Weitere ähnliche Inhalte Ähnlich wie Insel11e ppt18 (20) Mehr von materpelding (17) Kürzlich hochgeladen (20) Insel11e ppt182. The Major STDs
Also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Spread of an infection from person to person mainly
through sexual activity
STDs that pose a major health threat:
1. HIV/AIDS
2. Hepatitis
3. Syphilis
4. Chlamydia
5. Gonorrhea
6. Herpes
7. Human papillomavirus (HPV)
CDC (2008) estimated 65 million Americans were infected
with an STD, and about 19 million Americans become
newly infected with an STD each year
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3. Table 18.1 Annual new cases of STDs in the
United States
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4. Table 18.2 Sexually transmitted pathogens
and associated diseases
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5. HIV Infection and AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the
virus which causes AIDS (acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome)
Leading cause of death in some parts of the
world
Approximately 65 million people around the
world have been infected with HIV since the
epidemic began
Nearly 1% of the world’s population
About 3 million new infections per year
25% of HIV-infected Americans are unaware
of their condition
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6. What is HIV Infection?
Chronic disease that progressively damages the
body’s immune system
HIV attacks and invades CD4 T-cells, monocytes and
macrophages
HIV enters a human cell and converts its own genetic
material, RNA, into DNA
People with AIDS are vulnerable to a number of
serious opportunistic (secondary) infections
Once initial symptoms resolve, the asymptomatic
period may last from 2 to 20 years
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7. Transmitting the Virus
HIV lives only within cells and body fluids
Three primary means of transmission:
Specific kinds of sexual contact
Direct contact to infected blood
HIV-infected women to her fetus or to infant during
breastfeeding
Not through casual contact
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8. Figure 18.1 The general pattern of untreated
HIV infection
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9. Populations of Special Concern for
HIV Infection
Most common means of exposure:
Sexual activity between men
Injection drug use
Heterosexual contact
African American men and women are
vastly overrepresented among U.S.
people newly diagnosed with AIDS
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10. Figure 18.2 Routes of HIV transmission among
Americans
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11. Symptoms of HIV Infection
Within a few days or weeks, some people
will develop flulike symptoms
Specialized test HIV RNA assay
Symptoms take months or years to
develop, but as immune system weakens,
variety of symptoms develop
Pneumocystis pneumonia (fungal infection)
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Difficult-to-treat yeast infections in women
Tuberculosis
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12. Diagnosing HIV Infection
Most common tests check for the
presence of antibodies to the virus
HIV antibody test
ELISA (first test)
Western blot or immunoflourescence assay
is done to confirm results
If HIV positive, the next step is to
determine the disease’s severity to plan
appropriate treatment
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13. Diagnosing AIDS
HIV-positive and either has developed an infection
defined as an AIDS indicator or has a severely damaged
immune system
Reporting
All diagnosed cases of HIV or AIDS must be reported to public
health authorities
Treatment
No cure
Antiviral drugs
Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)
Treatments for opportunistic infections
HIV and pregnancy
Treatment challenges
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases 13
14. Figure 18.3 The life cycle of HIV: How antiviral
drugs work
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15. What About a Vaccine?
Vaccines are being tested in humans
Licensed AIDS vaccine is not estimated
to be at least a decade away
Some experts concede the possibility that a
vaccine may never be developed
How can you protect yourself?
Make careful choices about sexual activity
Don’t share drug needles
Participate in an HIV education program
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16. Figure 18.4 What’s risky and what’s not: The
approximate relative risk of HIV transmission of various
sexual activities
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17. Chlamydia
Most prevalent bacterial STD in the U.S.
Can cause sterility in men and women
In women, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease
and ectopic (tubal) pregancy
In men, chlamydia is the most common cause of
epididymitis, and causes half of all cases of urethritis
Symptoms
Usually asymptomatic in women
Vaginal discharge, burning with urination, watery
discharge from penis, pain around testicles and in
lower abdominals
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18. Chlamydia
Diagnosis
Examination of tissue samples or urine
Treatment
Once diagnosed, infected person and partner
are given antibiotics
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19. Gonorrhea
350,000 new cases reported to the CDC in
2007
Bacterial infection
Can cause sterility, arthritis, heart problems,
PID, ectopic pregnancy, urethritis, and
gonococcal conjunctivitis in infants of
infected mothers
Symptoms
Usually asymptomatic in women, though frequent
burning during urination, menstrual irregularities, pelvic
pain, and discharge may occur
Thick yellow-white discharge, and painful urination in
men
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20. Gonorrhea
Diagnosis
Microscopic exam of discharge can
diagnose infection
Treatment
Oral antibiotics can be taken for treatment
○ Growing number of drug-resistant strains of
gonorrhea is a major concern
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21. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Leading cause of infertility in young women
Symptoms
Long and painful periods, discharge, spotting, low
abdominal pain, fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting
Diagnosis
Diagnosis made on basis of symptoms, physical
examination, ultrasound, and laboratory tests
Treatment
Antibiotics and hospitalization are normally required
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22. Human Papillomavirus Infection
Most common STD in the U.S.
Causes a variety of human diseases:
Common warts
Genital warts
Genital cancers
Highly contagious
New vaccination for HPV: Gardasil
Protects against four types of HPV virus that account for
90% of genital warts and 70% of cervical cancers
Most effective before the onset of sexual activity
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23. Human Papillomavirus Infection
Symptoms
Small bump on the skin or a large, warty growth
Cauliflower-like mass
May cause irritation and bleeding
Diagnosis
Diagnosed based on the appearance of lesions
Often detected during routine PAP tests
Treatment
Treatment focuses on reducing the number and
size of warts
○ Cryosurgery (freezing)
○ Electrocautery (burning)
○ Laser surgery
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24. Genital Herpes
1 in 5 adults in the U.S. has genital herpes
Two forms cause genital herpes and oral-labial
herpes
HSV 1 (Type 1)
○ Associated with cold sores and fever blisters
○ Oral-labial herpes
○ 50-80% of U.S. adults have antibodies to HSV-1
HSV 2 (Type 2)
○ Almost always sexually transmitted
○ Usually occurs during adolescence and early adulthood
○ Approximately 22% of adults have antibodies to HSV 2
Remains in the body for life
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25. Genital Herpes
Symptoms
90% of infected people have no symptoms
First episode causes flulike symptoms and genital
lesions
Virus remains alive in an inactive state and an
outbreak can occur at any time
Diagnosis
Diagnosed through examination of sores and culturing
of fluid taken from sores
Treatment
No cure
Antiviral drugs taken at the beginning of an outbreak
can shorten the severity and duration of symptoms
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26. Hepatitis B
Inflammation of the liver which can cause
serious and permanent damage to the liver
Highly contagious but preventable with vaccine
Transmitted through the exchange of bodily
fluids
Symptoms
Flulike symptoms, nausea, vomiting, dark-colored
urine, abdominal pain, and jaundice
Diagnosis and treatment
Diagnosed through a blood test
No cure
Prevention
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27. Syphilis
Can be effectively treated with antibiotics
Symptoms
Primary phase: 10-90 days after exposure
○ Characterized by painless ulcers, called chancres
Secondary phase: 3-6 weeks after exposure
○ Characterized by flulike symptoms and highly contagious
skin rash
Late, or tertiary, phase
○ Damage to organs, dementia, cardiovascular damage,
blindness, and death
Diagnosis and treatment
Diagnosed by examination of infected tissues and
with blood tests
Treated by antibiotics but damage from late stages
of infection can be permanent
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28. Other STDs
Trichomoniasis
Most common curable STD among young
women
Single-celled organism
Bacterial vaginosis (BV)
Abnormal vaginal discharge caused by
unhealthy species of normal vaginal bacteria
Pubic lice and scabies
Contagious parasitic infections
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29. What You Can Do
Education
Diagnosis and treatment
Get vaccinated
Be alert for symptoms
Get tested
Inform your partners
Get treated
Prevention
Talk openly about your concerns
Know your potential partner
© 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 29
Hinweis der Redaktion Table 18-1 Annual New Cases of STDs in the United States Table 18-2 Sexually Transmitted Pathogens and Associated Disease Figure 18-1 The general pattern of untreated HIV infection Figure 18-2 Routes of HIV transmission among adults Figure 18-3 The life cycle of HIV: How antiviral drugs work Figure 18-4 What’s risky and what’s not: The approximate relative risk of HIV transmission of various sexual activities. Symptoms appear in 7-21 days