1. SCIENTIFIC THINKING

2. Scientific Method Review
 1) Problem Statement(Question)
 2) Hypothesis(Possible Answer to Question)
 3) Experiment (Testing possible Answer)
 4) Analysis(Comparing effects of the Experimental
Group and to that of the Control Group)
 5) Conclusion (State if Hypothesis was proven to
be right or wrong)

3. Parts of ever Experiment
 Variables – factors that can change in an
experiment.
 Independent Variable(Cause) – factor that is
purposely changed by the experimenter.
 Dependent Variable(Effect) – factor that results
from the change made by the independent variable.
 Control Group – used as a standard to compare to
experiment group; independent variable is not
changed in control group.
 Experiment Group – includes factor that is
changed (independent variable).

4. Scientific Method Review
Through the use of The Scientific Method two things can
be formed after Peer Review:
 A) Scientific Theory – a possible explanation that is
supported by scientific findings.
 B) Scientific Law – a rule that describes a pattern in nature.
 Peer Review- scientist check each others work by replicating
their experiment to validate the other scientist claims.
 Note: In scientific data tables/graphs the independent
variable(IV) is always written on the x-axis. The dependent
variable is written on the y-axis. DRY MIX – dependent
responding y-axis, Manipulated independent x-axis

5. Scientific Graphs/Tables
DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA
Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
DOMAIN BACTERIA Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
This chart is called a cladogram. Cladogram show the evolutionary relationships among group of organisms.

6. Scientific Graphs/Tables
• PH SCALE (POWER OF HYDROGEN)
Oven cleaner
Bleach
Increasingly Basic
Ammonia solution
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Milk
Normal
rainfall
Increasingly Acidic
Acid rain
Tomato
juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid

7. Types of Graphs
 Bar Graphs Line Graphs Stem and Leaf Plots
Circle Graph Histograms(Only used to find frequency)
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8. Types of Graphs
 Box and Whisker Plots Scatter Plots
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Cummulative Frequency (ogive) graphs.

9. Sample Question
 Lisa is working on a science project. Her task is to
answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which is a
commercial hair product) affect the speed of hair
growth". Her family is willing to volunteer for the
experiment.
 Describe how Lisa would perform this experiment.
Identify the control group, and the independent and
dependent variables in your description.

10. Answer to Sample Question
 A) Possible Experiment : Lisa can test how long the
volunteer hair grows in week 1. Then she can use the
commercial hair product to see how long the
volunteer hair grows in week 2.
B)Independent Variable will be the commercial
hair product.
 C)Dependent Variable will be the length the hair
grows(Speed of hair growth).
 D) Control will be the normal hair growth without
product.

11. Baseline Sample Questions
 Dan built a model water dripper continuously watering a plant that
grows best when its soil is kept damp. He designed his model to
improve on existing watering methods that required the plant be
watered by hand every 12 hours. Watering by hand left the soil dry at
times and soaking wet at other times. In a controlled experiment to test
the effectiveness of the water dripper compared to watering by
hand, which would be the best procedure for caring for plants in the
control group?
 A. not watering them at all
 B. watering them by hand every 12 hours
 C. watering them every 12 hours but with decreasing amounts of water
 D. watering them every time their soil appears dry without relying in
time

12. Water
 Water is the universal solvent because its ability to
dissolve compounds and other polar molecules.
 Water has unique properties such:
1)Polar – Negatively charged oxygen and positively
charge hydrogen’s.
2)High Specific Heat- water molecule can hold a lot of
heat before its temperature changes(Moderates Temp).
3)Cohesion- waters ability to bond to itself.
4)Adhesion- waters ability to bond with other molecules.
Note: Water has a strong bond with other molecules then
with itself(Ex. water in a glass beaker forming a dip at the
center). Water has a strong bond with the glass molecule
then will itself.

13. Water molecules dissolving Sodium Chloride
 Water polarity attracts itself to other molecules. For
example:
 Water is the universal solvent(dissolves solutes).

14. High Heat Capacity of Water
 Positive hydrogen atom is attracted to negative
oxygen atom and water molecules stick together.
They make intermolecular dipole-dipole bonds and
these bonds are very strong. Because the molecules
are being held tightly in place by these bonds, the
H2O molecules don't move much when heated. It
takes more and more heat to move the
molecules, causing water to have a high specific heat
capacity.

15. Baseline Sample Questions
 The Gulf Stream is an ocean current that flows along Florida’s east
coast. It has an important moderating effects on the climates of
northern latitudes, particularly in Greenland, Canada, and Europe.
What property of water makes the climates of these areas milder than
they would otherwise be?
 A. melting point
 B. high specific heat capacity
 C. polarity and electronegativity
 D. expansion of crystal structure as water freezes

16. The 4 Macromolecules
 Organic Compound found in all living things.
 Macromolecule Function
 1)Carbohydrate provide energy
for cell activities
 2)Lipids Store energy in the form
of fats, waxes and oils.
Makes up the cell
membrane.
 3)Protein many functions
 4)Nucleic Acid stores genetic info

17. Brief Overview of 4 Macromolecules
 Carbohydrates-
 Function: provide energy and store energy; structure and support
 Monomer: monosaccharaides and disaccharides
 Polymer: polysaccharides aka complex carbohydrates (Starches)
 Proteins
 Functions: transport, mechanical, signaling, defense, movement, identification, (a lot)
 Monomer: Amino acids
 Polymer: Polypeptide Chain (PROTEINS)
 Nucleic Acids
 Function: stores genetic info for organisms; what proteins to make
 Monomer: Nucleotide
 Polymer: Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
 Lipids, fats, oils and steroids
 Function: stores extra energy; insulation; waterproofing; cell membrane;
 Monomer: NONE
 Polymer: NONE

19. Carbohydrates-(Polymer)
 Example of a Carbohydrate is starch. Starches are
made up of links of connected glucose(monomers).
Starch
Glucose

20. Lipids
 Lipids include waxes, fats and oils.

21. Amino Acid(Monomer)
 Amino Acids link up together to form polymers
called proteins. Proteins have a 3-D shape.
Amino group Carboxyl group
Amino
acids
General structure Alanine Serine
Reaction pathway
with enzyme
Example of a protein are enzymes. Enzymes lower the
activation energy of a chemical reaction.
Reaction pathway Activation energy
without enzyme without enzyme Independent variable (Y-axis)is the enzymes presence lowing the
activation energy. Dependent Variable(X-axis) the time it takes for
the reaction to happen.
Activation
Reaction pathway energy
with enzyme with enzyme

22. Baseline Sample Questions
 Which type of biological macromolecule determines traits plant will
inherit from its parent plants?
A. lipids
 B. proteins
 C. nucleic acids
 D. carbohydrates
 A student writes a research paper on the function of lipids in the human
body. Which of the following would be appropriate title for the report?
 A. Energy Storage and Cell Membranes: An Extraordinary Molecule
 B. Strong Muscles and Bones: How the Body Builds Them
 C. Energy for Activities Right Now
 D. Genetics and You