A Framework for AggregatingPrivate and Public Web Archives by Mat Kelly

1. A Framework for Aggregating
Private and Public Web Archives
Mat Kelly
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
Advisor: Michele C. Weigle
JCDL 2015 Doctoral Consortium
June 21, 2015

2. The Problem
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Public Web Archives
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private
archive
private
archive
other
private
archive
other
private
archive

3. All Archives Cannot Be Aggregated
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private
archive
private
archive
other
private
archive
TimeMap
other
private
archive

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t = k t = k-1≠

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1 year ago 2 year ago 10 year ago
…
180 year ago
TimeMap

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private
archive

16. Proactive Preservation
• Just-in-time WARC creation
• Personal and potentially private web archiving
• Mitigates deferral problem
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17. Public vs. Private
Web Archiving
• Public Web Archiving
– Relies on deferred capture
– Uses WARC, Memento, etc.
– Integrates with other public web archives
• Private Web Archiving
– Same tools, less overhead, less bureaucracy
– Uses WARC, Memento, etc.
– Does not integrate
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18. Typical Web Archive Access
1. Web User Interface
2. Memento
TimeGate
TimeMap
– Accept-Datetime (content negotiation)
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URI-G
TimeMap
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19. Aggregating Multiple Web Archives
• Memento Aggregator
– Temporally Sorted TimeMap combined from
multiple archives
– Allows temporal gaps in one archive to be filled in
by another
TimeMap

20. Archive Supplementation
• More capturesgreater temporal coverage
• Content on Deep Web
• A large chunk of the Web is not preserved
– Tools’ inability
– Inconsistency over time due to personalization
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21. Concerns in Aggregating Private
Web Archives
• Privacy
• Inconsistency of page representation
– URI is insufficient key for access
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• Archival integrity
– Has private archives content been manipulated?

22. Why Individuals Might Want
Personalized Aggregations
• Show my private web archive captures
• Concerned about exposing sensitive info to
public
– But still want to view temporally inline
• Private/Restricted Archives are becoming ever
more common
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23. Temporal Supplementation
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24. My Archives Have
What They May Have Missed
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25. The Concerns Distilled
• Access Control
– And indicators for PWA
• Preservation of Private Content
• Interoperability without privacy compromise
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26. Web Archive Usage Pattern 1:
Direct Access
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OR
TimeMap
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27. Web Archive Usage Pattern 2:
Web Archive Aggregation
• Better results for a URI due to more sources
for capture
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TimeMap
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28. Previous Patterns: Status Quo
• Patterns 1 and 2 are status quo
– provided by framework
• Querying web archives currently only
considers public web content
– URI for lookup
• Framework introduces 2 new entities
– Memento Meta Aggregator (MMA)
– Private Web Archive Adapter (PWAA)
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29. Memento Meta Aggregator (MMA)
• Functional superset of (MA)
• Can act as intermediary client to relay MA
results to ultimate user
• Allows just-in-time (JIT) inclusion of archives
– as specified at query time
• Set of archives aggregated can be dynamic
– e.g., Results must not include IA
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30. MY CNN CAPTURES
Aggregating My Captures
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Public Web Archives
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MY BANK CAPTURES
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Various public web archives
My web archives

31. MY CNN CAPTURES
The Current Memento Aggregator
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MY BANK CAPTURES
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30
10

32. MY CNN CAPTURES
Accessing the Aggregator
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MY BANK CAPTURES
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30
10

33. MY CNN CAPTURES
Accessing the Aggregator
…does not include our archives
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MY BANK CAPTURES
NOT AGGREGATED
NOT AGGREGATED
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30
10
140

34. Access via the Meta Aggregator
MY CNN CAPTURES
Pattern 3: Aggregator Relay
MY BANK CAPTURES
100
30
10
140140

35. MY CNN CAPTURES
Web Archive Usage Pattern 4:
Including Additional Archives in Aggregation
MY BANK CAPTURES
Access via the Meta Aggregator
…allows our archives to be included
100
30
10
15
140155

36. MY CNN CAPTURES
MMAs Allow Our Public Captures
to be Shared
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MY BANK CAPTURES
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30
10
15
140155
155
155

37. MY CNN CAPTURES
Web Archive Usage Pattern 5:
Recursive MMA Access
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MY BANK CAPTURES
…
Bob’s public
CAPTURES
The organization’s
public CAPTURES 1
The organization’s
public CAPTURES 2
contains
A B C D
Contains
B C D
Contains
C D
A
B C
D
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5
15
15
20
35
35
15
50
50

38. New Framework Entity 1:
Memento Meta Aggregator
• Allow dynamic and JIT set of archives
• Superset can be recursively constructed
• Sets can be shared
My public captures
can be integrated
with public web archives’
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39. Private Web Archive Adapter
(PWAA)
• Regulates access to Private Web Archives
(PWAs)
• Acts as token authorizer
• With credentials OK, relays results as if
querying the PWA directly
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40. MY CNN CAPTURES
User Establishes Access with PWA
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MY BANK CAPTURES
GET TOKEN for PWA
Key: abcd1234
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30
10
3 captures
10,000 captures

41. MY CNN CAPTURES
MMA Relays Request
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MY BANK CAPTURES
GET TOKEN for PWA
Key: abcd1234
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30
10
3 captures
10,000 captures

42. MY CNN CAPTURES
PWAA Accepts Request
Generates Reusable Token
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MY BANK CAPTURES
ACCESS OK
Token: 4f33c64
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30
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3 captures
10,000 captures

43. MY CNN CAPTURES
User Submits Request for URI-R
with Token
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MY BANK CAPTURES
GET mementos for URI
Token: 4f33c64
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30
10
3 captures
10,000 captures

44. MY CNN CAPTURES
MMA Relays Request (again)
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MY BANK CAPTURES
GET mementos for URI
Token: 4f33c64
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30
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3 captures
10,000 captures

45. MY CNN CAPTURES
PWAA Verified & Relays Request
MA Gets Mementos, per usual
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MY BANK CAPTURES
Token: 4f33c64
OK
GET mementos for URI
GET mementos for URI
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30
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3 captures
10,000 captures

46. MY CNN CAPTURES
Archives Return Mementos
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MY BANK CAPTURES
Token: 4f33c64 OK
Returning mementos
Return mementos
For URI
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3 captures
10,000 captures

47. MY CNN CAPTURES
PWAA Relays TimeMap
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MY BANK CAPTURES
TimeMap
TimeMap
TimeMap
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30
10
3 captures
10,000 captures
140
10,000
10,143 140 captures

48. MY CNN CAPTURES
MMA Annotates and Aggregates
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MY BANK CAPTURES
TimeMap
TimeMap
TimeMap
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30
10
3 captures
10,000 captures
10,143
140 captures
3 captures
10,000 captures

49. MY CNN CAPTURES
Web Archive Usage Pattern 6:
Aggregating Public & Private Archives
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MY BANK CAPTURES
TimeMap
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30
10
3 captures
10,000 captures
10,143 captures

50. MY CNN CAPTURES
Regulated Access Can Be Shared
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MY BANK CAPTURES
GET mementos for URI
Token: 4f33c64
GET mementos for URI
Token: c5463b4
GET TOKEN for PWA
Key: 2265eef3
No/invalid token
returned
Access denied or
0 mementos
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3 captures
10,000 captures

51. Aggregating Multiple PWAs
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MY BANK CAPTURES
Linda’s Private
Captures
Bob’s Private
Captures
GET TOKENs for PWAs
Key: abcd1234, Archive: My
Key: cab45cbf, Archive: Linda
Key: b0b01b, Archive: Bob
3 captures
5 captures
10 captures
5
3
10

52. Aggregating Multiple PWAs
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MY BANK CAPTURES
Access OK
Token: 7790ca
Access OK
Token: b0b01b
ACCESS
DENIED
Linda’s Private
Captures
Bob’s Private
Captures
3 captures
5 captures
10 captures
5
3
10

53. PWAs Can Then be Aggregated
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MY BANK CAPTURES
GET mementos for URI
Token: 7790ca, Archive: My
Token: null, Archive: Linda
Token: b0b01b, Archive: Bob
Linda’s Private
Captures
Bob’s Private
Captures
3 captures
5 captures
10 captures
5
3
10
3
10
ø13

54. Sample TimeMap
...
, <http://web.archive.org/web/20150228155703/https://facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Sat, 28 Feb 2015 15:57:03 GMT"
, <http://web.archive.org/web/20150228163939/http://www.facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Sat, 28 Feb 2015 16:39:39 GMT"
, <http://web.archive.org/web/20150303162841/https://www.facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Tue, 03 Mar 2015 16:28:41 GMT"
, <http://users2machine.local/web/20150305000101/https://www.facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Thu, 05 Mar 2015 00:01:00 GMT"; key="e395935019ee467c797034ee410cc91e"
, <//wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150305215922/https://facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Tue, 05 Mar 2015 21:59:22 GMT"
,
<http://previouslyUnaggregated.org/web/20150306123457/https://www.facebook.com/>;rel="memen
to"; datetime="Wed, 06 Mar 2015 12:34:57 GMT"
, <http://web.archive.org/web/20150310140721/https://www.facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Tue, 10 Mar 2015 14:07:21 GMT"
...
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TimeMap

55. Access Token Included in TimeMap
...
, <http://web.archive.org/web/20150228155703/https://facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Sat, 28 Feb 2015 15:57:03 GMT"
, <http://web.archive.org/web/20150228163939/http://www.facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Sat, 28 Feb 2015 16:39:39 GMT"
, <http://web.archive.org/web/20150303162841/https://www.facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Tue, 03 Mar 2015 16:28:41 GMT"
, <http://users2machine.local/web/20150305000101/https://www.facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Thu, 05 Mar 2015 00:01:00 GMT"; key="e395935019ee467c797034ee410cc91e"
, <//wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150305215922/https://facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Tue, 05 Mar 2015 21:59:22 GMT"
,
<http://previouslyUnaggregated.org/web/20150306123457/https://www.facebook.com/>;rel="memen
to"; datetime="Wed, 06 Mar 2015 12:34:57 GMT"
, <http://web.archive.org/web/20150310140721/https://www.facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Tue, 10 Mar 2015 14:07:21 GMT"
...
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MY PRIVATE FACEBOOK CAPTURES

56. My Public Web Archive,
Now Aggregated
...
, <http://web.archive.org/web/20150228155703/https://facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Sat, 28 Feb 2015 15:57:03 GMT"
, <http://web.archive.org/web/20150228163939/http://www.facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Sat, 28 Feb 2015 16:39:39 GMT"
, <http://web.archive.org/web/20150303162841/https://www.facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Tue, 03 Mar 2015 16:28:41 GMT"
, <http://users2machine.local/web/20150305000101/https://www.facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Thu, 05 Mar 2015 00:01:00 GMT"; key="e395935019ee467c797034ee410cc91e"
, <//wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150305215922/https://facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Tue, 05 Mar 2015 21:59:22 GMT"
,
<http://previouslyUnaggregated.org/web/20150306123457/https://www.facebook.com/>;rel="meme
nto"; datetime="Wed, 06 Mar 2015 12:34:57 GMT"
, <http://web.archive.org/web/20150310140721/https://www.facebook.com/>;rel="memento";
datetime="Tue, 10 Mar 2015 14:07:21 GMT"
...
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MY PUBLIC FACEBOOK CAPTURES

57. Evaluation Plan
• How effective is the Framework?
• Scalability ramifications of additional
infrastructure?
• Is public-private tokenization most suitable
method for persistent access?
• How can a single archive be sub-divided
between private/public and access controlled?
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58. Previous Work
Preservation and Replay
PDA 2013 - Making Enterprise-Level Archive Tools Accessible for Personal Web Archiving
JCDL 2012 - WARCreate - Create Wayback-Consumable WARC Files from Any Webpage
Evaluating Capture
IJDL 2015 - Not All Mementos Are Created Equal: Measuring The Impact Of Missing Resources
IJDL 2015 - The Impact of JavaScript on Archivability
JCDL 2014 - Not All Mementos Are Created Equal: Measuring The Impact Of Missing Resources
JCDL 2014 - The Archival Acid Test: Evaluating Archive Performance on Advanced HTML and JavaScript
Dlib 2013 - A Method for Identifying Personalized Representations in the Archives
TPDL 2013 - On the Change in Archivability of Websites Over Time
Archival Integration
JCDL 2015 - Mobile Mink: Merging Mobile and Desktop Archived Webs
JCDL 2014 - Mink: Integrating the Live and Archived Web Viewing Experience Using Web Browsers and Memento
58
WARCreate – preserve from the browser
WAIL – private web archiving all-in-one suite
Mink – Integrate the live and archived web
SOFTWARE PRODUCTS
PUBLICATIONS

59. Current Work
• Other approaches of archival lookup beyond
URI
• Appropriate metadata to indicate private web
content in WARC files
• Existing integration attempts by private web
archives & individuals
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JCDL 2015 Doctoral
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60.  Background Research
 PhD Requirements (Coursework, Qualifying Exam, etc.)
 Build preliminary framework model
 JCDL Doctoral Consortium
EXTENDED RESEARCH
• Research prevalence of private web archives
• Research access control methods in web archiving and other domains
• Investigate other access patterns and expound on those defined
• PhD Candidacy Exam describing merit of research plan
• Implement feedback received from candidacy exam committee
• Programmatically implement MMA and PWAA
CASE STUDIES (real-world application)
• Publicly Available Non-Aggregated Archives (e.g., Rhizome)
• Deep web preservation/access (bank account/Facebook feeds)
• DISSERTATION DEFENSE
Dissertation Plan

61. Preliminary Publication Plan
JCDL 2016 Evaluation of User Access Patterns for Private Web Archives
TPDL 2016 Methods in adding JIT Inclusion of Private Web Archives in Memento
ACM
SACMAT*
Research exploring tokenization and similar methods for archival access
establishment
iPres 2016 Research investigating URI clash & other needed identifiers for
distinguishing archived content from the “deep web” with archived
content from the public live web.
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* Symposium on Access Control Models and Technologies

62. Future Research Questions
• Can a PWAA perform content negotiation[1] on
the private-public spectrum?
• What level of security is needed?
– e.g., reporting UNAUTHORIZED vs. 0 mementos
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[1] RFC2295 https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2295.txt

63. Summation
• Why?
– No means exists to integrate private and public web
archives.
• How to Evaluate?
– Does this framework fit real world needs? Scalable?
• When will I know I am done?
– Any public/private web archive* can be integrated.
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* -compliant

64. References
• D. Abrams, R. Baecker, and M. Chignell. Information Archiving with Bookmarks: Personal Web Space Construction and
Archiving. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 41–48, 1998.
• A. AlSum, M. Weigle, M. Nelson, and H. Van de Sompel. Profiling Web Archive Coverage for Top-Level Domain and Content
Language. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 14(3-4):149–166, 2014.
• J. F. Brunelle, M. Kelly, H. SalahEldeen, M. C. Weigle, and M. L. Nelson. Not All Mementos Are Created Equal: Measuring The
Impact Of Missing Resources. In Proceedings of JCDL, pages 321–330, London, England, 2014.
• J. F. Brunelle, M. Kelly, M. C. Weigle, and M. L. Nelson. The Impact of JavaScript on Archivability. International Journal on
Digital Libraries, pages 1–23, 2015.
• J. F. Brunelle and M. L. Nelson. An Evaluation of Caching Policies for Memento TimeMaps. In Proceedings of JCDL, pages
267–276, 2013.
• D. Gomes, S. Freitas, and M. J. Silva. Design and Selection Criteria for a National Web Archive. In Research and Advanced
Technology for Digital Libraries, pages 196–207. Springer, 2006.
• D. Hardt. The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework. IETF RFC 6749, October 2012.
• M. Jones and D. Hardt. The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework: Bearer Token Usage. IETF RFC 6750, October 2012.
• M. Kelly, J. F. Brunelle, M. C. Weigle, and M. L. Nelson. A Method for Identifying Personalized Representations in the
Archives. D-Lib Magazine, 19(11/12), Nov/Dec 2013.
• M. Kelly, J. F. Brunelle, M. C. Weigle, and M. L. Nelson. On the Change in Archivability of Websites Over Time. In Proceedings
of the International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries (TPDL), pages 35–47, Valletta, Malta, 2013.
• M. Kelly, M. L. Nelson, and M. C. Weigle. Making Enterprise-Level Archive Tools Accessible for Personal Web Archiving Using
XAMPP. Poster and demo presented at Personal Digital Archiving, February 2013.
• M. Kelly, M. L. Nelson, and M. C. Weigle. The Archival Acid Test: Evaluating Archive Performance on Advanced HTML and
JavaScript. In Proceedings of JCDL, pages 25–28, London, England, September 2014.
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65. References
• M. Kelly and M. C. Weigle. WARCreate - Create Wayback-Consumable WARC Files from Any Webpage. In Proceedings of
JCDL, pages 437–438, Washington, DC, June 2012.
• C. C. Marshall. Rethinking Personal Digital Archiving, Part 1. D-Lib Magazine, 14(3/4), Mar/Apr 2008.
• C. C. Marshall. Rethinking Personal Digital Archiving, Part 2. D-Lib Magazine, 14(3/4), Mar/Apr 2008.
• J. Niu. Functionalities of Web Archives. D-Lib Magazine, 18(3/4), Mar/Apr 2012.
• M. Phillips. PANDORA, Australia’s Web Archive, and the Digital Archiving System that Supports It.
http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pandas.html, 2003.
• H. C.-H. Rao, Y.-F. Chen, and M.-F. Chen. A Proxy-based Personal Web Archiving Service. SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev., 35(1):61–72,
Jan. 2001.
• A. Rauber, M. Kaiser, and B. Wachter. Ethical Issues in Web Archive Creation and Usage-Towards a Research Agenda. In 8th
International Web Archiving Workshop (IWAW08), 2008.
• D. Rosenthal. Re-thinking Memento Aggregation. http://blog.dshr.org/2013/03/re-thinking-memento-aggregation.html,
2013.
• T. Schwarz, M. Baker, S. Bassi, B. Baumgart, W. Flagg, C. van Ingen, K. Joste, M. Manasse, and M. Shah. Disk Failure
Investigations at the Internet Archive. In Work-in-Progess session, NASA/IEEE Conference on Mass Storage Systems and
Technologies (MSST2006), 2006.
• S. Strodl, F. Motlik, K. Stadler, and A. Rauber. Personal & Soho Archiving. In Proceedings of JCDL, pages 115–123, 2008.
• M. Thelwall and L. Vaughan. A fair history of the Web? Examining country balance in the Internet Archive. Library &
Information Science Research, 26(2):162–176, 2004.
• B. Tofel. ‘Wayback’ for Accessing Web Archives. In 7th International Web Archiving Workshop (IWAW07), 2007.
• H. Van de Sompel, M. Nelson, and R. Sanderson. HTTP Framework for Time-Based Access to Resource States – Memento.
IETF RFC 7089, December 2013.
• T. Wang, M. Srivatsa, and L. Liu. Fine-Grained Access Control of Personal Data. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Symposium
on Access Control Models and Technologies, pages 145–156, 2012.
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66. A Framework for Aggregating
Private and Public Web Archives
Mat Kelly
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
Advisor: Michele C. Weigle
JCDL 2015 Doctoral Consortium
June 21, 2015