Europe, the largest receiver
country was the United States.

29. • In 1769, the Englishman James Watt invented
the steam engine, which used steam power
to move other machines. This invention was
applied to the industry and craft workshops
were disappearing. The products were
cheaper because they were done in large
amount, dividing the work among the
workers. Being cheaper products were
available to more customers, and business
flourished.

30. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=4aQ86_6Q8h4

34. • There were two significant industrial sectors
in the first industrial revolution: the textile
industry and the steel industry, whose
products revolutionized other economic
activities.

35. THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
• The textile industry was the first to develop.
• Production before the Industrial Revolution was
based on the so-called domestic system, in
which workers in many cases peasants, engaged
in these textile activities during the months with
scarce agricultural labours. They received raw
materials from a intermediary, worked at home
(where to have a spinning wheel or a weaving
loom wasn’t difficult) and they returned the
manufactured items to the intermediary who
paid them for their work.

37. • Industrialization means the passage to the
production in large factories (factory system
or factory system) with dozens of looms
(telares) moved by hydraulic power or by
steam engines. To monetize those machines
was cheaper to concentrate them under one
roof (the factory ) with many workers.
THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

38. • Throughout the 18th century the textile industry
will learn important technical innovations such
as:
The Flying shuttle (la lanzadera volante), which
allowed doubling the capacity of weaving of English
craftsmen.
The spinning jenny (hiladora spinning jenny) that
multiplied the capacity of the spinners.
The Waterframe also a spinning machine, which used
water power to move the spindles (husos).
The power loom moved with steam engine, invented
by Cartwright in 1785 is the most important step.
THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

39. Lanzadera volante
Spinning jenny
Water frame
Telar mecánico

40. THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
• The iron and steel industry was already an
important activity in Britain, although its
future was threatened by a shortage of
charcoal (carbón vegetal): the increasing
domestic use of wood, construction fleets and
iron and steel industry itself were about to
end British forests.

41. • The first achievement was to obtain iron with
mineral coal instead of wood or charcoal.
• The iron and steel industries settled where
there were coalmines.

42. • The incorporation of new techniques
contributed to the development of industry
such as the obtention of iron in blast furnace
(altos hornos), which allowed to remove
impurities from English iron and use it more
effectively in the production of goods.
• The iron will be replacing the wooden
agricultural tools, building structures, machine
parts, craft tools ...

43. • Later, Bessemer invented the iron in steel
converter (1856).
• Industries with high steel and iron demand:
farm tools, machinery, railways, metal
structures.

45. Altos hornos / blast furnace
Primer puente fabricado
íntegramente en hierro en
Coalbrookdale (1779)

46. Cast iron supporting structure, ceiling of the reading room of the Bibliothèque Sainte-
Geneviève, Paris.

48. • The great revolution in transportation was the
railroad.
• This resulted from the combination of two of
the major advances of the industrial
revolution: the steam engine for propulsion of
the locomotive, and iron to build the train and
the rails on which circulated.

49. • The English Stephenson built the first steam
locomotive, used to transport cargo between
the coal mines. It was called The Rocket.
• In 1830 the first railway to transport
passengers was opened, between Liverpool
and Manchester.
• Technical advances made the railroad a means
of getting faster, safer and cheaper transport.
For this reason, early railways around the
world multiplied and even intercontinental
lines were designed.

50. The Rocket

54. • The steamboat was the other important
transport during the Industrial Revolution, it
was invented by Robert Fulton. And they
could cross the Atlantic in 15 days.

55. BANCOS Y FINANZAS
• Escasez de capital para financiar grandes empresas = Sociedades Anónimas con
participaciones en la empresa (acciones) que cotizan en la bolsa de valores.
• Los bancos pasan a ser intermediarios entre los ahorradores (depósitos) y los
industriales (inversores).
• En ocasiones no sólo suministran capital, sino que invierten directamente
(compra de acciones en el mercado bursátil).
EXPANSIÓN CAPITALISMO INDUSTRIAL
• Principios del siglo XIX se extiende a Francia y Bélgica: textil y siderurgia.
• Mediados del siglo XIX a Rusia, Alemania, EE.UU. y Japón: Tecnología y capital
exterior, concentración empresas (trust), intervención bancaria e intervención del
Estado (proteccionismo). Finales siglo XIX al Sur de Europa (regiones
industrializadas marginales)

56. EXPANSION OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
• It was in England that the Industrial
Revolution first took place. It began between
1780 and 1820; it will reach France, the
Netherlands and Belgium between 1830 and
1870, America and Japan in subsequent years.
• Then the rest of Europe,

58. • In all countries affected by this revolution, we
observe three facts:
 The Introduction of the steam engine, which
allows mechanization
 The replacement of rural crafts with
manufacturing factories in cities
 The appearing of 2 separate but interrelated
social classes: the bourgeoisie and the working
class (proletariado).

61. • Between the late 19th century and early 20th
century, the so-called Second Industrial
Revolution happened.
• The coal, steel and cotton lost prominence as
engines of industrial growth against the huge
companies and new production methods with
new sources of energy (oil and electricity),
innovations in transportation (cars, airplanes)
and other production sectors (chemical
industry, telecommunications).

64. SEGUNDA REVOLUCIÓN INDUSTRIAL
• A partir de 1870 el liderazgo de Gran Bretaña cede a
Alemania, EE.UU. y Japón.
ORGANIZACIÓN INDUSTRIAL.
• Finales s. XIX la producción asume la fabricación en
serie, taylorismo o fordismo (> productividad, < costes
y tiempo empleado).
• Aumento de la concentración industrial (dado por
elevadas inversiones capital):
Cártel: Acuerdos empresariales para fijar precios y
volumen de producción.
Holding: Grupo financiero que posee control sobre
conjunto empresas y bancos.
Trust: Fusión empresarial de un mismo ramo o sector.

68. • Texto: Fordismo. “Nuestro primer progreso en la producción consistió en llevar el
trabajo al obrero, en lugar de desplazarse el obrero al trabajo. Hoy en día todas
nuestras operaciones se inspiran en estos dos principios: ningún trabajador debe
tener más de un paso que dar; siempre que se a posible, ningún trabajador debe
inclinarse (…). El resultado de la aplicación de estos principios es reducir para el
obrero la necesidad de pensar, y reducir sus movimientos al mínimo. Debe,
siempre que sea posible, tener que hacer una sola cosa con un solo movimiento
(…). El trabajador no debe ser obligado a la precipitación: no debe tener un
segundo menos de los que le haga falta, ni un segundo de más (…). Algunos
obreros no hacen más que una o dos pequeñas operaciones. (…) El hombre que
coloca una pieza no la fija; la pieza puede no ser completamente fijada más que
después de la intervención de varios obreros. Ford, H.: “Mi vida y mi obra”, 1925.