Resiliency: ecosystems to cities.
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This document discusses building resiliency in cities and the built environment. It outlines five key characteristics of resiliency: multifunctionality, redundancy, diversity, connectivity of networks, and adaptive planning. Various case studies and strategies are provided to illustrate how these characteristics can be integrated into the design process to create more resilient urban environments that can better adapt to changes and disturbances over time.
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Resiliency: ecosystems to cities.
- 2. Learning Objectives: • Assess the resiliency of the built environment on several scales using five resiliency characteristics. • Integrate resiliency into the architectural design process by converting the resiliency characteristics into process strategies. • Generate original approaches to integrated, adaptable design for cities through the creative application of resiliency strategies. • Participate more effectively in a multidisciplinary urban design or planning team by employing resiliency as a unifying concept.
- 3. global trends: • 70% urban worldwide by 2050 • mostly developing nations • loss of water quality and quantity • resource degradation and loss • climate change metro center suburbia outer ring urban region diagram flow toward urban centers
- 4. 20th century environmental movement:
- 5. the trends: OLD URBANISM NEW URBANISM LANDSCAPE URBANISM ECOLOGICAL URBANISM
- 6. early sustainability models: sustainable development smart growth “The environment cannot be improved in conditions of poverty. Nor can poverty be eradicated without the use of science and technology.” -Indira Gandhi, 1972.
- 7. early sustainability models: The congress for the New Urbanism views divestment in central cities, the spread of placeless sprawl, increasing separation by race and income, environmental deterioration, loss of agricultural lands and wilderness, and the erosion of society’s built heritage as one interrelated community-building challenge. a movement called “the New Urbanism” Charter of the New Urbanism – 1993
- 8. • high density • walkable communities • mixed use (live-work-play) early sustainability models: • surgical implant of traditional form • extra-urban • consumes land not by physical solutions alone… Seaside, FL (1981)
- 9. • The Woodlands, TX: Reduced iconic red-cockaded woodpecker habitat • Seaside, FL: Beach key area for nesting sea turtles, constrains dunes • Kentlands, MD: Destroyed grasslands habitat of upland sandpiper • Celebration, FL: Mature palms transplanted from distant, diverse savanna • Siting and zoning? • Jobs for residents? • Social diversity? • Public transportation? • Landscape quality? sustainability score: Celebration, FL
- 10. The Woodlands, TX sustainability marketing: manicured lawn “wilderness” wall to keep wild animals out natural grasses well-behaved deer Photoshop edge
- 11. 20th century paradigms: • equilibrium model • science can solve everything • “fail-safe” engineering broader scientific evolution
- 12. • multi-disciplinary • spatial patterns and processes across scales • no distinction between “built” and “natural” environments • disturbance is a given landscape ecology: Landscape Ecology diagram: edge types of urban-forest patches compared
- 13. paradox of sustainability: “New Urbanism” deterministic integrates disturbance early sustainability concepts landscape ecology how can a static condition be sustainable ? “smart growth”
- 14. SmartCode: Smart Growth grows up “Transect” model based on diametric section of urban region • character v. land use • promotes mixed use • surburban conundrum
- 15. SmartCode: Watershed model “Transect” based on river axis
- 16. SmartCode: existing proposed Follows existing density patterns. Follows dense zones. Buildout scenarios
- 17. Powers of ten: Large-scale determinism
- 18. Building it “right” is not enough.
- 19. Resiliency Theory: “Resilience is the capacity of a system to respond to change or disturbance without changing its basic state." Walker and Salt (2006) C.S. Holling (1973) “resilience”
- 20. resilience: • absorb shocks and still maintain function • self-repair to equilibrium • “engineering” resilience measured by return rate • still a “command and control” strategy “engineering” model
- 21. resiliency: Resiliency is the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and re-organize while undergoing change so as to retain essentially the same function, structure, identity and feedbacks. revised definition
- 22. persistence + new trajectories: enabling recombination of evolved structures and processes “trickle-up”
- 23. emerging sustainability model: sustaindevelop two sides of the sustainability “currency”
- 25. • baseline of ecosystem services, HEALTH • climate change mitigation, HEDGING • adaptability, REGENERATION resiliency goals:
- 26. 1. multifunctionality 2. redundancy and modularization 3. diversity and variability 4. multi-scale networks and connectivity 5. adaptive planning and design resiliency strategies:
- 27. 1. multifunctionality: “Swiss army knife” model integrated model
- 29. 1. multifunctionality: • shade • humidity • carbon sequestration • habitat • stormwater interception • nutrient (pollutant) absorption • food • wind buffering • recreation • spatial definition • aesthetic quality urban district model
- 30. 1. multifunctionality: a multifunctional “rain garden”
- 31. 1. multifunctionality: parking / market
- 32. 1. multifunctionality: private "public" plaza in NYC
- 33. 1. multifunctionality: heat island mitigation and stormwater management
- 34. Portland Green Streets: nitrogen and sediment capture Portland, OR
- 35. 2. redundancy and modularization: independent system elements “failure” is localized
- 36. 2. redundancy and modularization: distributed, decentralized system aquifer protection village center park
- 37. 2. redundancy and modularization: alternate transportation loops and merch depots
- 38. 2. redundancy and modularization : independent system elements “trickle-up”
- 39. independent system elements 2. redundancy and modularization :
- 40. 2. modularization and redundancy: Rochester, NY : Food Truck Rodeo “trickle-up”
- 41. 3. diversity: outer ring of urban region “life support” landscape
- 42. 3. diversity: metro center scale distribution of needs–assets–schedules
- 43. 3. diversity: social structure model • sustained diversity of components • localized action among components • autonomous selection process • “trickle-up” composition premeditated uncertainty
- 44. 3. diversity: human (experiential) scale, High Line, NYC context, content, and opportunity
- 45. 3. diversity: Malmo, Sweden recognition, expression, and choice
- 46. 4. multi-scale networks and connectivity: modular network “cloud” network “visceral” network hybrid “visceral” network connector “diplomat” hub “diplomatic channel” monitor
- 47. 4. multi-scale networks and connectivity: layered urban hydrology system two-way transfer and storage
- 48. 4. multi-scale networks and connectivity: Malmo, Sweden Turning Torso, Santiago Calatrava
- 49. Boston’s Emerald Necklace 4. multi-scale networks and connectivity:
- 50. 5. adaptive planning and design: continuous feedback mechanism 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 51. contractbudget project timelime 5. adaptive planning and design: phased practice model
- 52. – Adapted from Steinitz analysis models GIS workflows Scale zooming Representation Monitoring Spatial-functional comparison Assessment ObservationExperience Synergies identification Mapping Scenario conceptualization Implementation 5. adaptive planning and design: Design Analysis from “analysis paralysis” to pervasive analysis
- 53. project timeline contractbudget 5. adaptive planning and design: phases or variables become layers of a mosaic
- 54. Adaptabilitytochange Technology 5. adaptive planning and design: representational models: increasing adaptability
- 55. Voronoi regions (openings) are generated according to number of points or “seeds” Openings are regulated according to height from ground MingoPeng 5. adaptive planning and design: parametric design
- 56. Le Corbusier’s “machine-à-habiter” form follows process form follows function looks like machine acts like organism MingoPeng 5. adaptive planning and design: formal evolution
- 57. • from mimicry of form – process – systems • 3.8 billion years of adaptive design research • species extinction is a loss of heritage 5. adaptive planning and design: solar-powered Italian Sugar Factory
- 58. SEA (Street Edge Alternatives), Seattle • natural drainage systems • no curbs • reinforced turf shoulder • biochannels with weirs • rain gardens 5. adaptive planning and design: innovation and monitoring
- 59. • 11% reduction impervious surfaces • 99% runoff reduction (2 yrs) • data for new projects • projects locally specific • new projects cost effective 5. adaptive planning and design: SEA (Street Edge Alternatives), Seattle Incremental intervention
- 60. mosaic model of adaptive process: new model ? currents without eddies
- 61. revised adaptive process model: Remember the meadow ? backloops AND evolution
- 62. “adaptive governance”: transformability diverse stakeholders operating at a variety of social and ecological scales • build knowledge • incentivize participation • develop networks challenges : goal : policy makers and communities
- 63. earliest decisionsrealm of values more resilient realm of details less resilient 5. adaptive planning and design: resiliency and the decision chain
- 64. small enough to perceive, large enough to endure 5. adaptive planning and design: the scale of urban design
- 65. • regulation of land use • reliance on legal profession • influx of architects, LAs • focus on form-based standards • revisions by variance, overlays, PDDs • protection of individual rights • data collection • reliance on science • civic learning • discovery of consensus • policy advocation and change • focus on the public good deterministic model with “noise” adaptive model with feedback 5. adaptive planning and design: evolving role of planning
- 66. changing coastal settlement patterns 5. adaptive planning and design: temporal scales, incremental change
- 67. the adaptive planning process
- 68. managing the process: ? change is the management tool: an adaptive response to events focus on the anomalies ?
- 69. social acceptance: SpikeJonzeforGAP the role of popular culture
- 70. transdisciplinary collaboration: academic + professional community defined by discipline defined by project
- 71. 1. multifunctionality 2. redundancy and modularization 3. diversity and variability 4. multi-scale networks and connectivity 5. adaptive planning and design resiliency strategies: remembranceself-organization innovation feedbackdispersed interaction continual adaptation learning integrated to achieve outcomes
- 72. This ubiquitous principle is the need of cities for a most intricate and close-grained diversity of uses that give each other constant and mutual support, both economically and socially. Jane Jacobs, 1962.
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Resiliency theory originating from ecosystems science. We will introduce five resiliency characteristics or strategies and demonstrate how they apply to urban design.
- Most of us are aware of the migration of the global population to urban regions, and the growing focus on the viability of cities and their support systems as a result. This diagram is the sort used by landscape ecologists to study the patterns of urban regions.
- Historical context of sustainability concept.
- Resiliency theory transcends diverse design trends and stylistic approaches. (Define trends briefly.)
- The term “sustainable development” represents a political compromise. We have all been more focused on the meaning of “sustainable” than on what is meant by “development.” In the world of urban planning, this concept gave birth to the more digestible term “smart growth.” Smart growth is a developmental model that was essentially directed to a more conservative, synergistic use of resources.
- In the US, an important manifestation of smart growth was a movement called "the New Urbanism,” established by a group of pro-European, neo-traditional architects, urban designers, and others who had been gathering momentum since the 70’s. They drafted a charter at their first congress in 1993 that expresses some admirable sustainability goals. For the sake of argument, I am going to be a little critical of Smart Growth as it is put in practice, so that we can think about how we can do an even better job if we understand and integrate resiliency strategies.
- Seaside, FL is the poster child for the New Urbanism. The New Urbanists believe that while community planning cannot be resolved by physical solutions alone, form is an essential ingredient of success. On the ground, the priority that architectural form ultimately took has led to the creation of elitist communities developed on greenfield sites. Seaside lots sold for $15,000 in the early 80’s, and today some houses there cost over $5 million.
- The most visible New Urbanist communities have not lived up to the values expressed in the Charter, especially in regard to regional ecological context. If we rate them according to this checklist, we may find that while they are new, they are not urban.
- We also have to be careful of using the public’s support of sustainability as a marketing ploy. The Woodlands is approximately 90% white, but it does have class diversity: the average female income is $40K less than the average male income.
- Models focused on an abstract state of equilibrium. Anomalous influences are excluded and considered “noise” rather than part of the system. Non-equilibrium theory, recognized noise, turbulence and other unpredictable events.
- The field of landscape ecology emerged at the same time, and because it focused on dynamic landscape patterns, disturbance was a given.
- Landscape ecologists believed that deterministic approaches to the built environment, under the guise of sustainable development, revealed a paradox: How can a static condition be sustainable? Let’s jump to the next scale: urban regional planning.
- The principles of SmartGrowth and the New Urbanism have been integrated into a larger-scale, form-based model that is called SmartCode. In this model, the dimensional characteristics of each zone are codified, and new development would follow the same spatial standards, rather than similar uses. SmartCode is based on the belief that “the best urbanism requires the sequential influence of many participants.” This type of model depends upon cooperation among multiple jurisdictions.
- SmartCode attempts to determine, or control, growth and yet falls short of considering natural features like rivers that require low density building and high density vegetation regardless of where they run. As our cities become more populated, we need to ramp up the protection of natural resources.
- These diagrams show two buildout scenarios. The graphs show the density distribution across the urban region. By building on mixed-use village centers, suburban towns can develop in a more cost-effective way.
- This map overlays the regions defined during the Ottoman Empire, and the current national boundaries. The current geopolitical boundaries don’t correspond with historical and population patterns.
- Determinism belongs to a Cartesian paradigm where the built world is unconnected to dynamic natural systems. Resiliency theory was developed to resolve the paradox of sustainability.
- The use of the term “Resilience” in the ecological sciences is attributed to the Canadian scientist C.S. Holling.
- With respect to built systems, resiliency was initially considered an engineering problem.
- This more dynamic definition of resiliency integrates change into the system, using it as an evolutionary lever.
- Resiliency is not only about persistence; it is also about the ability to reorganize. The Piaggio fighter plane plant in Italy was destroyed during the Second World War, as were many of the roads. Enrico Piaggio and aeronautical engineer Corradino d’Ascanio developed the Vespa. The scooter enabled people to get on with their business and rebuild the economy; it remains a symbol of Italian freedom and ingenuity. TRICKLE UP
- Resiliency theory suggests a shift from “sustainable” as an adjective and “development” as a noun, to two verbs: “sustain” and “develop.” The key lies in the meaning of the word, “develop.”
- Resiliency theory lies on the border between scientific evolution and sustainability science, promoting the advancement of the sustainability concept.
- The design of resilient systems is driven by three fundamental goals: overall health, preparedness, and adaptability.
- Here are the five characteristics or strategies that contribute to the resiliency of both ecosystems and the built environment.
- Multifunctionality comes in different forms: the bundling of functions in what I call the Swiss army knife model, or the integrated model in which functions are combined.
- Different approaches to multifunctionality.
- A tree is a good model for an urban district.
- You don’t need a what is now considered a “raingarden” to achieve groundwater recharge.
- The use of impervious surfaces should be maximized. Parking lot to Farmers Market.
- This is a plaza in NYC, created for the public on private land in exchange for zoning concessions. Plaza design, public access, and maintenance must comply with specific performance requirements.
- The same type of plaza could be modified for microclimate enhancement, stormwater management and flood storage, depending on circumstances.
- Portland, OR has piloted a program called Green Streets that combines pedestrian infrastructure, storm water management, and planting into a unified system. CLICK The Green Streets program also provides employment and social interaction.
- Elements that provide a cumulative benefit while not suffering from the failure of any individual component may guarantee some continuance of ecosystem services.
- Redundancy is NOT duplication. It is best when varied by context, scale and typology. Scale can be spatial or temporal.
- This diagram shows separate, integrated components of a transportation system. If one component fails, there are reasonably accessible alternatives. In a system of long routes, any impediment along the way will cause the whole line to break down.
- Jitney-style transportation is enjoying a resurgence (Uber and Lyft), supported by Transportation Network Companies or TNCs, and smart phones. This is a “trickle up” phenomenon, where the spontaneous appearance of these services map a community’s transportation needs. Bridj started with large buses following simpler routes and will develop toward more, smaller buses as ridership increases and routes diversify.
- Shipping containers are designed as modules that can be stacked, transported by truck, or train; or loaded into a ship’s hold. This makes them ideal for pop-up structures. They can be used to create temporary shelters in disaster recovery, as well as for start-up and retrofitted markets. (Blöxx design upper left)
- These recycled shipping containers, easily moved by land or sea, exemplify this strategy well.
- This concept diagram shows diverse components of an urban region’s outer ring landscape. It includes several cropland types, meadowland, aquifer protection, and forest. Diversity enables an urban region to maintain a minimal level of self sufficiency.
- Urban streets and districts that have diverse populations (age, socio-economic class, and ethnicity) are more resilient both because assets, vulnerability and usage schedules are distributed, and a range of social roles are guaranteed.
- Today, built meadows are designed for uncertainty. While planted in a structured layout, the plants interact and evolve into a pattern that is responsive to changing site characteristics. TRICKLE UP
- Intended and spontaneous diversity in residential housing. Malmo, Sweden.
- Resilient networks feature multiple connected systems with alternating backup. This could be a diagram of a digital city, a system of community services, stakeholder groups, or an ecosystem.
- Resilient networks feature multiple connected systems with alternating backup. Stormwater systems may be designed as two-way transfer and storage networks.
- These images of Malmo, Sweden, show an articulated open stormwater network with interesting design implications for future sea level scenarios.
- Frederick Law Olmsted was successful in securing land for the public realm in Boston while preserving and enhancing wetland systems that provide flood storage and biodiversity. The range of scale and types is evident, as well as connectivity.
- This is a typical sequential model of the design process. It becomes adaptive when each stage may provide feedback or “backloops” to previous phases of the process.
- In the workplace, the design process is segmented into distinct phases that are assigned a percentage of resources. Returning to a previous phase requires uncompensated overtime, cannibalizing the budget of a successive phase, or returning to the client hat in hand. The early phases are often considered preliminary to the “real” work. Let’s zoom into the analysis phase…
- Designers and planners apply a number of analytical models and use many tools. Analysis, like design, is an ongoing process. It can’t be relegated to a single phase of the design process.
- This was my first attempt to diagram the adaptive design process. Every contributor is active to varying degrees throughout the process, and there are critical moments of constant exchange.
- Representational technology has evolved to increasingly accommodate change during the process, facilitating adaptive design.
- This is a simple example of parametric design using Rhino software with the plugin Grasshopper. Revisions to the mathematical input in Grasshopper generate changes in the model.
- Design and representational methods influence the evolution of form.
- Biological systems are models of evolved, complex, and adaptive function.
- Innovation and monitoring are two sides of the same coin in adaptive design. Seattle has used a street-by-street design approach with its SEA Initiative. A tool kit of tactics is selectively applied according to each neighborhood context.
- By monitoring completed components, municipalities can maximize performance of successive projects.
- About a week after I created this graphic model of the adaptive design process, I realized that it fell short because it didn’t represent the influence of each activity on the quality of the others. I had to come up with a new model.
- My new graphic model considers backloops, and trickle-up, although it isn’t circular: it keeps moving forward in an evolutionary process. Ecologists use the term, Panarchy, to describe broad governance by system elements, as opposed to conventional hierarchy.
- Governance also applies to the performance of policy makers and communities. The goal of cultivating ADAPTIVE governance is transformability of our civic regulatory framework. Note that transformability is different from transformation.
- Because the earliest decisions are the most important, a resilient planning process must be based on values and a shared vision of desired outcomes.
- Likewise, the regional scale represents the highest risk in decision-making, whereas the single site is the most vulnerable. The landscape or district scale is the most meaningful scale for planning because it is small enough to be readily perceivable and large enough to endure. It will affect larger and smaller scales.
- Planning has gradually migrated from a legal land use framework, through dimensional standards to form-based code. Anomalous situations are addressed by zoning variances, overlays, PDDs and other work-arounds. Planners will need to advocate more resilient policy to help us better navigate change.
- This is a model for planned migration of settlement patterns determined by sea level rise, accompanied by biodiversity and recreational enhancements that reclaim the coast for the public domain. We can’t keep subsidizing high risk patterns. Stage one shows .5 meter rise, and the creation of salt water marshes. Stage two shows 1.5 meter rise, and further development of permanent and tidal wetlands. When a reasonable degree of stability is reached, development of vegetation buffers for wildlife and recreation will add a layer of protection to the remaining low risk settlements.
- Adaptive planning should focus on large ideas and small experiments. It is focused on process, and the way we document it should change.
- Change is our best management tool. I think of surfing as an excellent model for adaptive design: you are strong and ready, but you don’t know exactly how things are going to play out.
- Social acceptance of the central role of change is important. Popular culture has a role in developing attitudes, as this example shows.
- Collaboration needs to evolve into a more resilient model, where participants are defined less by their discipline than by the nature of the project. Project-based collaboration is a “trickle-up” phenomenon.
- The resiliency strategies we have introduced are inseparable components of a unified and mutually influential approach that is focused on desired outcomes.