1. The Great Depression & The First New Deal
1929-1935
US History Survey Mini-Lectures
1865 to the Present
2. Week 8 Virtual Classroom
Hard Times Again: The Onset of the Great
Depression
Mini-Lecture 1: The Curse of
Unemployment; The Hardest Hit; African
Americans Face the Depression; The Land
That Flew Away
15. The Great Depression & The First New Deal
1929-1935
US History Survey
1865 to the Present
16. Week 8 Virtual Classroom
President Hoover’s Response to the Crisis
Mini-Lecture 2: A Small Role for the Federal
Government; The Failure of Local Relief
and the Limits of Self-Help; Emergence of
Radical Protest; 1932: Marching for Our
Rights
27. The Great Depression & The First New Deal
1929-1935
US History Survey
1865 to the Present
28. Week 8 Virtual Classroom
The Promise of a New Deal
Mini-Lecture 3: Franklin Roosevelt:
Experimentation and the Status Quo;
Rescuing the Banks; Toward National Relief
39. The Great Depression & The First New Deal
1929-1935
US History Survey
1865 to the Present
40. Week 8 Virtual Classroom
The Promise of a New Deal
Mini-Lecture 4: A Revolution on the Farm;
Public Investment in the South and West; A
New Deal for American Indians;
Transforming American Industry
47. The Great Depression & The First New Deal
1929-1935
US History Survey
1865 to the Present
48. Week 8 Virtual Classroom
The Revival of Organized Labor
Mini-Lecture 5: The Working Class Upsurge
of 1933 and 1934; A Wave of Strikes;
Organized Labor Meets Defeat in the West
and South
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Unemployment, Hunger, Sickness, Drought …
Black Thursday, October 24, 1929
4 Million+ Unemployed By December 1929
Depression of “Biblical Proportions” in the USA and Rise of Radical Movements in Europe
Role of the Federal Reserve in Fueling Speculation (Trading on Margin); Lack of Insurance for Depositors (9 Million Lost Their Savings)
International System of Finance: Debt Finance in Europe and Asia
Chart on Business Failures
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Industrial Jobs Hit First, Then Agricultural
Problem of Underemployment in Industry
Massive Unemployment in Construction
Beginning of Migrations & Impact on Families: Hoovervilles
Impacts on Women (Remember the “Family Wage”?)
Rise of Racial and Ethnic Tensions – Impact on African Americans and Mexican Americans
Charts of Birth Rate and Unemployment
Picture from Life Magazine
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Jobs Hit Worst – Unskilled
Story of Atlanta Hotels & Their Bellhops
Re-emergence of Lynching
Drought Leads to Dust Storms
Erosion of Top Soil Through Farming Practices
Oakies: 16,000 Farmers Fleeing the Dust to California
John Steinbeck’s 1939 Novel The Grapes of Wrath
Total Migrant Population More Like 400,000
Picture of a Dust Storm in Spearman ,Texas
Map of the Dust Bowl
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Unemployment, Hunger, Sickness, Drought …
Theme of Self Reliance
The Horatio Alger Hero
Poster – “Of Course We Can Do It!”
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Published in 1868
Basis for the "Horatio Alger Story"
Bootblack's Rise to Middle Class Life
Popular book for children in the later part of the 19th Century
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Objective of President Hoover – Restore Business Confidence
Blame Placed on Europe
Firm Belief That Relief Not the Job of the Central Government
Belief Instead in Voluntary Work
Belief That Government Could Not Limit Production Or Intervene to Stimulate Consumption
Limited Public Works Projects – Ex. Boulder Dam
Public Relief Would Damage “Character”
Idea That Hardship Brought on by Personal Failure
Local Relief Weak, And Tainted by Bias (Dallas and Houston Refused Aid to African Americans)
Fialure of Traditional Elites: Welfare Capitalism; Ethnic Banks: Unions
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Role of Communists and Socialists
Attractiveness of Russian Revolution and the Soviet Model
“The Reds” Defended Workers Against Eviction
Deadly Conflict in the Rural South – Active Communist Party in Alabama
1931 Scottsboro, Alabama – 9 African Americans Falsely Accused, Tried and Condemned to Death
Workers’ Newspaper – Seattle Unemployed Worker
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Ford Laid Off 60,000 Workers -- Police Fire on Marchers
Bonus Marchers (WWI Vets) Assaulted by US Army in DC. Their Hooverville Burns to the Ground …
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Unemployment, Hunger, Sickness, Drought …
Importance of FDR in American History
FDR as Moderate Within His Historical Context
FDR’s Personal History & Popularity
Use of Radio & “Fireside Chats”
FDR as “Opportunist” and “Experimentalist”
Diversity in Context: Reaching Out to Catholics and Jews
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Regulation Instead of Nationalization
FDIC and SEC
Bold Move – Taking US Off Gold Standard
Major Innovation in Use of National Government to Provide Relief: Federal Emergency Relief Administraiton (FERA)
Building on Legacy of TR:
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
Undercutting Private Relief
“Realism” With Regard to Southern Planter Class Shaped Relief in the South (Keeping a “Ready Labor Supply” in the South)
Reviving “Masculinity”
Teenage Hobos Riding the Rails - American Experience (PBS)
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Unemployment, Hunger, Sickness, Drought …
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1932 – Unrest in Agricultural Sector – Spirit of ’32 Picture
1933 Agricultural Readjustment Act (AAA) – Paying Farmers Not to Produce
Effects on Agribusiness vs. Small Holders (Share Croppers)
Rise and Fall of the Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union
At First New Deal Dept of Agricuture Supported Tenant Farmers
1935 Purge at Agriculture to Please Southern Democrats
Bottom Line: Agriculture Became Prosperous and Efficient
1933 – Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to Harness Water Power and Rural Electrification Administration (REA) to Bring Electricity to Rural Areas
Social and Ecological engineering on a Grand Scale -- Socialistic?
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Dawes Act (1887) and the History of Assimilation
John Collier - FDR’s Commissioner of Indian Affairs
1934 Indian Reorganization Act Restored Surplus Land to Tribes
Resurgence of Indian Cultures
Upset Protestant Missionaries
1933 National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) Administered by National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Use of Government Power to Regulate Production and Prices
Hugh Johnson, NRA Chief, Used WWI-style Marketing (Blue Eagle)
500+ Industrial Codes Spelled Out What Businesses Could and Could Not Do
Gurantee of Right to Organize (Section 7a of NIRA)
“Yellow Dog” Contracts Now Illegal
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Unemployment, Hunger, Sickness, Drought …
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United Mine Workers (UMW) – “The President Wants You to Join a Union”
June 17th – Very Day NIRA Signed by FDR – 80% of Ohio Miners Signed a Union Card!
August 1933, FDR Sets Up National Labor Board to Resolve Disputes
Context of Mobilization of Workers by Communist, Socialist and Radical Unionists
Change in Structure of Industry:
Ehtnic Homozenization
Rise of Assembly Lines and “Semi-Skilled Machine Operators”
Bad Economy Prompted Workers to Stay and Fight
Labor Insurgencies in Spring of 1934
Minneapolis Teamsters (Trotskyite) Lead Strike of Truck Drivers and Warehousemen – Leads to Growth of Teamsters
San Francisco Longshoremen – International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA) – Strike Leads to Bay Area Wide General Strike Leads to Federal Arbitration, Union Recognition, 30 Hour Work Week and Pay Raises
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Unemployment, Hunger, Sickness, Drought …
Story Very Different in Agricultural Sector – Power of the Growers (NIRA 7a Excluded Agricultural Laborers)
Without Protection, Strikers Were Arrested, Tried and Jailed
September 1933 - South Carolina Piedmont Textile Workers in the United Textile Workers Union (UTWU) Go On Strike to Protest the “Stretch Out.” Police Shoot and Kill a Dozen Picketers
Defeat of UTWU – Collapse of Unionism in the South
Resurgence of Populism With the LaFollettes in Wisconsin
End of the First New Deal - May 27, 1935 Supreme Court Rules NIRA Unconstitutional in Schecter v. United States
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End of 1934 New Deal Has Host of Enemies – Under Attack from the Left and the Right
NIRA Had Provoked Business -- Fear of “Working Class Defiance”
Pierre DuPont and Alfred P. Sloan (GM Chairman) Form the Liberty League
California’s Associated Farmers
Hughey Long, Governor of Louisiana, Promotes “Share Our Wealth Clubs” For Radical Income Redistribution
Charles E Coughlin, Detroit Catholic Priest, Attacks Jews, Trade Unions and FDR on Radio
Upton Sinclair Leaves Socialist Party to Run For California Governor as a Democrat (End Poverty in California)
Communist Party’s “Popular Front”