1. Visible confrontations and marketable solution: Environmental conflicts as learning environments Massimo De Marchi Department of geography University of Padova
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9. Ladder of citizen participation Citizen control Delegated power Partnership Placation Consultation Informing Therapy Manipulation TRUE PARTICIPATION TOKENISM NON PARTICIPATION Citizens can control totally or partially important decisions Citizens supply point of views, but no control on decisions Management of of disagreement and manipulation of agreement S. Arnstein, 1969 Level of participation