6. You CAN NOT SAY:
Washing
Clothes
Water
Kitchen
Machine
7. You CAN NOT SAY:
Football
Kick
Team
ANY FOOTBALLERS NAMES!
8. To classify tissue cells
To Investigate tissues in organs
9. Cells form Tissues
Tissues form Organs
Organs form Systems
Systems form Whole
Body
10. LO1 – Match up tissue function to its special
features.
LO2 – Investigate Cytology and Histology.
LO3 – Research chosen tissue for assignment
generation.
11. Fundamental unit of life
Have all properties of being alive
◦ Respond to stimuli
◦ Engage in metabolic activity
◦ Reproduce itself
All tissues & organs in body formed of cells
Individual cells perform functions for body
Special cells carry out very specific functions
12. Cells are specialized for particular functions
Tissues
Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
Four primary types
Epithelium
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscle
13. LO1 – Match up tissue function to its special
features.
LO2 – Investigate Cytology and Histology.
LO3 – Research chosen tissue for assignment
generation.
14. Use your homework notes and check the information with
what you can see around the room.
Produce a POSTER of:
1. An annotated diagram of an animal cell showing all
organelles and labels describing their function.
2. The 4 Tissue Types found in human body
(Epithelium, Connective, Nervous and Muscle tissue)
You need:
A detailed diagram of EACH tissue
A description of your tissue
An example of your tissue location in the human body
17. Epithelium is found throughout the body and is composed of close-
packed cells that form the covering or lining of body structures.
Epithelial tissue lines internal organs body cavities and vessels and found in
glands and is surface layer of skin
Function: PROTECTION of underlying structures [from dehydration, chemical or
mechanical damage]
Examples of epithelium: top of the skin (EPIDERMIS) and the lining of the
stomach and Colon are epithelial tissue. In addition, to forming a
protective barrier, epithelium may be specialised to absorb substances
(such as nutrients from the intestine), secrete substances (such as sweat
glands), or excrete waste (such as in kidney tubules).
SIMPLE: single layer specialized for secretion, absorption, filtration and excretion
STRATIFIED: 2 or more layers for wear and tear Excellent regeneration - the skin
is replaced every 3 weeks and the intestinal lining every 2-3 days
18. Simple SQUAMOUS (pavement) flattened cells disc-shaped nucleus form thin
and smooth membrane line alveoli, heart and BV & lymph vessels aka
endothelium.
Simple CUBOIDAL cube-shaped cells; spherical nucleus, close together on a
basement membrane found in kidney tubules and some glands
Simple COLUMNAR oblong shaped cells, elongated nucleus sitting on
basement membrane, tissue lining the gut: range of cells
Simple CILIATED cilia microscopic hair like projections on free surface of the
cell line some passageways eg airways use wave like movement to move
materials in one direction eg mucus towards the throat
STRATIFIED (several layers) epithelium consists of several layers of cells of
different shapes which grow from bottom layer up, main function is to protect
underlying structures from wear and tear
Stratified SQUAMOUS deeper layers cells are more columnar as they mature
and are pushed up they become flattened until they are shed
Keratinised (dry surfaces) eg skin hair nails surface layer of cells are dead and
contain a hard waterproof protein (keratin).
Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium found on wet surfaces that are
subject to wear and tear eg lining the mouth the pharynx and oesophagus
Stratified CUBOIDAL found in ducts of sweat glands and male urethra for
PROTRECTION
19. Functions:
Binds body tissues together
Supports the body
Provides protection
Supporting and Protecting tissue in body structures
Performs different functions depending on its location
Bone
Cartilage
Tendons
Adipose
20. Nervous tissue composed
of cells – Neurons and
Neurolgia
Function is to send
impulses to other areas
of the body
This tissue forms the
BRAIN, SPINAL CHORD
and NERVES
21. Produces movement in body by contracting
Composed of individual muscle fibers
Three basic types of muscles
◦ Skeletal muscle – attached to bones
◦ Smooth muscle – internal organs
◦ Cardiac muscle –in the heart
Voluntary (under conscious control)
Involuntary
22. LO1 – Match up tissue function to its special
features.
LO2 – Investigate Cytology and Histology.
LO3 – Research chosen tissue for assignment
generation.
Hinweis der Redaktion
CYTOLOGY the study of cells
the cell is the fundamental unit - the smallest structure of the body that is living in its own way - it is usually microscopic
each cell therefore requires nutrients, oxygen, water, specific pH and suitable temperature
it is able to respond to changes in its environment, respond to stimuli, carry out metabolic functions (energy production and excretion) and able to reproduce themselves
To keep the surface area proportional to the volume of the cell / Some cells divide continually - skin cells / Some lose the ability - CNS
cells vary in form and size each has a structure adapted to its particular function - over 200 cell types
specialised cells have very specialised functions, eg: muscle cells contract, nerve cells can transmit electrical impulses, cells in lungs take in oxygen, cells in digestive system absorb nutrients
cells specialise in function for efficiency, if all cells had to do all things then would be large and not able to work as efficiently as they perhaps could more functions to go wrong?
CYTOLOGY the study of cells
the cell is the fundamental unit - the smallest structure of the body that is living in its own way - it is usually microscopic
each cell therefore requires nutrients, oxygen, water, specific pH and suitable temperature
it is able to respond to changes in its environment, respond to stimuli, carry out metabolic functions (energy production and excretion) and able to reproduce themselves
To keep the surface area proportional to the volume of the cell / Some cells divide continually - skin cells / Some lose the ability - CNS
cells vary in form and size each has a structure adapted to its particular function - over 200 cell types
specialised cells have very specialised functions, eg: muscle cells contract, nerve cells can transmit electrical impulses, cells in lungs take in oxygen, cells in digestive system absorb nutrients
cells specialise in function for efficiency, if all cells had to do all things then would be large and not able to work as efficiently as they perhaps could more functions to go wrong?
CYTOLOGY the study of cells
the cell is the fundamental unit - the smallest structure of the body that is living in its own way - it is usually microscopic
each cell therefore requires nutrients, oxygen, water, specific pH and suitable temperature
it is able to respond to changes in its environment, respond to stimuli, carry out metabolic functions (energy production and excretion) and able to reproduce themselves
To keep the surface area proportional to the volume of the cell / Some cells divide continually - skin cells / Some lose the ability - CNS
cells vary in form and size each has a structure adapted to its particular function - over 200 cell types
specialised cells have very specialised functions, eg: muscle cells contract, nerve cells can transmit electrical impulses, cells in lungs take in oxygen, cells in digestive system absorb nutrients
cells specialise in function for efficiency, if all cells had to do all things then would be large and not able to work as efficiently as they perhaps could more functions to go wrong?
Histology – the study of tissue
Groups of cells and associated materials work together to perform a specialized activity
4 types - epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Epithelium is found throughout the body and is composed of close-packed cells that form the covering or lining of body structures. Epithelial tissue lines internal organs body cavities and vessels and found in glands and is surface layer of skin
structure related to function:
PROTECTION of underlying structures [from dehydration, chemical or mechanical damage] nerves present to sense change / environment,
cells will be tightly packed prevents invasion from outside / loss of substances from inside
Examples of epithelium: top of the skin (EPIDERMIS) and the lining of the stomach and Colon are epithelial tissue. In addition, to forming a protective barrier, epithelium may be specialised to absorb substances (such as nutrients from the intestine), secrete stbstances (such as sweat glands), or excrete waste (such as in kidney tubules).
SIMPLE: single layer specialized for secretion, absorption, filtration and excretion
STRATIFIED: 2 or more layers for wear and tear Excellent regeneration - the skin is replaced every 3 weeks and the intestinal lining every 2-3 days
simple SQUAMOUS (pavement) flattened cells disc-shaped nucleus
form thin and smooth membrane line alveoli, heart and BV & lymph vessels aka endothelium. Easy diffusion.
simple CUBOIDAL cube-shaped cells; spherical nucleus, close together on a basement membrane found in kidney tubules and some glands (ovaries) : secretion, absorption and excretion
simple COLUMNAR oblong shaped cells, elongated nucleus sitting on basement membrane, tissue lining the gut: range of cells, some absorb nutrients, others secrete mucus (goblet cells)
simple CILIATED cilia microscopic hair like projections on free surface of the cell line some passageways eg airways use wave like movement to move materials in one direction eg mucus towards the throat
STRATIFIED (several layers) epithelium consists of several layers of cells of different shapes which grow from bottom layer up, main function is to protect underlying structures from wear and tear, not usually a basement membrane
stratified SQUAMOUS deeper layers cells are more columnar as they mature and are pushed up they become flattened until they are shed
may be keratinised (dry surfaces) eg skin hair nails surface layer of cells are dead and contain a hard waterproof protein (keratin).
Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium found on wet surfaces that are subject to wear and tear eg lining the mouth the conjunctiva (eye) pharynx and oesophagus
stratified CUBOIDAL found in ducts of sweat glands oesophageal glands and male urethra PROTRECTION some secretion and absorption
stratified COLUMNAR several layers of irregular shaped cells except apical layer are columnar line urethra, found in large excretory ducts of some glands PROTECTINand SECRETION
Pseudostratified - looks stratified but is only 1 layer thick as all cells are actually resting on the basement membrane, only some reaching the surface. Found in the respiratory tract and Fallopian tubes. Often have cilia.Can change into stratified in heavy smokers and may give rise to cancers.
stratified TRANSITIONAL several layers stretchapical cells not uniform in shape. (pear shaped cells) capable of great distention found in the bladder and ureter.
GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE function is secretion may consists of One epithelial cell (Unicelllular) or a group of epithelial cells (multicellular) that produce substances (secretions) different from the fluids available to them either into ducts, onto the surface or into the blood
Endocrine - secrete directly into the intercellular space and then into blood – no ducts (hormones)
Exocrine - secrete into ducts that open onto a surface (sweat saliva bile enzymes etc)
Can find unicellular exocrine cells in amongst other epithelial cells (producing mucin) multicellular glands may be branching (compound) or non branched (simple)
Bones provide structural support for the whole body – skeleton holds body upright
Cartilage provides a shock absorber for joints -
Tendons tightly connect skeletal muscle to bones
Adipose tissue provides a protective padding around body structures –eg, fat layer under epidermis (skin)
neurons are highly specialised cells generate and conduct nerve impulses
tend to be branching have cytoplasmic brances that alloe them to conduct electrical impulses
neuroglia do not conduct they support insulate and protect
Brain, Spinal chord and Network of nerves throughout the entire body – this allows for the conduction of electrical impulses to send information between the brain and the rest of the body.
Examples of nervous tissue - Brain
highly cellular well vascularised tissue responsible for body movement
elongated shaped cells able to contract. 3 Basic types of muscles cells:
Skeletal: form flesh of body attached to bones as muscles contract they pull on bones or skin causing body to move or facial expression
cylindrical cells contain may nuclei and alignment of myofibrils gives striated appearance
Smooth striations are not seen spindle shaped cell one central nucleus occurs in walls of hollow organs alternately contracts and relaxes to propel substances through organ (Digestive (stomach), uterus, Blood Vessles, urinary organs
Cardiac walls of heart contracts the heart and propels blood around the body through the BV
cells are striated but are uninuclear branching cells (eg. Myocardium)
skeletal muscle is voluntary, cardiac and smooth is involuntary
