2. We are fish swimming under a sea of air! Pressure = 1,000 millibars at ground level Atmospheric pressure (millibars) 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (Sea Level) – 80 – 40 0 40 80 120 Temperature (˚C) Altitude (kilometers) Altitude (miles) 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 5 Thermosphere Heating via ozone Mesosphere Stratosphere Ozone “layer” Troposphere Temperature Pressure Mesopause Stratopause Tropopause

3. Types of Air Pollutants Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants CO CO 2 SO 2 NO NO 2 Most hydrocarbons Most suspended particles SO 3 HNO 3 H 2 SO 4 H 2 O 2 O 3 PANs Most and salts NO 3 – SO 4 2 –

4. Solar radiation Energy in = Energy out Reflected by atmosphere (34%) UV radiation Absorbed by ozone Absorbed by the earth Visible light Lower Stratosphere (ozone layer) Troposphere Heat Greenhouse effect Radiated by atmosphere as heat (66%) Earth Heat radiated by the earth

5. Greenhouse Effect Rays of sunlight p warm the earth's surface . Earth's surface absorbs muchcoming degrades it to longer-wavelength infrared radiation (heat) , which rises i absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases a warms the lower atmosphere. As concentrations of greenhouse gases rise , more heat to the lower atmosphere. (a) (b) (c)

11. Sea Level Rise in the Philippines Yanagi and Akaki 1994 Hulme and Sheard 1999 Perez et al. 1999 Manila Bay (Blue) Legaspi (Red)

12. Mactan Island, Cebu

13. Northeast MManila

14. Bulacan-Pampanga

24. Summary of 1994 RP Emissions 1990 Total (ADB 1994): 81.9 x 10 3 tons Waste 7% Agriculture 33% Industry 11% Energy 49% Sector CO 2 Emissions (10 3 tons) Energy 50.0 Agriculture 33.1 Industry 10.6 Waste 7.1 Total 100.8