Power quality & demand side management

MARK ANTHONY B. ENOY, REE
IIEE ZN CHAPTER
LECTURE 1


 3.1 Power System Planning
 3.2 Power System Reliability
 3.3 Economic Operation of Power System
 3.4 Power Quality & Demand Side Management
(DSM)
Power System
Economics


- Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile,
Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of
power supply.
- The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which
the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable,
uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free
supply.
INTRODUCTION OF POWER QUALITY

Power Quality means quality of the normal
voltage supplied to your facility.
The IEEE defines POWER QUALITY as the
ability of a system or an equipment to
function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic
environment without introducing intolerable
electromagnetic disturbances to anything in
that environment.


 1. Continuity of the supply.
 2.”Quality” of the voltage.
Power Quality mainly deals with:


 The growing use of microprocessors and electronic
equipment's has made us to focus on power quality .
 Equipment and machinery can be damaged or even
fail when subjected to power anomalies .
 Voltage provided should be as close as possible to
nominal voltage and waveform must be pure sine
wave free from any harmonics and other
disturbances.


 Variation in voltage magnitude and frequency.
 Variation in magnitude can be due to sudden rise
or fall of load , outages, repetitive varying loading
pattern in rolling mills, power electronic converters,
inverters, lightning..etc
 Variation in frequency can rise of out of system
dynamics or harmonics injection.
CAUSES OF POOR
POWER
QUALITY


1. Reliability :- continuous availability,
interruption/breakdown/outage free
2. Parameters:-
 Voltage- flicker, swell, sag/dip, unbalance
 Frequency- drop or rise
 Harmonics contains- SCR, converters, inverters
etc.
 Transients
POWER QUALITY
COVERS


 Non linear loads
 Arcing loads
 Switching operation
 Reactive loads
 Atmospheric condition
 Unstable loads
 Neighboring unbalance system
SOURCES OF POOR
POWER
QUALITY


 Voltage Sags :- A reduction in RMS voltage or
current at the power frequency.
TYPICAL POWER
QUALITY
PROBLEMS


 The effect of poor power quality problems has
serious implication on
 the utilities and customers.
 Higher losses in transformers, cables .
 Neutral wire burning due to third harmonics
generated by non linear loads.
 Power factor capacitors may punctures.
 Energy meters will give faulty readings.
IMPACT OF POOR
POWER QUALITY (1)


 Solid state protective relays may damaged .
 Speed drives may shut down.
 Motor will increase core and cu losses
 Non sinusoidal waveforms will reduce the
efficiency of motors.
 Electronic computer may loss data due to voltage
variation .
 Domestics TV and other equipments are affected
by the poor quality.
IMPACT OF POOR
POWER QUALITY (2)

 The nominal fundamental frequency of the whole
system shall be 60 Hz. · Frequency variation: 59.7 Hz to
60.3 Hz Reference: Phil. Distribution Code Section 3.2
 The nominal Substation Delivery Voltage shall be 13.2
kV line-to-line and 7.62 kV line-to-neutral. · Voltage
variation (Line-to-Line): 12.54 kV to 13.86 kV · Voltage
Variation (Line-to-Neutral): 7.24 kV to 8.002 kV Reference:
Phil. Grid Code Section 3.2.3.4
 The Nominal Voltage of the Distribution Connection
Point shall be 7.62 kV for the primary side and 240
Volts for the secondary side. · Voltage variation (7.62
kV): 6.859 kV to 8.002 kV · Voltage Variation (240 V): 216
V to 252 V Reference: Phil. Distribution Code Section
3.2.3.3
Operational Standards & Guidelines

To avoid the huge losses related to PQ problems, the most
demanding consumers must take action to prevent the
problems. Among the various measures, selection of less
sensitive equipment can play an important role. When even
the most robust equipment is affected, then other
measures must be taken, such as installation of restoring
technologies, distributed generation or an interface device
to avoid PQ problems.

- The availability of electric power with high quality is
crucial for the running of the modern society. If some
sectors are satisfied with the quality of the power
provided by utilities, some others are more demanding.
Conclusions

ENGR. MARK ANTHONY B. ENOY
IIEE ZN CHAPTER
Lecture 2
January 20,2018


 The action of lessening in severity or intensity
Definition of Mitigation


 Many PQ problems have origin in Transmission &
Distribution network.
 A proper planned and maintained grid will avoid
many PQ problems.
- High level of redundancy;
- Cleaning of insulators;
- Trimming of trees nearby power
lines…
Grid Adequacy


 Constant voltage transformers (CVT) were one of the
first PQ solutions used to mitigate the effects of
voltage sags and transients. To maintain the voltage
constant, they use two principles that are normally
avoided: resonance and core saturation.
Constant Voltage
Transformers


 When the resonance occurs, the current will increase
to a point that causes the saturation of the magnetic
core of the transformer. If the magnetic core is
saturated, then the magnetic flux will remain
roughly constant and the transformer will produce
an approximately constant voltage output.


 If not properly used, a CVT will originate more PQ
problems than the ones mitigated. It can produce
transients, harmonics (voltage wave clipped on the
top and sides) and it is inefficient (about 80% at full
load). Its application is becoming uncommon due to
technological advances in other areas.


 Surge Arrester/ suppressors
 Isolation transformer
 Active/Passive Filter (harmonics)
Transient Disturbances


 Transient voltage surge suppressors are used to
interface between the power source and sensitive
loads, so that the transient voltage is clamped by the
TVSS before it reaches the load. TVSSs usually
contain a component with a nonlinear resistance (a
metal oxide varistor or zener diode) that limits
excessive line voltage and conduct any excess
impulse energy to ground.
Transient Voltage Surgé suppressors
(TVSS)


 Isolation transformers are used to isolate sensitive
loads transients and noise deriving from the mains.
In some cases (Delta-Wye connection) isolation
transformers keep harmonic currents generated by
loads from getting upstream the transformer.
Isolation Transformers


 The particularity of isolation transformers is a
grounded shield made of nonmagnetic foil located
between the primary and the secondary. Any noise
or transient that come from the source in transmitted
through the capacitance between the primary and
the shield and on to the ground and does not reach
the load.


 Noise filters are used to avoid unwanted frequency
current or voltage signals (noise) from reaching
sensitive equipment. This can be accomplished by
using a combination of capacitors and inductances
that creates a low impedance path to the
fundamental frequency and high impedance to
higher frequencies, that is, a lowpass filter.
Noise Filters


Power factor depends on:-
1. Displacement between current and voltage
phasors
2. Total Harmonic distortion
pf = displacement pf * distortion pf
Current-voltage displacement can be
minimized by using capacitor banks(to
compensate the reactive power) and
synchronous condensers, etc
Harmonic Filters


 Harmonic distortion can be minimized by using
harmonic filters(an arrangement of linear elements).
 These elements are so arranged so as to eliminate the
particular harmonics(of integral Fourier order).
 Once the harmonics are maximum filtered off, the
distortion power factor(inversely proportional to the
total harmonic distortion) turns unity and thus the
power factor improves


 Active Filter
 An active filter is a type of analog circuit
implementing and
electronic filter using activecomponents, typically an
amplifier. Amplifiers included in a filter design can be
used to improve the cost, performance and
predictability of a filter.
 Passive Filter-Passive implementations of
linear filters are based on combinations of resistors
(R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C).
Reactive and Harmonic
Demand


 Dynamic Voltage Restorer
 Tap changing transformer
Voltage sag and Swell


 The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), also referred
to as the Series Voltage Booster (SVB) or the Static
Series Compensator (SSC), is a device that utilizes
solid state (or static) power electronic components,
and is connected in series to the utility primary
distribution circuit. The DVR provides three phase
controllable voltage, whose vector (magnitude and
angle) adds to the source voltage to restore the load
voltage to pre-sag conditions.


 Transformer tap changer – if the transformer has a
tap changer then the ratio between the magnitude of
the power transformer primary and secondary
currents will vary depending upon the tap position.
The mean tap position should be taken for
calculations and any spill current compensated by
the relay bias circuit.
Transformer tap changer


 1. Off-circuit – The tap change may only be carried
out when the transformer is not energized. Off-
circuit tap changers are usually relatively simple
switches mounted close to the winding tappings. The
switches are under oil and are designed to change
position only when the transformer is de-energized.
There is consequently no breaking of current flow.
The tap changer is operated by a handle, or wheel,
from the outside of the tank in most transformers.
Tap changers may be:


 2. Off-load – The tap changer may be operated when
the circuit is energized but not when the circuit is
drawing load current.


3. On-load – The tap changer may be
operated under load conditions. An on-load
tap changer has a much more difficult duty
than the off-circuit type. An international
survey on failures in large power
transformers (CIGRE Working Group Study
Committee 12, Electra, Jan. 1983, No. 88, pp.
21–48) showed that tap changers were the
source of some 40% of transformer faults. As
the name implies, the on-load tap changer


 On-load tap changer selection is best completed in
conjunction with the manufacturer unless some
standardization policy by the electrical supply utility
dictates otherwise.


 Static Power balancer
 Redistribution of single-phase loads equally
to all phases (Utility level).
 Load Balancing (Plant level)
Voltage Unbalance


Distribution static VAR compensator or Static
VAR compensators (SVR) - Inject the pulses
which are exactly 180 degrees out of phase of
the unwanted harmonics , thus cancelling out
the unwanted harmonics and yielding the
output wave, very close in nature to the
fundamental wave.
Voltage Flicker


 Static VAR compensators (SVR) use a combination of
capacitors and reactors to regulate the voltage
quickly.
 Solid-state switches control the insertion of the
capacitors and reactors at the right magnitude to
prevent voltage from fluctuating. The main
application of SVR is the voltage regulation in high
voltage and the elimination of flicker caused by large
loads (such as induction furnaces).


 1. Increasing power transfer in long lines 2. Stability
improvement (both steady state and transient) with
fast acting voltage regulation
 3. Damping of low frequency oscillations
(corresponding to electromechanical modes.) 4.
Control of dynamic over voltages
SVCs are used for:


 • The integration of series-active and shunt-active filters.
 • The main purpose of a UPQC is to compensate for
voltage flicker/imbalance, reactive power, negative
sequence current, and harmonics.
 • In other words, the UPQC has the capability of
improving power quality at the point of installation on
power distribution systems or industrial power systems.
 • A UPQC that combines the operations of a Distribution
Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) and Dynamic Voltage
Regulator (DVR) together.
Unified Power Quality
Conditioner


 1. The mitigation of all the power quality related
issues leads to the economic operation of the power
system.
 2. A technically sound quality of power will be
supplied to the equipments, thereby leading to their
smooth operation and ensuring a long life for them.
IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT AND
SOCIETY


 3. The elimination of harmonics and other issues
leads to the proper operation of the system, thereby
eliminating the unwanted vibrations and keeping the
system stable.
 4. The reactive power is compensated at an
acceptable and affordable cost and thus, the system
efficiency improves.


 5. The power factor is improved; this leads to a
heavy savage in the costs of electricity bills.
 6. Above all, the problem of power pollution is
eliminated.


 POWER QUALITY maintenance is an important
aspect in the economic operation of a system.
 Various PQ problems may lead to another
undesirable problems.
• Proper mitigation devices can be used to maintain
the level of power quality as desired.
Conclusion

ENGR. MARK ANTHONY B. ENOY
IIEE ZN CHAPTER
Lecture 3
March 3,2018


Define demand-side management
To introduce to the students the concept of
demand-side management for residential,
commercial and industrial energy users.
To give an overview of the different of DSM
techniques
To provide an overview of the major
implementation challenges for DSM
programmes.
Objectives


 The rate at which electric Energy is being used
(usually expressed in MW, MVar, and MVA).
Source: Philippine Grid Code
Demand


The reduction in Demand for the control of
the Frequency when the Grid is in an
Emergency State. This includes Automatic
Load Dropping, Manual Load Dropping,
Demand reduction upon instruction by the
System Operator and Voluntary Demand
Management. Source: Philippine Grid Code
Demand Control


A warning from the System Operator,
not preceded by any other warning,
which is issued when a Demand
reduction is expected within the next 30
minutes. Source: Philippine Grid Code
Demand Control Imminent Warning


An estimate of the future system peak
Demand expressed in kW or MW of a
particular Connection Point, Grid, sub-
transmission system, or distribution
area. Source: Philippine Grid Code
Demand Forecast


 means programs designed to influence utility
customer uses of energy to produce the desired
changes in demand. It includes load management,
efficiency resource programs and conservation;
“Demand-side management
programs” or “DSM programs”


 means any hardware, equipment or practice which is
installed or instituted for energy efficiency or energy
management purposes;
“Demand-side measure”


 means the process of selection and evaluation of
DSM options that can achieve the highest level of
effectiveness;
 “Demand-side resource” means a resource that
manages the demand for end-use efficiency
improvement for electrical power or energy by
applying demand-side programs to implement one
(1) or more demand-side measures;
“DSM optimization”


 means a resource that manages the demand for end-
use efficiency improvement for electrical power or
energy by applying demand-side programs to
implement one (1) or more demand-side measures;
“Demand-side resource”


Electrical energy can’t be
stored cheaply or in great
quantities. Therefore supply
and demand has to be balanced
simultaneously.
Intro to DSM


To ensure sustenance of supply,
the total capacity of electricity
generation must be larger than the
maximum demand.


During the past years, the demand for
electricity is rising every year. The
economic cost and environmental
impact to build new power plants to
satisfy the rising demand will be very
expensive.


Demand Side Management (DSM)
techniques provide variety of
measures to reduce energy
consumption, which leads to more
manageable demand.


 Before proceeding with DSM you must know your
load profile.
Know your load profile


Space heating/ cooling
Water heating
Cooking
Lighting
Industrial processes
irrigation
How do consumers use power?

Load curve- is the curve plotted by placing
the ordinates KW in their proper time
sequences. The curves are plotted for each
24hr day taking the average load on hourly
bases. From the load curve the ff. information
can be determined: a) maximum load of the
station, b) size of the generating units to be
installed, c) operating schedule of the station
the area under the curve measures the total
energy consumed by the load during the day
When do consumers use
power


load duration curve (LDC) is used in electric power
generation to illustrate the relationship between
generating capacity requirements and capacity
utilization.


 Load management, also known as demand side
management (DSM), is the process of balancing the
supply of electricity on the network with the
electrical load by adjusting or controlling the load
rather than the power station output.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_management)
Demand Side Management


“Demand-side management” or “DSM” means the
planning, implementation, and evaluation by the
electric utilities’ of their activities designed to influence
customer use of electricity that produce the desired
changes in the timing and/or level of electricity
demand. DSM includes only activities that involve
deliberate intervention by electric utilities to alter
demand and/or energy consumption. (source: Energy
Regulatory Commision-ERC-Philippines)
Demand Side Management


1. Cost reduction
2. Environmental and social
improvement
3. Reliability and network issues
4. Improved markets
WHY PROMOTE DSM?


1. Cost reduction—many DSM and
energy efficiency efforts have been
introduced in the context of integrated
resource planning and aimed at
reducing total costs of meeting energy
demand;
Cost reduction


2. Environmental and social
improvement—energy efficiency
and DSM may be pursued to
achieve environmental and/or
social goals by reducing energy
use, leading to reduced
greenhouse gas emissions;
Environmental and
social improvement


3. Reliability and network issues—
ameliorating and/or averting
problems in the electricity network
through reducing demand in ways
which maintain system reliability in
the immediate term and over the
longer term defer the need for network
augmentation;
Reliability and network
issues


4. Improved markets—short-term
responses to electricity market
conditions (“demand response”),
particularly by reducing load during
periods of high market prices caused
by reduced generation or network
capacity.
Improved markets


Any DSM technique implemented may result in one of
the forms of demand reduction:
A. Peak Clipping
B. Conservation
C. Load Shifting
D. Improved markets
Forms of DSM


 refers to the reduction of utility loads during peak
demand periods. This can delay the need for
additional generation capacity. The net effect is a
reduction in both peak demand and total energy
consumption. Peak clipping can be achieved by
direct control of customers’ appliances.
A. Peak Clipping


 refers to reduction in consumption by consumers.
There is net reduction in both demand and total
energy consumption. Strategic conservation can be
implemented by motivating customers to use more
energy-efficient appliances.
B. Conservation


 involves shifting loads from on-peak to off-peak
periods. The net effect is a decrease in peak demand,
but not change in total energy consumption.
C. Load Shifting


1. Direct load control.
2. Load limiters.
3. Commercial/industrial programs.
4. Frequency regulation.
5. Time of use pricing.
6. Demand bidding.
7. Smart metering and appliances.
DSM techniques


 A remotely controllable switch that can turn power
to a load or appliance on or off. Such a device could
also be used to regulate the amount of power that
a load can consume. Direct load control devices can
be operated by a utility or third party energy
provider to reduce a customer's energy demand at
certain times.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03062619163154
58
1. Direct load control

A load limiter or electricity limiter allows a
reduced supply of electricity to power a few
essential devices or appliances.
An electric service load limiter limits the level
of current a consumer receives from an electric
utility power line. The load limiter is set either
at the consumer's location or through a remote
control such as an automatic meter reading
system in the load
limiter. https://www.google.com/patents/US6373150
2. Load limiters


3. Commercial/industrial programs
Incentives are offered to participants
(Project Sponsors) who install energy
efficient retrofit projects in commercial
and industrial facilities. This program
also accepts new construction projects,
which exceed minimum energy
efficiency standards.


A qualifying facility will be one with a
peak demand of at least 100 kW at a
single site or a combined peak demand
of at least 250 kW at multiple sites.
Each project must achieve a minimum
summer peak demand reduction of 20
kW or 120,000kWh.


Incentives are paid to project
sponsors for verified demand and
energy savings. Project sponsors
may be any company, contractor,
or customer who installs energy
efficiency measures.


Frequency regulation is the constant second-
by-second adjustment of power to maintain
grid frequency at 60 Hz to ensure grid
stability. Today, frequency regulation is
managed by grid operators who rely on
generating resources like natural gas
generators that ramp up or down to support
changes in supply and demand.
4. Frequency regulation.


Time-Of-Use (TOU) rates are the fixed
electricity prices* charged to all Regulated
Price Plan customers, both residential and
small business. Example: electricity demand is
less than 50 kW in the Alectra Utilities (formerly
PowerStream) service territory. TOU pricing
varies based on the time of day and week
customers use electricity.
5. Time of use pricing.


Time-of-use rate plans better align the
price of energy with the cost of energy
at the time it is produced. Lower rates
during partial-peak and off-peak hours
offer an incentive for customers to shift
energy use away from more expensive
peak hours, which can help you save
money and reduce strain on the electric
grid.
What is a time of use rate?

DAY OF THE
WEEK
TIME OF DAY TOU PERIOD TOU PRICE
Weekends &
Holidays:
All day Off-peak $0.065 per kWh
Weekdays: 7:00 a.m. to 11:00
a.m.
On-peak $0.132 per kWh
11:00 a.m. to 5:00
p.m.
Mid-peak $0.095 per kWh
5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. On-peak $0.132 per kWh
7:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. Off-peak $0.065 per kWh
TOU Prices - Winter - November 1, 2017 - April 30, 2018

DAY OF THE WEEK TIME OF DAY TOU PERIOD TOU PRICE
Weekends &
Holidays:
Weekdays: 7:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. Mid-peak $0.095 per kWh
11:00 a.m. to 5:00
p.m.
5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. Mid-peak $0.095 per kWh
TOU Prices - Summer - July 1, 2017 - October 31, 2017

DAY OF THE
WEEK
TIME OF DAY TOU PERIOD TOU PRICE
Weekends &
Holidays:
Weekdays: 7:00 a.m. to 11:00
a.m.
Mid-peak $0.113 per kWh
11:00 a.m. to 5:00
p.m.
5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. Mid-peak $0.113 per kWh
TOU Prices - Summer - May 1, 2017 - June 30, 2017


The Demand Bidding Program (E-DBP)
pays you for voluntary load reductions
that you bid and deliver during periods
of high system loads. If you submit a
bid and are able to respond, you can
earn generous payments, but if you are
not able to respond or fall short of your
bid, there is no penalty.
6. Demand bidding


Reduce peak-time energy use, increase
your bottom line. Receive bill credits
when voluntarily lowering energy use.
This demand response program offers
plenty of upside savings, with no
downside risk.


The demand bidding/buyback is one
of the demand response (DR) programs
that encourages large consumers to
change their energy consumption
pattern and decline their peak load in
return for financial rewards.


 This procedure is useful for both the consumers and
system operator (SO) and improves market efficiency by
providing the opportunity for consumers to change the
market clearing price (MCP) in peak hours. For our
purpose, a proposed model has been developed for
optimizing the load change bids in demand side. market
clearing price is then determined from SO point of view
considering the demand side bidding. In this paper the
economics of the proposed process for demand bidding
has been analyzed from both demand side and system
operator point of view. Finally, the proposed model has
been applied on CIGRE 32-bus test system. The results
show a decrease in market clearing price (MCP) and an
increase in profit of participants.


 A demand bidding event will be dispatched- EX.
Monday through Friday. Companies will dispatch
one event per day for of 4 hrs to 8 hrs.
 The participant be notified by noon about the
business day before the planned event and have up
to 4pm to submit your bid via internet- ex. interAct(
internet baed energy management system.
 At 5pm the participant will be notified the bid is
accepted. After that the participant must reduce a
minimum of 10kW or more for two consecutive
hours within the planned event window.
How does DBP work? I


 The participant must reduce its energy usage by
atleast 50percent of the amount stated to qualify for
any incentive payment.
 Your regular electric billls will continue to be
calculated each month based on your actual recorded
monthly demands and energy usage. The incentive
payment will be applied to the electric bill within a
certain amount of time. Ex. 3 months after
curtailment.
How does DBP work? II


A smart meter is an electronic
device that records consumption of
electric energy in intervals of an
hour or less and communicates
that information at least daily back
to the utility for monitoring and
billing.
7. Smart metering and appliances

 transmit energy use data to the utility, so that meter readers
are no longer required
 receive and carry out commands such as disconnecting the
supply when customers move out and reconnecting it when
the next customer moves in
 monitor the supply for faults and automatically advise the
utility in case of problems
 act as a ‘gateway’ or point of communications to the home
for important information such as changes in price or
notification of emergencies
 ultimately act as a two-way interface with the customer’s
own appliances via a ‘home energy network’.
Smart meters offer a range of capabilities and services
which accumulation meters do not. They can:


Smart meters can transmit data, receive
commands, monitor supply and
communicate with appliances. How these
capabilities are used by electricity suppliers
and their customers varies from place to
place, and is likely to change over time. In
Australia, different states and electricity
utilities have different policies on smart
meters.

Some are committed to replacing old
meters with smart meters over a
predetermined timeframe, some are
installing smart meters only in new
buildings or when old meters need
replacement, and some are continuing
to install meters, which may have
digital displays and record interval data
but are not actually smart.


Smart appliances
A smart appliance is a state-of-the-art
device that connects to your smartphone,
tablet or computer to give you more
information and control than ever before.
Your smart appliance can send you alerts,
for example, so you'll know exactly when
the laundry is clean or the cookies are
ready.


Any device in your home that uses electricity
can be put on your home network and at
your command. Whether you give that
command by voice, remote control, tablet or
smartphone, the home reacts. Most
applications relate to lighting, home security,
home theater and entertainment, and
thermostat regulation.
How do smart devices work?


 1. Managing all of your home devices from one place.
The convenience factor here is enormous. Being able to
keep all of the technology in your home connected
through one interface is a massive step forward for
technology and home management. Theoretically, all
you’ll have to do is learn how to use one app on your
smartphone and tablet, and you’ll be able to tap into
countless functions and devices throughout your home.
This cuts way back on the learning curve for new users,
makes it easier to access the functionality you truly want
for your home.
THE BIG
ADVANTAGES


 2. Flexibility for new devices and appliances. Smart home
systems tend to be wonderfully flexible when it comes to
the accommodation of new devices and appliances and
other technology. No matter how state-of-the-art your
appliances seem today, there will be newer, more
impressive models developed as time goes on. Beyond
that, you’ll probably add to your suite of devices as you
replace the older ones or discover new technology to
accompany your indoor and outdoor spaces. Being able to
integrate these newcomers seamlessly will make your job
as a homeowner much easier, and allow you to keep
upgrading to the latest lifestyle technology.


 3. Maximizing home security. When you incorporate
security and surveillance features in your smart home
network, your home security can skyrocket. There are
tons of options here -- only a few dozen of which are
currently being explored. For example, home automation
systems can connect motion detectors, surveillance
cameras, automated door locks, and other tangible
security measures throughout your home so you can
activate them from one mobile device before heading to
bed. You can also choose to receive security alerts on your
various devices depending on the time of day an alert
goes off, and monitor activities in real-time whether
you’re in the house or halfway around the globe.


 4. Remote control of home functions. Don’t
underestimate the power of being able to control
your home’s functions from a distance. On an
exceptionally hot day, you can order your house to
become cooler in just enough time before you get
home from work. If you’re in a hurry to get dinner
started but you’re still at the store, you can have
your oven start to preheat while you’re still on your
way home. You can even check to see if you left the
lights on, who is at your front door, or make sure
you turned off all your media while you’re away.


 5. Increased energy efficiency. Depending on how you
use your smart-home technology, it’s possible to make
your space more energy-efficient. For example, you can
have more precise control over the heating and cooling of
your home with a programmable smart thermostat that
learns your schedule and temperature preferences, and
then suggests the best energy efficient settings throughout
the day. Lights and motorized shades can be programed
to switch to an evening mode as the sun sets, or lights can
turn on and off automatically when you enter or leave the
room, so you never have to worry about wasting energy.


 6. Improved appliance functionality. Smart homes can
also help you run your appliances better. A smart TV will
help you find better apps and channels to locate your
favorite programming. A smart oven will assist you with
cooking your chicken to perfection -- without ever
worrying about overcooking or undercooking it. An
intelligently designed home theater and audio system can
make managing your movie and music collection
effortless when entertaining guests. Ultimately,
connecting your appliances and other systems with
automation technology will improve your appliance
effectiveness and overall make your home life much more
easier and enjoyable!


 7. Home management insights. There’s also
something to be said for your ability to tap into
insights on how your home operates. You can
monitor how often you watch TV (and what you
watch), what kind of meals you cook in your oven,
the type of foods you keep in your refrigerator, and
your energy consumption habits over time. From
these insights, you may be able to analyze your daily
habits and behaviors, and make adjustments to live
the lifestyle you desire.


 Never settle for low price. Choose the right appliance
for you


 Improving overall energy efficiency
 Improving reliability and quality of power supply
 Improving efficiency in transmission and
distribution networks infrastructure investments and
operations
 Reducing the risk of power shortages
 Saving capital investment to build new power plants
 Delivering energy to consumers more economically
 Saving the environment
DSM benefits to the sector


 Convincing customers to “spend to save” in energy
efficient measures
 No incentive for tenets of high-rise buildings
(majority of consumers in large cities) to save in
cooling consumption; typically the AC is a part of
the building general service that is included in the
annual rent of the flats
 Extreme temperature and humidity levels during
summer peak demand makes DSM measures in
reducing AC consumption unfavourable.
Common DSM challenges

Short recap
• From prelim to Midterm

•Power Quality means quality of the
normal voltage supplied to your
facility.
•1. Continuity of the supply.
•2.”Quality” of the voltage

CAUSESOF POORPOWERQUALITY
• Variation in voltage magnitude and frequency.
• Variation in magnitude can be due to sudden rise or fall of
load , outages, repetitive varying loading pattern in rolling
mills, power electronic converters, inverters, lightning..etc
• Variation in frequency can rise of out of system dynamics or
harmonics injection.

Schedule of final exams
• Next week


Thank You!
EE 528
PROTECTIVE RELAYING
Class of 2018
The End

Power quality & demand side management

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