This presentation was prepared for students at Massey University New Zealand. It covers some basic principles of APA referencing.

1. APA REFERENCING
Part 1: IN-TEXT REFERENCING /
CITATIONS
Part 2: END OF TEXT REFERENCING
CENTRE FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING LIBRARY 3RD FLOOR
09 441-8143 slc-alb@massey.ac.nz
Presentation: http://tinyurl.com/APAreferencing2015
Handouts: http://tinyurl.com/albanyhandouts

2. • When is it right to copy something directly word for word
and include it in your essay?
• How would you write an in-text citation for ideas from a
book written this year by John Key, David Cunliffe and
Winston Peters?
• In your reference list, when do you need to include the
country a book was published in?
•Which part of the reference for a journal article is in italics?
•How do you cite a website that has no author or date?
•What is the name of Massey’s APA referencing tool?
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

3. 1. IN-TEXT REFERENCING
/ CITATIONS
Strategic planning is “the process of establishing
an organisational mission and formulating goals,
corporate strategy, marketing objectives,
marketing strategy and a marketing plan” (Pride
et al., 2006, p. 31).
Strategic planning is a comprehensive approach to
marketing, which aims to align overall corporate
strategy with the more specific goals of strategic
business units and the marketing plans which are
intended to realise these goals (Pride et al., 2006).
Summary in your own words
Quotation

4. QUOTATIONS ARE RARE
IN GOOD ESSAYS
Definitions of key concepts
Stuttering has been defined as “a disruption in the fluency of
verbal expression characterized by involuntary, audible or
silent, repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables”
(Büchel & Sommer, 2004, p. 159).
• Especially memorable phrases from experts
This is another illustration of the truth of the saying, “Those who do
not remember the past are condemned to repeat it” (Santayana,
1905, p. 284).
Altogether , a 1500 word essay would typically include 2 - 4 short quotes
Presentation: http://tinyurl.com/APAreferencing2015
Handouts: http://tinyurl.com/albanyhandouts

5. THE QUOTATION
SANDWICH
Efficient management of human resources, likewise,
requires knowledge and ability to implement
macroeconomic principles. For instance, according to the
Principle of Comparative Advantage, “everyone does best
when each concentrates on the activity for which he or
she is relatively most productive” (Frank & Bernanke,
2001, p. 23). This suggests that the underlying purpose of
human resources ought to be to ensure that employees
are trained, motivated and managed so that they can
spend most of their time contributing to the company’s
mission at the highest skill level they are capable of. In
other words, human resources management needs to be
proactive, rather than reactive.
Your point
Supporting
quote
Your Comment

6. THEORY – PRACTICE
PING-PONG
According to the model presented by Quester,
Macguiggan, Perrault and McCarthy (2004, p.
108), brand preference is a dynamic process
consisting of five different stages. This model
provides a highly useful basis for evaluation of
marketing strategy. For instance, Benneton, in the
1990’s, embarked on a highly controversial global
campaign, which certainly raised their level of
brand recognition. Their failure to translate this
recognition into matching sales (Hamilton, 1997),
may be because the whole campaign was narrowly
targeted at one single stage of brand preference.
real-world
example –
journalistic
source
theory –
academic
source

7. CITATIONS (IN-TEXT
REFERENCES)
– Surname of author(s) + year of publication
– Direct quotations need quotation marks and page
number(s)
Observational learning can be defined as “the
phenomenon whereby people develop patterns of
behavior by observing the actions of others”
(Mowen & Minor, 1998, p. 147).
Surnames
of authors
Year of
publication
Page
book journal article website
newspaper article etc
The same basic
principle for ALL
sources

8. CITATIONS (more than one
author)
For two authors, always include both:
Blah, blah, blah, blah (Chang & Liu, 2009).
For three to five authors– include all surnames first time
Blah, blah, blah, blah (Hubbard, Thomas, & Varnham, 2001).
And then use et al. if you refer to the same source again
Blah, blah, blah, blah (Hubbard et al., 2001).
For six or more authors, use et al. all the time
Blah, blah, blah, blah (Singh et al., 2011).

9. CITATIONS (SECONDARY
SOURCES)
In a recently discovered private diary, Jane Austen describes the character
as “her greatest challenge and most uncertain achievement” (as cited in
Smith, 2012, p. 231).
But try to avoid secondary references if possible. Instead, give
the original source for your information or quotations.
This period during which a learner can complete a task with the support of
tools and / or mentors is known as the Zone of Proximal Development
(ZPD) (Vygotsky, 1978).
In this case, it doesn’t really matter that I haven’t read
Vygotsky’s book myself – I read about this theory in a recent
book, but I’m including a reference to the original book in which
Vygotsky explained this theory.

10. CITATIONS (three ways)
According to Dunbar and Holmes (2003), cognitive
behavioural therapy is increasingly preferred …..
Dunbar and Holmes (2003) claim / argue / suggest / state /
provide evidence that cognitive behavioural therapy is
increasingly preferred …..
Cognitive behavioural therapy is increasingly preferred to more
traditional medical interventions in such cases (Dunbar &
Holmes, 2003).
Most of the time, you’ll put the reference in brackets, just after
you’ve finished with the information.
But sometimes you can include the author(s) in your sentence and
then just put the year in brackets.

11. 2. END OF TEXT
REFERENCES
References
Finkelstein, S., Whitehead, J., & Campbell, A. (2009). Think again: Why good leaders
make bad decisions and how to stop it happening to you. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
Business School Press.
Kahnemann, D. (2003). Maps of bounded rationality: Psychology for behavioural
economics. The American Economic Review 93(5), 1449-1475.
Kahnemann, D., Fredrickson, B. I., Schreiber, C.A., & Redelmeier, D.A. (1993). When
more pain is preferred to less: Adding a better end. Psychological Science 4(6),
401-405.
Krause, T. R. (2008). The role of cognitive bias in safety decisions. Occupational
Hazards 70(6), 28.
Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioural model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of
Economics 69(1), 99-118.
White, E. (2009, February 14). Why good leaders make bad decisions. The Wall Street
Journal. Retrieved March 13, 2012 from:
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123438338010974235.html
Use a YouTube video to help you with formatting – e.g. http://tinyurl.com/APAindenting

12. BOOK
Hamel, G. (2000). Leading the revolution. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
surname,
initial
(year) title city
publisher
For more than one
author, include all
names with initials
(followed by . and ,)
Hubbard, J., Thomas, C., & Varnham, S. (2001). Principles of law for New
Zealand business students (2nd ed.). Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson
Education.

13. CHAPTER IN
EDITED BOOK
Biggins, G. (2009). Why I became a social worker. In P. Te Ara & T. Rogers (Eds.),
Social work and social workers in New Zealand/Aotearoa (pp.102-120).
Auckland, New Zealand: Insight Press.
Title of chapter – not
in italics
Editors’ names – initial
goes before and (Eds.),
goes after!
Title of book –
in italics
Page numbers of chapter – in
brackets with pp. before
Author of chapter
and year of
publication
City &
Publisher

14. CITY OF PUBLICATION
UK, NZ etc
city, country
Harmondsworth, England:
Penguin.
Palmerston North, New
Zealand: Dunmore Press.
USA
city, state
initials
Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates.
Check title of book in library catalogue and/or Google if
city of publication is not clear from the book itself
Australia
Either state
OR country
Milton, Qld: McGraw-Hill.
Milton, Australia:
McGraw-Hill.

15. JOURNAL REFERENCE
Silverblatt, A. (2004). Media as a social
institution. American Behavioral
Scientist, 48(1), 35-42.
author’s name
year Title (no italics)
journal name
(italics)
volume &
issue number
page numbers
doi:10.1080/09585190802707433
doi number
(if the article has one)

16. WEB PAGE REFERENCE
Statistics New Zealand. (2009).
Mapping trends in the Auckland
region. Retrieved from
http://www.stats.govt.nz/Publication
s/PopulationStatistics/mapping-
trends-in-the-auckland-region.aspx.
author’s name
(or organisation that owns the web site)
Year
(if it’s missing put (n.d.)
Retrieved from
followed by full internet address
Title of page
(in italics)

17. REFERENCING
SOFTWARE
Endnote ($36 from library – and make sure you go to a tutorial)
http://tinyurl.com/endnoteguide
http://www.zotero.org/
Free Programmes to download (but you’ll need to learn how to
use them, through online tutorials etc)
Use the references tab in the toolbar
Microsoft Word
Click ‘insert citation’ + add new source
Take care with names (Hamel, Gary) and type of source
http://www.mendeley.com
Use a YouTube video like:
http://tinyurl.com/MSwordreferencingvideo

18. When is it right to copy something directly word for word
and include it in your essay?
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
• How would you write an in-text citation for ideas from a
book written this year by John Key, David Cunliffe and
Winston Peters?
• definitions and memorable phrases
• first time (Key, Cunliffe, & Peters, 2015)
• after that (Key, et al., 2015)

19. In your reference list, when do you need to include the
country a book was published in?
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
• When the city is in a country like England or New
Zealand that doesn’t have states.
Which part of the reference for a journal article is in italics
• The title of the journal

20. How do you cite a website that has no author or date?
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
• Use the organisation that published it as the
author and put n.d. as the date
What is the name of Massey’s APA referencing tool?
• APA interactive (on OWLL)

21. References
Frank, R., & Bernanke, B. (2001). Principles of macroeconomics. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill Higher
Education.
Hubbard J., Thomas, C. & Varnham, S. (2001). Principles of law for New Zealand business students.
Auckland, New Zealand: Prentice Hall.
Parry J., Black, C., & Bennett, A. (2000). Fundamentals of finance. Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson
Education.
Quester, P., McGuiggan, R., Perreault, W. , & McCarthy, J. (2004). Marketing: Creating and delivering
value. Sydney, NSW: McGraw-Hill Australia.
This PowerPoint Presentation and the accompanying handouts are copyrighted
by the Centre for Teaching and Learning, Massey University and may not be
used, except for personal study, without written permission from the
copyright owner. Please note that references and arguments are provided
for illustration of writing principles only – not for their content! © 2015
Presentation: http://tinyurl.com/APAreferencing2015
Handouts: http://tinyurl.com/albanyhandouts