The Industrial Revolution transformed economies and societies from the 18th to 19th century. New technologies like the steam engine and innovations in textile production like the spinning jenny allowed manufacturing to move from small workshops to mass production in factories. This led people to migrate from rural areas to cities to work in the new industrial jobs, causing rapid urbanization and crowding in urban areas. Working conditions in factories were often difficult, with long hours, unsafe machinery, and low wages, including for children. The new industrialized system focused on mass production and division of labor.

1. The IndustrialThe Industrial
RevolutionRevolution
The Industrial Revolution is when
people stopped making stuff at home
and started making stuff in factories!

2.  The Industrial Revolution was a period
from the 18th to the 19th century where
major changes in agriculture, manufacturing,
mining, transportation, and technology had a
profound effect on the socioeconomic and
cultural conditions of the times
 Industrialization: a shift from an agricultural
(farming) economy to one based on industry
(manufacturing)

3. Key TermsKey Terms
 Industrialization – a shift from an agricultural
economy (farming) to one based on industry
(manufacturing)
 Manufacturing – the use of machines, tools, and labor
to make things for use or sale
 Rural – farming or country life; villages (sparsely
populated)
 Urban – city life (densely populated)
 Urbanization – the movement of people to cities
 Tenement – a substandard, multi-family dwelling;
usually old and occupied by the poor
 Free market – a market in which there is no economic
intervention and regulation by the state (govt)
 Capitalism – private ownership of means of production
 Socialism – society (not the individual) owns and
operates the means of production

4. Introduction:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Efq-aNBkvc
(3:31)
Turning Points in History:Turning Points in History:
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

5. Preview:Preview:
Reading & QuestionsReading & Questions
 As a quick preview to the Industrial
Revolution, read each passage and
answer the questions that follow
– Overview Topics
 What is a Revolution?
 What Caused the American Industrial Revolution?
 Horrors of the Workplace
– The Beginning of Child Labor
– Working Conditions
– Life in the City
 The Assembly Line

6. Pre-Industrial RevolutionPre-Industrial Revolution
 Village lifeVillage life
dominated – familiesdominated – families
were nearly self-were nearly self-
sufficientsufficient
 Most villagers wereMost villagers were
farmersfarmers

7. Making Cloth BeforeMaking Cloth Before
MachinesMachines
 Cottage Industry
 Slow process

 Business involving
people who worked
at home

8. Causes of the Industrial RevolutionCauses of the Industrial Revolution
 Agricultural Revolution – improved the quality and
quantity of food
– Farmers mixed different kinds of soil or tried new crop rotation to
get higher yields
– This led to a surplus of food = fewer people died from hunger =
rapid growth in population
 Rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure: the
process of taking over and consolidating land once
shared by peasant farmers (farm output and profits rose)
 New technologies and new sources of energy and
materials (e.g., James Watt’s steam engine became a
key source of power)

9. Rapid Population GrowthRapid Population Growth
Population of Britain in 1750 6 million
Population of Britain in 1851 21 million
Population of London in 1750 500,000
Population of London in 1851 3 million
Families in agriculture in 1750 65% of population
Families in agriculture in 1851 25% of population

10. Causes
•___________
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•___________
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•___________
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•___________
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_______
The Industrial
Revolution
Effects
•______________
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•______________
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__________
•______________
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•______________
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__________
When we get to the end of this lesson, we will complete a
‘Causes & Effects of the Industrial Revolution’ Graphic Organizer
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11. Industrial Revolution Begins InIndustrial Revolution Begins In
Great BritainGreat Britain
Stable GovernmentStable Government
 No warsNo wars
 Had capital (money) to invest in businessesHad capital (money) to invest in businesses
 Had overseas markets (colonial empire)Had overseas markets (colonial empire)
Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
 Coal (energy for machines)Coal (energy for machines)
 Iron ore (for tools)Iron ore (for tools)
 Large network of rivers to move productsLarge network of rivers to move products
Labor SupplyLabor Supply
 Growing populationGrowing population
 Ready workforceReady workforce
New TechnologyNew Technology
 Invention and improvement of steam engineInvention and improvement of steam engine

12. Industrial Revolution Spreads to
Europe and the United States

13. The Enclosure MovementThe Enclosure Movement
 The process of taking
over and consolidating
land formerly shared by
peasant farmers
 Landowners gained:
– More land for pastures
– Larger fields for crops
 Laborers lost:
– Forced off their lands
– Moved to growing cities

14. Enclosure One thing Led toEnclosure One thing Led to
AnotherAnother
 Farmers gained pasture land for animals
 Raised more sheep
 Wool output increased
 Larger fields
 Able to cultivate product more efficiently
 Farm out-put increased
 Profits rose

15. Land Enclosure in EnglandLand Enclosure in England

16. Push Factors:Push Factors:
Where did all the people goWhere did all the people go ??
 Fewer worker
needed on the
lands
 Farmers forced off
their lands
 Small owners could
not compete
 Villages shrank
 Cities grew – and
GREW!!
Over London by Rail Gustave Doré c. 1870.
Shows the densely populated and polluted
environments created in the new industrial
cities

17. • Urbanization: the movement
of people to cities
• Changes in farming, soaring
population, and an increase
in demand for workers led
people to move from farms
to the cities to work in
factories
• Small towns near natural
resources and cities near
factories boomed instantly
Urbanization
Migration to CitiesMigration to Cities

18. First Major Industry toFirst Major Industry to
FormForm
TEXTILE!
The demand for cloth grew, so merchants had to compete with others for the supplies to make it. This
raised a problem for the consumer because the products were at a higher cost. The solution was
to use machinery, which was cheaper then products made by hand (which took a long time to
create), therefore allowing the cloth to be cheaper to the consumer.
Remember the ‘Spinning
Jenny’? It reduced the
amount of time and
work needed to produce
yarn (increased
productivity)

19. Textile Factory Workers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

20. Growth of IndustryGrowth of Industry
 Growth ofGrowth of factoriesfactories
– As demand for clothAs demand for cloth
grew, inventors came upgrew, inventors came up
with new machines (e.g.,with new machines (e.g.,
flying shuttle, spinningflying shuttle, spinning
jenny)jenny)
– To house these newTo house these new
machines,machines,
manufacturers built themanufacturers built the
first factoriesfirst factories
– New machines andNew machines and
factories increasedfactories increased
productionproduction
– By the 1850s, factoriesBy the 1850s, factories
began to be powered bybegan to be powered by
coal and steam enginescoal and steam engines

21. Technological Advances thatTechnological Advances that
Produced the Industrial RevolutionProduced the Industrial Revolution
 Spinning Jenny: James Hargreaves
 Steam Engine: James Watt
 Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney
 Process for making Steel: Henry
Bessemer

22. Spinning Jenny: 1764Spinning Jenny: 1764
 Invented by James
Hargreaves
 At the time, cotton
production could not
keep up with demand
 This machine spun many
threads at the same
time, thus reducing the
amount of work needed
to produce yarn
(increased productivity =
produced yarn quickly)

23. Modern Steam Engine: 1763-Modern Steam Engine: 1763-
17751775
 Improved by James Watt
 Offered a dramatic increase
in fuel efficiency
 Could be used to drive
many different types of
machinery (by the 1850s,
most factories were powered
by the steam engine)
 Increased the demand for coal to heat the water
to produce steam (and the need for coal miners)

24. Cotton Gin: 1793Cotton Gin: 1793
 Invented by Eli Whitney to mechanize the
cleaning of cotton
 A machine that quickly and easily separates the
cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously
done by hand
 Led to the demand for
more slaves

26. (Henry) Bessemer Process for(Henry) Bessemer Process for
the Manufacture of Steel:the Manufacture of Steel:
18561856 Bessemer process
involved using oxygen in
air blown through molten
pig iron to burn off the
impurities and thus create
steel
 Lowered the cost of steel
production, leading to
steel being widely
substituted for cast iron
 Steel used for the
production of guns and
railway structures such as
bridges and tracks

27. Technology
 The Industrial Revolution was built on
rapid advances in technology
 Which of these three inventions most
changed the way that raw materials,
goods, and people moved?

28. The Impact of the Railroad
•Transportation
innovation that most
changed the way raw
materials, goods, and
people moved
•Allowed
communication and
trade between places
previously deemed
too far

29. Where employees worked
 Major change from cottage industry
 Had to leave home to work (travel to cities)
Life in factory towns
 Towns grew up around factories and coal mines
 Pollution, poor sanitation, no health codes = sickness
 Rapid population growth
 Poor lived in crowded tiny rooms in tenements (multistory buildings divided
into apartments)
Working in a factory
 No safety codes = dangerous work for all
 Poor factory conditions (e.g., no heat or a/c, dirty, smelly, cramped)
 Long workdays (12-14 hours)
 Little pay (men compete with women and children for wages)
 Child labor = kept costs of production low and profits high
 Mind-numbing monotony (doing the same thing all day every day)
 Owners of mines and factories exercised control over lives of laborers
Factories and Factory TownsFactories and Factory Towns

30. Conditions inConditions in
FactoriesFactories
Dirty
Cramped spaces
Monotony
Dangerous
Machinery

31. Young women in the textile mills of
Massachusetts died at an average age of
26, constantly inhaling cotton dust,
working long hours in unventilated rooms
lit by oil lamps

32. Testimonials onTestimonials on
Labor ConditionsLabor Conditions
 Testimony of William Cooper, a witness
before the Sadler Commission in 1832

33. Child Labor
•Young children
•Long hours
•Poor treatment
•Dangerous conditions

35. Children of the Industrial Revolution
Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=kfuUoINOU5I&feature=fvwrel (Music 6:00)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=7cK6Q4bdKfM&feature=related (Documentary
9:58)
Pictures:
http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabo
r/

36. Testimony fromTestimony from
Child Labor in the MinesChild Labor in the Mines
 The Ashley Mines Investigation of 1842
– Children: James Pearce (12), William Drury
(10), and Patience Kershaw (17)
– Mine Manager: Edward Potter
– Mine Owner: William Newbould

37. Life in Factory TownsLife in Factory Towns
Cramped
Tenements
Pollution
Poor
Sanitation
Rapid Population Growth

38. HousingHousing
Tenement = a substandard, multi-
family dwelling, usually old and
occupied by the poor
 Built cheaply
 Multiple stories
 No running water
 No toilet
 Sewer down the middle of street
 Trash thrown out into street
 Crowded (5+ people living in one
room)
 Breeding grounds for diseases
 Pollution from factory smoke

39. The factory system changed the world of work;
Mass Production = the production of large amounts of standardized
products, especially on assembly lines
• Mass production began in
U.S.
• Elements:
– Interchangeable parts
– Assembly line
• Production and repair faster
and more efficient
Mass Production
• Dramatic increase in
production
• Businesses charged less
• Affordable goods
• More repetitious jobs
• Soon became norm
Effects
Factories and MassFactories and Mass
ProductionProduction

40. Assembly LineAssembly Line
 Workers on an assembly line add parts to
a product that moves along the belt from
one work station to the next
 A different person performs each task
along the assembly line
 This division of labor made production
faster and cheaper, lowering the price of
goods

41. First Assembly Line:First Assembly Line:
Henry Ford - AutomobilesHenry Ford - Automobiles

42. Rise of Labor UnionsRise of Labor Unions
 Encouraged worker-
organized strikes to
demand increased wages
and improved working
conditions
 Lobbied for laws to improve
the lives of workers,
including women and
children
 Wanted workers’ rights and
collective bargaining
between labor and
management

43. The JungleThe Jungle
Upton Sinclair
– Written in 1906 to point out the troubles of the
working class and the corruption of the American
meatpacking industry in the early 20th
Century
– Depicts poverty, absence of social programs,
unpleasant living and working conditions, and
hopelessness prevalent among the working class,
which is contrasted with the deeply-rooted corruption
of those in power

44. The JungleThe Jungle
 Jurgis Rudkus:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=kHF_BWfSPik (2:46)
 Documentary:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=M1aZbqjBF7A&feature=related (9:52)

45. The JungleThe Jungle
 Your Job:
– Read ‘About Upton Sinclair,’ author of The
Jungle
– Read ‘The Jungle: Plot Overview’
– Read ‘Brief Chapter Introduction for Chapter 3
of The Jungle’
– Read ‘Chapter 3 of The Jungle’
– Read ‘ Extra: Sinclair’s The Jungle Turns 100’
– On a separate sheet of paper, answer the
Comprehension Questions

46. Legislation Resulting fromLegislation Resulting from TheThe
JungleJungle
 Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (sanitary
standards)
 Pure Food and Drug Act (food and drug
tests, labels on food products)

47. Extension ActivityExtension Activity
 Your Job: Pretend that you are one of the
following people working in a factory during the
Industrial Revolution:
– 12-year old boy/girl
– Mother of four with no husband to support the family
– Immigrant father from Lithuania
 Research the living conditions and working
conditions that you faced during the Industrial
Revolution
 Write a 2-page journal entry depicting your
struggles, fears, frustrations, and hopes for the
future

48. Consider these issues whenConsider these issues when
writing your journal entry:writing your journal entry:
Growth of cities
and migration
Living
conditions: no
safety codes
Working
conditions:
unfair labor
practices
Class tensions:
the rise of the
middle class

49. Large Gaps between Rich & Poor
The “HAVES”
Bourgeois Life Thrived on the
Luxuries of the Industrial
Revolution
The “HAVE-NOTS”
The Poor, The Over-Worked,
and the Destitute

50. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

51. New Ways of Thinking:New Ways of Thinking:
Economic PatternsEconomic Patterns
Capitalism vs. SocialismCapitalism vs. Socialism

52. CapitalismCapitalism
 Economic system in which the means of
production are privately owned and
operated for a private profit
 Free-market economy: decisions
regarding supply, demand, price,
distribution, and investments are made by
private actors
 Profit goes to owners who invest in the
business
 Wages are paid to workers employed by
companies and businesses

53. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

54. The Socialists:
Utopians & Marxists
 People as a society would operate and own thePeople as a society would operate and own the
means of production, not individualsmeans of production, not individuals
 Their goal was a society that benefitedTheir goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected feweveryone, not just a rich, well-connected few
 Tried to build perfect communities [utopias]Tried to build perfect communities [utopias]

55. Karl Marx: CommunismKarl Marx: Communism
 Wrote: The Communist Manifesto, 1848
 A response to the injustices of capitalism;
argued that capitalism would produce internal
tensions which would lead to its destruction
 Communism = a political philosophy that aims
for a classless and stateless society structured
upon common ownership of the means of
production and an end to private property
“Class struggle between employers and employees is
inevitable. Instead of capitalism with its emphasis on
greediness and selfishness, the new society ruled by the
proletariat (working class) will ensure social, economic, and
political equality for everyone.”

56. Capitalism vs. CommunismCapitalism vs. Communism
 Capitalism:
– an economic and social system
in which capital
is privately owned
– labor, goods and capital are
traded in markets; and
– profits distributed to owners or
invested in technologies and
industries.
 Communism:
– a social structure in which
classes are abolished
– property is commonly controlled
– A dictatorship of the workers
 Capitalism “Re-
Definitions”
 Communism “Re-
Definitions”

57. Effects of the IndustrialEffects of the Industrial
RevolutionRevolution

58. How did industrializationHow did industrialization
change the way of life?change the way of life?
Changes brought by
industrialization
Cities
Living Conditions Working Conditions
Class Tensions
Factories
Size ↑
No safety
codes
Sickness
Long hours,
Little pay
Dangerous
conditions
Large gaps
between the
rich and the poor
The rise of the
middle class

59. Positive EffectsPositive Effects
 Increased world productivityIncreased world productivity
 Growth of railroads (faster and moreGrowth of railroads (faster and more
efficient transportation of goods andefficient transportation of goods and
people)people)
 New entrepreneurs emerged (moreNew entrepreneurs emerged (more
money = more technology/inventions)money = more technology/inventions)
 New inventions improved quality of lifeNew inventions improved quality of life
for manyfor many
 Labor eventually organized (unions) toLabor eventually organized (unions) to
improve working conditionsimprove working conditions
 Laws were enacted to enforce healthLaws were enacted to enforce health
and safety codes in cities and factoriesand safety codes in cities and factories
 New opportunities for womenNew opportunities for women
 Rise of the middle class – size, power,Rise of the middle class – size, power,
and wealth expandedand wealth expanded
 Social structure becomes more flexibleSocial structure becomes more flexible

60. Negative Effects: Factory LifeNegative Effects: Factory Life
 Child labor used in factories &Child labor used in factories &
minesmines
 Miserable (dirty, cramped) andMiserable (dirty, cramped) and
dangerous (fingers, limbs, &dangerous (fingers, limbs, &
lives lost) working conditionslives lost) working conditions
 Monotonous work with heavy,Monotonous work with heavy,
noisy, repetitive machinerynoisy, repetitive machinery
 Long working hours – six daysLong working hours – six days
a week, with little paya week, with little pay
 Rigid schedules ruled eachRigid schedules ruled each
dayday
 Gas, candle & oil lampsGas, candle & oil lamps
created soot and smoke increated soot and smoke in
factoriesfactories
 Diseases such as pneumoniaDiseases such as pneumonia
& tuberculosis spread through& tuberculosis spread through
factoriesfactories

61. Negative Effects: Labor Practices &Negative Effects: Labor Practices &
Housing IssuesHousing Issues
 Labor unrest leads toLabor unrest leads to
demonstrations (sometimesdemonstrations (sometimes
violent)violent)
 Strikes take placeStrikes take place
 Women were paid less thanWomen were paid less than
men (were actually preferred)men (were actually preferred)
 Indentured workersIndentured workers
 Employers had a moreEmployers had a more
impersonal relationship withimpersonal relationship with
employeesemployees
 Tenement housing was poorlyTenement housing was poorly
constructed, crowded, andconstructed, crowded, and
coldcold
 Human and industrial wasteHuman and industrial waste
contaminated water supplies –contaminated water supplies –
typhoid and cholera spreadtyphoid and cholera spread

62. Negative Effects: WorldwideNegative Effects: Worldwide
 Air pollution increased overAir pollution increased over
cities and industrial areascities and industrial areas
 Technological changesTechnological changes
eroded the balance oferoded the balance of
power in Europepower in Europe
 Contributed to the growthContributed to the growth
of imperialism andof imperialism and
communism (Marxcommunism (Marx’s &’s &
Engels’ theories)Engels’ theories)
 Produced weaponry thatProduced weaponry that
gave Western nations agave Western nations a
military advantage overmilitary advantage over
developing nationsdeveloping nations

63. Not Necessarily Good or BadNot Necessarily Good or Bad
 The location of work places changed asThe location of work places changed as
more goods were produced away from themore goods were produced away from the
home environment (towns/factories)home environment (towns/factories)
 Educational systems emphasized moreEducational systems emphasized more
science, technology, and businessscience, technology, and business
 A global economy began to emergeA global economy began to emerge
(trade)(trade)

64. Individual Assignment
 Select two effects of the Industrial
Revolution that you believe were the most
significant (ONE positive effect and ONE
negative effect)
 Write 3-4 paragraphs answering the
following questions:
– How did the nature of work and the labor
force evolve from pre-Industrial times through
the Industrial Revolution?
– What were the two most significant effects of
the Industrial Revolution and why?

65. Causes
•___________
___________
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•___________
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•___________
___________
_______
•___________
___________
_______
The Industrial
Revolution
Effects
•______________
_______________
_______________
__________
•______________
_______________
_______________
__________
•______________
_______________
_______________
__________
•______________
_______________
_______________
__________
Directions:Directions:
Complete theComplete the ‘Causes & Effects of the Industrial Revolution’ Graphic‘Causes & Effects of the Industrial Revolution’ Graphic
Organizer, identifyingOrganizer, identifying at leastat least 3 causes and 3 effects3 causes and 3 effects
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66. Summary: Social EffectsSummary: Social Effects
 Increase in population of citiesIncrease in population of cities
 Women and children enter the workplace as cheap laborWomen and children enter the workplace as cheap labor
 Rise of labor unionsRise of labor unions
 Introduction of reformsIntroduction of reforms
– Laws to protect children in the workplaceLaws to protect children in the workplace
– Minimum wage and maximum hour lawsMinimum wage and maximum hour laws
– Federal safety and health standardsFederal safety and health standards
 Growth of the middle classGrowth of the middle class
 Increased production and higher demand for rawIncreased production and higher demand for raw
materials = growth of worldwide tradematerials = growth of worldwide trade
 Expansion of educationExpansion of education
 WomenWomen’s increased demands for suffrage’s increased demands for suffrage

67. Advantages of the Industrial RevolutionAdvantages of the Industrial Revolution
– Goods were able to be produced much more cheaply
– There were greater job opportunities
– There was an increase in wealth and in general
quality of life
– An independent urban manufacturing business force
arose
– New inventions and innovations occurred; information
spread, making the world “smaller”
– Spurred the rise of large cities