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History of conservatives
- 1. Conservatism
- 2. Old to New Image
- 3. • Traditional - – Established institutions – Values security – Safeguard the fabric of society • Right - – Belief in strong but minimal state – Economic liberalism – + social authoritarianism Traditional conservatism v the New Right
- 5. • A belief that strong central authority, imposed from above (God), is either desirable or necessary, and therefore demands an unquestioning obedience. • In 19th century, conservatives tended to have an authoritarian approach. Authoritarianism
- 6. Organisational Principles • Denied Power to the Mass Membership • Gave great power to the Leader • Divided the National Union (amateur) and Central Office (professional)
- 7. The Constituency Associations • Recruit Members • Retain Contact with electorate • Organise parliamentary elections • Organise Local Elections • Raises Money • Employ Agents & Organisers • Select Parliamentary Candidates
- 8. National and Area Executives Note that Scotland is Independent
- 9. Party Groups Association of Conservative Clubs Association of Conservative Clubs Society of Conservative Lawyers Society of Conservative Lawyers Conservative Rural Action GroupConservative Rural Action Group Conservative Disability Group Conservative Disability Group
- 10. Conservative Friends of Israel Conservative Friends of Israel Conservative Women’s Council Conservative Women’s Council Conservative Policy ForumConservative Policy Forum
- 11. Ethnic Diversity Council Ethnic Diversity Council Conservative Christian FellowshipConservative Christian Fellowship Conservative Medical Society: ‘Join Us!’ Conservative Future ‘Join Us!’ Conservative Future
- 12. The Annual Conference • The attendees are Representatives, not Delegates • Motions are general, unspecific • Voting is rare • Representatives reluctant to criticise the leadership • Traditionally the leader did not attend • A great Jamboree (party)
- 14. Origins of Central Office • 1870: Founded & Gorst appointed principle agent • 1871: Gorst made secretary of the National Union • 1872: Central Office and National Union under the same roof • 1911: First Chairman of the Party appointed
- 15. Chairman of the Party • Appointed by the Leader • Politically Sensitive • Role: Less a bureaucrat • than a cheerleader • Assisted by Vice-Chairmen
- 16. Back to the Ideology
- 17. • Rejected ‘politics of principle’ • Tradition • Human imperfection • Organic society • Hierarchy and authority • Property Traditional Conservatism
- 18. • Free market – very strongly influenced by classic liberal ideas • Retains conservative social principles such as belief in order, discipline and authority. • An ideological trend within conservatism that embraces a blend of market individualism and social authoritarianism. New Right
- 19. • Classical liberal economics – the free-market theories of Adam Smith = neoliberalism (draws on rational theories and abstract principles) • Pre-disraelian social theory – order, authority, discipline = neoconservatism (a ‘golden age’ of economic prosperity and moral fortitude) – law and order and public morality • A blend of radical, reactionary and traditional features. New Right
- 20. • Authoritarianism is the belief in the practice of government ‘from above’ in which authority is exercised over a population with or without it’s consent. • Based on the belief in the wisdom of established leaders or the idea that social order can only be maintained by unquestioning obedience. Authoritarian Conservatism
- 21. • ‘the wise Conservative travels light’ – Ian Gilmour • ‘change in order to conserve’ – Burke • In favour of neither the individual or the state but of ‘what works’ – One-nation conservatism – Christian democracy Paternalistic Conservatism
- 22. • Greatest possible economic liberty • Least possible government regulation of social life • Compatible with traditional, conservative philosophy • Desire for wealth is part of human nature Libertarian Conservatism
- 23. Crisis of Confidence in the traditional leadership 1964-1974 • Wilson defeats 14th Earl of Home • Decline of centre-right deference • Upper Class Betrayal
- 24. Thatcherism: Sharper Ideological Edge • Economic Liberalism • Social Individualism • English Nationalism
- 25. Conservatives Today Right, Left, Right!
- 26. A move around the centre right.
- 27. Post-Thatcher Crisis • Economic Incompetence (1992 devaluation) • New Labour • Europe • Uncertainty as to the party’s future direction
- 28. 1997 – Time for a change?. Reasons included: • Shock of Defeat • Hague’s Ambition and Background • Rank and File Pressure for Reform • Central Office desire • for greater centralisation • Very poor national image
- 30. No more ‘nasty party’ ‘Compassionate conservatism’ is a new strand of conservatism adopted since 2000 by leaders such as William Hague, Iain Duncan Smith and most enthusiastically by David Cameron. Where did this ‘Nasty’ image originate from ?
- 31. Thatcherism. Compassionate?! Record unemployment Mine closures Strong free market policies Weakening of the Trade Unions Refusal to use public money to aid the economy Cuts to the Welfare State
- 32. There is no such thing as society. There are individuals and families. Thatcherism became associated with ruthless pursuit of economic success at the expense, sometimes, of community. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKx3
- 33. “I want to create a classless society…. A nation at ease with itself.” John Major 1992
- 34. A Divided Party Centre Right Conservatives •Pro European •Socially inclusive towards ethnic minorities, gays, single- parent families. •Maintain the existing welfare state. Hard Right Conservatives •Anti-European •Uphold traditional family values. •Reduce the welfare state and offer tax cuts to middle class voters.
- 35. Centre Right Conservatives Ken Clarke Hard Right Conservatives Michael Portillo (right) Peter Lilley (below left) John Redwood (below right)
- 36. The 1997 defeat The scale of Labour’s 1997 election victory surprised all observers. Labour won a majority of 178 seats in parliament. The Conservatives were now facing a decade in opposition.
- 37. ‘New Conservative?’ : a party in transition.
- 38. Iain Duncan-Smith Meeting Rastafarian 'Peace Officers' from the Hailie Selassie Foundation in Birmingham. Date: 26 June 2003 William Hague & Ffion at Notting Hill Carnival
- 39. William Hague’s ‘Fresh Approach’ Following John Major’s catastrophic defeat to Tony Blair in May 1997, the new leader William Hague proposed a fresh approach: 1. Extend Thatcherite economic values 2. Oppose British membership of the Euro 3. Extend tolerance to gays, single- parent families, ethnic minorities.
- 40. 2001 election William Hague made anti- Europeanism the central strategy of his 2001 election campaign. •This failed to inspire voters. •Tony Blair’s New Labour party won a second victory. •The Conservatives won 166 seats in parliament; only one more than in 1997. •Hague resigned as party leader.
- 41. Iain Duncan Smith In 2002 Conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith tried to address the image problem of the Conservative ‘nasty party’
- 42. 2003 – another new leader On the right of the party, Michael Howard was seen as more charismatic than Iain Duncan Smith.
- 43. 2005 election Immigration was made the central issue of the Conservative election strategy but failed to win over enough voters.
- 44. 3 % swing to Conservatives from labour Labour 356 (-47) Conservative 198 ( + 33) Liberal Democrats 62 (+11) War in Iraq damaged Tony Blair’s popularity with the voters
- 45. 2005 – another new leader !
- 46. Leader’s Speech Conservative Conference 2006 2006 Conference
- 48. George Osborne Shadow Chancellor William Hague Shadow foreign secretary Francis Maude Party Chairman
- 49. New Chairmen appointed by David Cameron Francis Maude
- 50. Cameron’s Solution • Support for public spending as against tax cuts • Liberal approach to social issues • Environment • Downplaying of Europe
- 51. David Cameron 1. To what extent has David Cameron moved the Conservative Party to the centre ? 2. What might be the benefits and risks of such a strategy ?
- 52. Re-positioning the party 1. Cameron has moved away from traditional Conservative values on: tax, immigration, same-sex partnerships, green issues and state funding of the NHS. 2. He has ‘re-branded’ the party with a new logo, image, tone, style etc 3. He has not confronted issues such as Europe which still divide the Conservatives.
- 53. Benefits and risks of moving to the centre from the right. Some benefits could be: 1. In touch with mainstream voters 2. Seen as a modern party 3. Copy Blair’s success in the 1990s with re- launching the Labour Party 4. Play on the idea that the Conservatives are ‘pragmatic’ and rather than being ideological, they represent ‘common sense’. What other benefits can you think of?
- 54. Risks 1. Cameron is ignoring the beliefs of large sections of his own party. How long will they tolerate that? 2. Voters might be suspicious of a party that abandons much of its traditional ideology 3. He was not able to win an election outright and so has had to govern in coalition. Many Conservatives are unhappy with the compromise.
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Robert Rhodes James (Cambridge Tory MP, 16.11.90, 00.45 hours, Channel 4): ‘The Conservative Party is a very strange and malicious animal.’ Might have added that is has been the most successful beast in the jungle since the 1880s- the last two elections notwithstanding.
- Practically this involved the establishment of extra-parliamentary organisation that could mobilise the electorate without that party encroaching on the independence of the party in the House of Commons, especially its leadership. Hence the bifurcation of the party, and the subordination of the National Union to the leadership. Balfour said he would as soon take advice from his valet than the National Union.
- (a) Recruits members (b) Contact with the electorate. (e.g. contacts with estate agents) (c) Organises parliamentary elections. (Canvassing, postal ballots, proxies etc). (d) Organises local elections (e) Raises Money (It’s the annual fete that keeps our association together. Eric Harper. Little discussion of policy) (f) Employs agents and organisers. In the early 1950s there were an estimated 2.8m members and 500 agents. Young Conservatives (160,000) in 1949, (undermined by car ownership). 1993: 500,000 members in 300 associations. (not national register)// Large proportion of current membership iselderly. Elizabeth Sutherland : ‘Before, they needed us, now we need them’. Probably not more than 250,000 today. (f) Most important task the selection of a Parliamentary Candidate// (I) a selection committee of leading officers produces a short list (ii) short-list + spouses interviewed by the executive council (100 members) (iii) Single name presented to a general meeting…but choice increasing.
- Area Executive can parachute nominees who will run local campaigns and supervise constituency operations. In short, the party centre (and its local representatives) now have hitherto undreamt of rights to gather information about local associations and intervene in the way they are run. (Paul Webb: The Modern British Party System).
- (from previous page. Cllr Gordon Keymer CBE Chairman, Conservative Councillors' Association Paul Marland Vice-President, National Conservative Convention Raymond Monbiot CBE Chairman, National Conservative Convention and Deputy Chairman of the Party Simon Mort Vice-President, National Conservative Convention Don Porter CBE Co-opted Member of the Board Lord Maurice Saatchi Co-Chairman of the Conservative Party Sir Michael Spicer MP Chairman, 1922 Committee Richard Stephenson President, National Conservative Convention
- The Conservative Policy Forum, formerly the Conservative Political Centre, has a long history within the Conservative Party as a means by which Party members' views are sought on the important issues of the day and brought to the attention of the Party leadership. The CPF plays a vital role within the Party and is at the heart of our policy renewal process. Since its relaunch in January 2002, briefs on a range of issues have been prepared, including health, transport, youth crime, education, pensions, the environment and business and regulation. Some extremely useful and important views have been fed into the leadership. Over 200 responses have been received on each topic. CPF membership throughout the country is flourishing. Groups hold regular meetings, often inviting a local expert or practitioner in the relevant policy areas to give their views; these meetings have been particularly successful in coming up with acute insights and practical examples. Party members can also subscribe individually and contribute their own views directly to the policy renewal process. Through the Research Department under its new Director, John Glen, members can rest assured that their responses are all read and taken into account with a summary of members' views being passed on to the relevant Shadow Minister.
- Duties: discuss ‘anodyne resolutions// Essentially a massive demonstration of loyalty to the Parliamentary Leadership, who, in return, shower unction on the representatives. The Conference meets under various slogans. 1989 Right Team for the Nineties.(Thatcher, Ridley, Fowler, How, Baker (chairman) ‘Let him that hath no stomach for the fight depart’). All gone by 1992!! Subordination. (a) Representatives not delegates (b) Motions General, unspecific. // Classic 1948, ‘This conference would welcome a clear restatement of Conservative foreign policy in the lights of the present grave tension in international affairs’; and early 1980s a motion called upon the government to create conditions in which ‘a naked virgin , accompanied by a child and carrying a bag of gold, could walk unmolested from one end of the kingdom to another’ Nevertheless, debates on law and order have put liberally minded home secretaries under pressure, debates on immigration,and Gerry Malone’s (former Aberdeen South) 1987 demand re poll tax ‘Do it properly…do it as soon as we can’ forced a rejection of a 4-year transition in England and Wales (Ridley and Thatcher took the cue).// More populist atmosphere since the Thatcherite revolution. The Reps now ballot over two topics for discussion….. ‘
- Central Office: McKenzie ‘Personal Machine of the Leader’ // In law it would appear to be )his personal property, for who debts he is liable// (a) Origins. 1971 Gorst National Agent, 1872 Offices under same roof as the National Union 1911 First Chairman Appointed by Leader- keeps an eye on the Nat Union.
- Chairman. Organisation responsible to Chairman- appointee of leader// Sensitive position, needs to be trusted by the leader. (Thatcher: Thorneycroft for Whitelaw)// Major: Patten for Baker// Hague,Malwhinny (neighbouring constituency), for Fowler, then Ancram// Less a ‘bureaucrat than a cheerleade’// Assisted esp. by vice-chairman candidates.//
- 1964: Wilson made much of the aristocratic background of Sir Alec. (Explained the economy with the use of matches). Conservatives took the criticism to heart after defeat. Decline of Social Deference Upper Class Betrayal: Thatcherites express and legitimise lower middle class rank and file frustrations with the willingness of the toffs to temporise with the enemy. The Enemy Within (the Unions) The Enemy Without (The European Union).
- Economic Liberalism: End of subsidies to failing industries// Denationalisation// Social Individualism: There’s no such thing a society, only individuals and families// Rejects the notion of obligations existing between the different classes in society.// Stand on your own two feet// English Nationalism. Expressed in its anti-Europeanism. A reduced territorial appeal. (In Scotland the SNP, in Wales Plaid Cymru, in Northern Ireland the DUP). A function of the declining influence of the British elite. (Betrayal to English interests, Betrayal to the South of Ireland)
- 1992 devaluation questioned the competence of the Conservatives to look after our money. (Formerly devaluation and financial crises had been associated with Labour administrations). The present Labour administration has taken care to act with ‘prudence’- a favourite word of Gordon Brown. Fear of Labour was always a strong selling point for the Conservatives. New Labour, however, has rejected socialism and accepted much of the neo-Liberal approach to the economy. Accepted the anti-Trade Union legislation of the Thatcher years. Labour has also taken tough stand on law and order, immigration etc.: ‘Thatcherism with a human face’. Labour is no longer the bogeyman that the Tories could roll out to put fear into the hearts of the middle class. Europe has divided the party because for them ‘the nation’ is a core value. The dominance of the anti-Europeans both inside and outside Parliament has reduced the influence of its moderate centre, esp. its most able/popular leaders Chris Patten and Ken Clarke.// It also causes problems with significant sections of the economic and financial elite who are pro-European. The party is unclear as to the image it wishes to present. There are different factions (i) The Social Liberals (Portillistas): emphasis on the need to attract women, ethnic minorities, gays and so on. (ii) The Social Conservatives (David Davies). Recent remarks about Capital Punishment are sending a very different message. (iii) Traditional ‘One Nation Tories’ Ken Clarke tend to be pro-European and generally centrist: a weak strand these days. Michael Howard intends to lead the party from the centre- but is it the centre of the party or the centre of the nation?
- Single and Unified Party (Drawing together Voluntary, Professional and Parliamentary Sections in a single unified structure). Post 1997. Reorganisation had followed defeats in 1945 and 1964. Hague wanted to make an impact on the party. Also had a background in management consultancy. Internal Critics, especially those associated with the Charter Movement wanted greater democracy within the party. Central Office wanted greater control over the constituency associations. (That had been a feature of the post-1945 reforms. Centre blaming the periphery for defeat). The reforms were more a victory for the centralisers than the democratisers. Consult: Paul Webb, The Modern British Party System.
- Tumbling down the social scale: Harold MacMillan son-in-law of the Duke of Devonshire 14th Earl of Home Ted Heath: son of a Broadstair’s Builder. The above associated with One-Nation Toryism. Mrs Thatcher: daughter of a grocer John Major: son of a trapeze artist and garden gnome producer. Could have done with a few ‘o’ levels, failed exam to be a bus conductor.
- Attempts to associate with ethnic minorities. William Hague: son of a soft drinks manufacturer nr. Wath. Was also seen wearing a baseball cap at this event. Duncan-Smith: army officer of no great repute, married into minor aristocracy. Above ‘Got any ganga?’ Who do the Tories represent?
- Cameron was brought up near Wantage in Oxfordshire, England, the son of stockbroker Ian Donald Cameron and Mary Fleur Mount, the second daughter of Sir William Malcolm Mount, 2nd Baronet. His father is of distant Scottish descent and is a descendant of King William IV by his mistress Dorothea Jordan. He was educated at Eton College, an elite English public school, and then at Oxford, where he read for a BA in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) at Brasenose College. His tutor at Oxford, Professor Vernon Bogdanor, described him as "one of the ablest" students he has taught, whose political views were "moderate and sensible conservative".[1] After the 1992 Conservative election victory he became a Special Advisor to the Conservative government, first at the Treasury (working for Norman Lamont at the time of Black Wednesday) and then the Home Office, where he worked for Michael Howard. Between 1994 and 2001, Cameron was the Director of Corporate Affairs at Carlton Communications, and until August 2005 he was a non-executive director of Urbium PLC, operator of the Tiger Tiger bar chain. Michael Howard (Hecht). Son of Transylvanian Jewish refugees. Welshman. Very much in the Thatcher mould. Note the absence of centre, centre-left leader since Ted Heath.
- Maurice Saatchi (Labour isn’t working. PR Firm). Dealing with organisational mess at Central Office (In the process of moving from Smith Square).
- Dave Cameron is essentially centrist. Doesn’t carry the baggage of past conflicts. Like ‘New Labour’ he’s ideologically light. Trying to make an appeal to Liberal voters. Very much in the One Nation strand, apart (seemingly) from Europe- but has succeeded in making it a non-issue