LefrancoisGandon@MSW11: ULiS

ULiS: An Expert System on Linguistics
to Support Multilingual Management
of Interlingual Semantic Web Knowledge bases

Maxime Lefrançois & Fabien Gandon
Edelweiss – INRIA Sophia-Antipolis – France
{Maxime.Lefrancois|Fabien.Gandon}@inria.fr
MSW 2011

3000 < natural languages < 7000 >31 billion RDF triples
295 data sets
Interlinked by >503 million RDF links

?
multilingual access to the web of data
The ULiS project
Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 2

OUTLINE

The Meaning-Text Theory

The ULiS project: multilingual access to web of data
Proposal 1:
An architecture that unlocks motivating scenarios

The ILexicOn : defining interlingual lexical units
Proposal 2:
A formal way to represent lexicographic definitions


1. The Meaning-Text Theory

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011


A theoretical linguistic framework to
construct models of natural language

Mel’čuk et. al., late 70’s > today



Systems of explicit rules
that express correspondences
between meaning and text
SemRs

7 levels of linguistic representation
For a set of synonymous utterances DSynRs

SSynRs

DMorphRs

SMorphRs

DPhonRs

SPhonRs


The masterpiece:
The Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary
Meta- Ontology Data
SemRs
Explanatory
Combinatorial
Dictionary DSynRs

Description of the SSynRs
Explanatory
Combinatorial Explantory: DMorphRs

Dictionary Formal semantic explanations
SMorphRs

Combinatorial: DPhonRs
Lexical combinations
SPhonRs


Structure of the ECD entry

Semantic zone:
(formal?) (text or SemR?) lexical definition of lexical units
Semantic actants: arguments of the semantic predicate
denotational vs. connotational semantic elements (ex: EN hot air, FR wind, RU water).

Phonological/Graphematic zone:
orthograph + prosody

The cooccurrence zone


- The cooccurrence zone

Morphological sub-zone:
inflections, derivations.
Syntactic sub-zone:
Government pattern
Correspondance semantic – syntax (based on Dependency grammars)
ways to express a semantic predicate in the language
How the lexical unit participates in specific constructions as a dependent

Lexical sub-zone
semantic derivations and collocations

Stylistic sub-zone
Usage labels

Pragmatic sub-zone
real-life situations where expressions are appropriate.


- Examples of lexical functions

lexical functions :

paradigmatic
Syn(telephoneV) = phoneV
Anti
Conv21(preced) = follow
Gener(republic) = state
Figur(rain) = curtain (a curtain of rain)
S0 (analyse) = analysis
A0(city) = urban
V0(analysis) = analyse
Adv0(slow) = slowly
S1(teach) = teacher ; S2(teach) = subject ; S3(teach) = pupil;
… 19 in total


- Examples of lexical functions

lexical functions :

syntagmatic
Magn(laughV) = one’s head off
Bon(service) = first-class
Locin(height) = at [a height of…]
Oper1(supportN) = [to] lend [~ to N]
Oper2(supportN) = [to] receive [~ to N]
Func1(blownN) = comes [from ~]
… 34 in total

+ non-standard lexical functions
WithNoSugar(coffee) = black


2. The ULiS project:
Multilingual access to the web of data

?

+RDF?
A pivot-based NLP technique
+MTT?
Universal Networking Language
Interlanguage

Convert
Deconvert


The ULiS project

a Universal Linguistic System
Interlanguage

Convert
Deconvert


The ULiS project

a Universal Linguistic System
to redesign
Pivot-based NLP
technique
100% using
ULiS
Semantic Web
formalisms
Meaning-Text
Theory

compliant with

2.The ULiS project
Scenario


The ULiS project - scenario
- Machine Translation
-
-

The RDF-World

RDF interlingual
representations
IR RDF

RDF situational John01 kill@past Mary01. John01 tuer@past Mary01.
representations SR RDF
John01 kill@past Mary01.
SR RDF
John01 tuer@past Mary01
John EN Mary
killed John FR Mary
a tué

InputTEXT
John killed Mary. John a tué TEXT
Output1 Mary.


-
-

The RDF-World

RDF interlingual
representations

RDF situational John01 kill@past Mary01. John01 tuer@past Mary01.
representations John01 kill@past Mary01. John01 tuer@past Mary01
John killed Mary John a tué Mary

John killed Mary. John a tué Mary.


- Management of Interlingual Knowledge Bases
-

The RDF-World
SELECT ?person

SPARQLRDF + X RDF
SPARQL WHERE {
Request ?person ikb:kill ikb:Mary01. IKB
IDBpedia
RDF X RDF
ikb:John01 RDF
Output
}

RDF interlingual
representations
IR RDF IR RDF

RDF situational Who kill@past@? Mary01 John01 kill@past Mary01.
representations SR RDF
Who kill@past@? Mary01 SR RDF
John01 kill@past Mary01.
EN
Who killed Mary ? John EN Mary
killed

InputTEXT
Who killed Mary? John killed TEXT
Output2 Mary.


-

The RDF-World
SELECT ?person
SPARQL WHERE {
ikb:John01 RDF
Request ?person ikb:kill ikb:Mary01.
}
IDBpedia Output

RDF interlingual
representations

RDF situational Who kill@past@? Mary01 John01 kill@past Mary01.
representations Who kill@past@? Mary01 John01 kill@past Mary01.
Who killed Mary ? John killed Mary

Who killed Mary? John killed Mary.


- Management of the Universal Linguistic Knowledge base

The RDF-World

SPARQLRDF + X RDF X RDF
SPARQL
RDF
Request ULKRDF
IKB RDF Output

RDF interlingual
representations
IR RDF IR RDF

RDF situational
representations SRFR RDF SRFR RDF SRFR RDF

InputTEXT Output1TEXT Output2TEXT


2.The ULiS project
Architecture


The ULiS project - architecture

Meta- Ontology Data
SemRs

DSynRs

Explanatory
Explanatory
Combinatorial
Combinatorial DMorphRs
Dictionary
Dictionary
SMorphRs

DPhonRs

SPhonRs


InterlingualKnowledgeBase X RDF
Meta- Ontology Data
SemRs

DSynRs

Explanatory
Explanatory
Combinatorial
Combinatorial DMorphRs
Dictionary
Dictionary
SMorphRs

DPhonRs

SPhonRs



INTERLINGUAL

NOT INTERLINGUAL = SITUATIONAL

+RDF!


ILexiMOn
ILexicOn
« Interlingual
Lexical pure interlingual features of the ECD
IRs RDF
Meta-Ontology »

DSynRs

SSynRs

DMorphRs
SLexiMOn
SLexicOn SMorphRs
« Situational
Lexical Other features of the ECD
Meta-Ontology » DPhonRs

SPhonRs

SRs RDF

InterlingualKnowledgeBase
(ikb:isFrom,rdfs:range,ikb:Country)
X RDF
(ikb:isFrom,rdfs:domain,ikb:Person) (ex:Maxime,ikb:isFrom,geo:France)

ILexiMOn ILexicOn
IRs RDF
ileximon:ILexicalUnit ilexicon:Person ex:John01

DSynRs

SSynRs

DMorphRs
SLexicOn
SLexiMOn
enlexicon:Person SMorphRs

sleximon:SLexicalUnit eslexicon:Persona
frlexicon:Personne DPhonRs

SPhonRs

SRs RDF

IKB = KB + anchors + transformation rules

ILexiMOn
ILexicOn
« Interlingual
IRs RDF
Meta-Ontology »

DSynRs

SSynRs

DMorphRs
SLexiMOn
SLexicOn SMorphRs
« Situational
+ Links
+ Transformation rules
SPhonRs

SRs RDF

The ULiS project – Done / To do ?
IKB = KB + anchors + transformation rules

ILexiMOn
ILexicOn
« Interlingual
IRs RDF
Meta-Ontology »

Formal lexicographic definitions of DSynRs
interlingual lexical units…

in RDF! SSynRs

DMorphRs
SLexiMOn
SLexicOn SMorphRs
« Situational
+ Links
+ Transformation rules
SPhonRs

SRs RDF

The ULiS project – Bricks

(I)SLexicOn

(I)SLexiMOn (I)ISlexicOn

(I)ILexiMOn (I)SKOS, (I)FOAF, …

(I)SPIN (I)OWL

(I)RDF-S

(I)RDF


3. The ILexicOn:
defining interlingual lexical units


With the Semantic Web formalisms,
We designed a simple ILexiMOn…

Interlingual Lexical Units Classes may
be formally defined in the ILexicOn…

…by supporting the projection
of their semantic decomposition
on themselves
Lefrançois & Gandon, ILexicOn.

The three layers
owl:Class owl:ObjectProperty xsd:boolean

OWL owl:intersectionOf is-a
is-a
owl:propertyChainAxiom
owl:unionOf owl:hasSelf
subClassOf is-a subClassOf
core-ILexiMOn layer

:ILexicalUnit :ISemanticRelation
is-a :onISemanticRelation

subClassOf
:allValuesFrom
:ILexicalPrimitive
is-a :isObligatory range

:Entity :hasEntity
ILexicOn layer

:State true
:Person
class/instance A B
A is an instance of B
intersectionOf
property
A B
:Alive A is a subClass of B
Data-layer

B
A p
hasEntity C A B
:Mary01 :Alive01 A is the intersection A is linked to B
of B and C through property p


ILUc ILUi
ILexicOn IRs RDF

Die Die:Die01

1.Person Person:Mary01


Conceptual participants


Die< End< Event


ConP inheritance
1.Time 1.Time

Die< End< Event


ConP inheritance
1.Time 1.Time

Die< End< Event
ilexicon:Event a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,
owl:intersectionOf ([ a ileximon:ILexicalPrimitive,
ileximon:onISemanticRelation ilexicon:hasTime,
ileximon:allValuesFrom ilexicon:Time,
ileximon:isObligatory "true"^^xsd:boolean.
]
...
).

ilexicon:End a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,
owl:intersectionOf ( ilexicon:Event
...
).

ilexicon:Die a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,
owl:intersectionOf ( ilexicon:End
...
).


ConP partial inheritance
1.Time

Die< End

1.Alive< 1. State
ilexicon:Die a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,
owl:intersectionOf ( ilexicon:End
[ a ileximon:ILexicalPrimitive,
ileximon:onISemanticRelation ilexicon:hasState,
ileximon:allValuesFrom ilexicon:Alive,
ileximon:isObligatory "true"^^xsd:boolean.
1.Person 1.Person< 1.Entity ]
...
).


? ConP composition
1.Time

hasTime
Die< End
Named ConP slots
hasState
(an infinite number of) lexicalized conceptual relations

hasDead 1.Alive

hasEntity

?
1.Person = 1.Person


ConP composition
1.Time

hasTime hasState / hasEntity
Die
hasState hasDead

hasDead 1.Alive is equivalent to:

hasEntity
(hasState/hasEntity)<hasDead

?
1.Person = 1.Person
Ilexicon:hasDead owl:propertyChainAxiom ( ilexicon:hasState, ilexicon:hasEntity),
rdfs:domain ilexicon:Die,
rdfs:range ilexicon:Person.

Kill<Cause<Event


1.Time
hasTime

Kill<Cause<Event
hasEvent hasAgent
1.Person
1.Die<Event


1.Time
hasTime

1.Time Kill
hasTime hasEvent hasAgent
1.Person
1.Die<Event

hasDead

1.Person

ConP composition
( hasEvent / hasDead ) < hasKilled

1.Time
hasTime

1.Time Kill
1.Person
1.Die

hasDead
hasKilled

1.Person

? ConP merging

1.Time
hasTime

1.Time Kill
1.Person
1.Die

hasDead
hasKilled

1.Person

ConP merging
( hasEvent / hasTime ) < hasKillTime

1.Time
hasTime

1.Time hasKillTime Kill
1.Person
1.Die

hasDead
hasKilled

1.Person

ConP merging
( hasEvent / hasTime ) < hasKillTime < hasTime

hasTime
1.Time
hasKillTime
Kill
hasTime
hasEvent hasAgent
1.Person
1.Die

hasDead
hasKilled

1.Person

Optional / obligatory ConP

hasTime
1.Time ?.Person
hasBeneficiary
hasKillTime
Kill
hasTime
hasEvent hasAgent
1.Person
1.Die

hasDead
hasKilled

1.Person

Infanticide<Kill


Relation between two ConPs
(hasRelation/hasEntity) < hasKilledChild < hasKilled
(hasRelation/hasObject) < hasKillerParent < hasAgent

hasKillerParent
Infanticide<Kill
hasAgent
hasKilled 1.Person

hasRelation

hasKilledChild hasObject

1.Parent<Relation<State
1.Person hasEntity


Inference in the data : (IRs RDF)

hasTime
Time:t01
hasKillTime
hasKillerParent
hasTime Infanticide:i01
hasEvent
hasAgent
hasKilled Person:John01
Die:d01
hasRelation

hasKilledChild hasObject
hasDead
Parent:p01
Person:Mary01 hasEntity


Conceptual participants
Named ConP slots
(an infinite number of) lexicalized conceptual relations

ConP inheritance
ConP partial inheritance
ConP composition
ConP merging
Optional / obligatory ConP
Relation between two ConPs

Formal definitions of ILUCs

Three layers
owl:Class owl:ObjectProperty xsd:boolean

OWL owl:intersectionOf is-a
is-a
owl:propertyChainAxiom
owl:unionOf owl:hasSelf
subClassOf is-a subClassOf
core-ILexiMOn layer

:ILexicalUnit :ISemanticRelation
is-a :onISemanticRelation

subClassOf
:allValuesFrom
:ILexicalPrimitive
is-a :isObligatory range

:Entity :hasEntity
ILexicOn layer

:State true
:Person
class/instance A B
A is an instance of B
intersectionOf
property
A B
:Alive A is a subClass of B
Data-layer

B
A p
hasEntity C A B
:Mary01 :Alive01 A is the intersection A is linked to B
of B and C through property p


ULiS: A Universal Linguistic System
- to redesign Pivot-based NLP techniques
- 100% using the Semantic Web Formalisms
- compliant with the Meaning-Text Theory

ILexicOn: The Interlingual Lexical Ontology
- formal lexicographic definitions

- Lexical functions
- Populate: SUMO, FrameNet…
- SLexicOn
- Rules, SPIN & VISL-CG3

Thank You
Maxime Lefrançois & Fabien Gandon
Edelweiss – INRIA Sophia-Antipolis – France
{Maxime.Lefrancois|Fabien.Gandon}@inria.fr

This presentation on
http://maxime-lefrancois.info

LefrancoisGandon@MSW11: ULiS

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