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(1) For each of the following assertions, if it is valid, find a formal proof, in the system
discussed in lecture - to emphasize, you can only use the rules of inference given in lecture and
the macros aboveand if it is not valid, find a counterexample (i.e. true/false assignments to the
variables which make the assumptions true but the conclusion false). begin{tabular}{l} PQ 
(PQ)R  hlineR end{tabular} (a) (b) (c) begin{tabular}{|l|} hlineXY  XZ  hlineZY  hline
hlineEF  GF  HI  EH  hlineGI  hline hline end{tabular} (d) LM(MN)(LK)P(QL)PK
(e) PQR(ST)R(PT)RQS (f) A(BC)CA(DA)CDB

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