1. MINORITIES'
TREATMENTS IN ASIA
AND EUROPE
THE CASE OF
THE BASQUE AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY (BAC) AND
XINJIANG UYGHUR AUTONOMOUS REGION (XUAR)
ADAM THOMAS 12502073
XIE WENYE MARIS 11051299
HUANG YEUK TSZ VENETIA 11012730

3. OUTLINE
• Historical and Political Background
• Cultural:
Education Policies -Language
• Globalization and Nationalism
• Conclusion

4. BASQUES COUNTRIES
OR BASQUE COUNTRY ?
21,000km² (8,100 square miles) 7,234 km2 / 2,155,000 inhabitants in
Basque Country
Population: about 3,000,000
Focus: the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC)
in Spain

5. A SHORT HISTORY OF
THE BASQUE COUNTRY
• Since the end of the 19th century: Regionalist movement
1895: Sabino Arana- the Basque Nationalist Party (BNP)
• BNP supported Republicans against Spanish Nationalists
during the Spanish Civil War(1936-1939)
• 1959: "Basque Homeland and Freedom”  ETA
• Strong opposition to Franco and his centralizing policies,
1973: assassination of Carrero Blanco
• Since 1978: One of the 17 Autonomous Communities
(Spanish Constitution) : Legislative and executive powers

6. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE
BASQUE COUNTRY (2)
• 20th October 2011 : ETA says its violent independence
campaign is over. Still true.
• Balance 825 dead people because of ETA since 1959
• Neither independence nor self-determination
• Huge repression against ETA, 700 members are currently
prisoners
• An Autonomy governed by the BNP
• But still a strong political, economic and cultural
nationalism

7. XINJIANG UYGHUR AUTONOMOUS
REGION: SOME STATISTICS
1,646,800 km² / 21,813,334 inhabitants
Uyghur 45%, Han 41%
62% of Muslims

8. A SHORT HISTORY OF XINJIANG,
"THE NEW BOARDER" (1)
• Buffer region
• Many different influences -Mongol, Ottoman Empire,
Russian, Turkish peoples, Chinese
• 1949 : "Peaceful liberation" by communist troops.
Beginning of a stricter control.
• Collapse of the USSR, independence of Central Asia
Republics : growing of a nationalist movements during the
90s

9. SHORT HISTORY OF XINJIANG,
"THE NEW BOARDER" (2)
• A focal point of ethnic tensions in China
• 2007: Xinjiang raid
• 2008: suicide bombing attempt on a China Southern Airlines
flight
• 2008: Xinjiang attack the death of sixteen police officers
four days before the Beijing Olympics.
• July 2009: Ürümqi riots More than 300 dead
• September 2009: Xinjiang unrest
• 2010 Aksu bombing trials of 376 people.
• Since 2004, existence of the World Uyghur Congress
• President: Rebiya Kadeer

10. NEWS
• Different organizations (e.g. WUC) participate in
the East Turkestan Independence Movement
• Beijing’s repression: national security
and the fight against "the separatism of minorities"
• Increase of the percentage of Chinese Han
 Han-oriented immigration policy

11. HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL
BACKGROUND: DONE
• Nowadays, can we consider those
two regions have specific cultural
rights ?
• Is there any impact of globalization
on these movements ?

12. CULTURAL:
LINGUISTIC POLICY
Language  Identity
Basque people:
• Euskaldun
• Euskal Herria
‘I AM WHAT I SPEAK’

13. • 25%-30% of the
population
• Official Language
• 8-11 million speakers
• Official Language

14. The Basque Autonomous Xinjiang Uyghur
BILINGUALISM Community (BAC) Autonomous Region
in Spain (XUAR)
Official Languages Spanish & Basque Mandarin & Uyghur
Started from… the Law for the Normalization 1982: the new constitution
of the Use of the Basque Article 12 states:
Language (1982) Schools or other
educational institutions,
1983: which mainly consist of
bilingual teaching models A, B students from minority
and D nationalities, may use in
education the language of
the respecting nationality
or the native language
commonly adopted in that
region.
Uyghur-language
Han-language OR
Bilingual Teaching

15. MODEL A
MODEL B
MODEL D
IKASTOLAK
Basque Spanish

16. XINJIANG UYGHUR
AUTONOMOUS REGION
“The Xinjiang Class”
新疆內地高中班

18. EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization and Nationalism
How has Globalization influenced the strength
and vitality of Nationalism?

19. FORCES AND DYNAMISM
Interest
Value
Politics

20. BASQUE MOVEMENT
• Anti-globalization & anti-capitalist stance
• Campaign against Spain’s entry to NATO&EU
• Active role in shaping the institutions
• Neither Ethnocentric nor conservative

21. GUGGENISATION:
GLOBAL STRATEGY
Global Project : Source of Revenue
Retain unique cultural identity
Expand the influence in Europe & Latin America

22. XINJIANG:
EAST TURKESTAN INDEPENDENCE
MOVEMENT
The Pivot or the Pawn
Open door Policy: ‘Great International Circle’
Petrochemical plant in Dushanze Oilfield
Eurasian Continental Bridge

23. INTERNATIONALIZATION OF
DOMESTIC CONFLICTS
Shanghai cooperation Organization
Combat incursions by Muslims
Connection with Al-Qaeda?

24. THE UNITED STATES:
AMBIVALENT ATTITUDE
Condemn China: Abuse of human rights
Warn against using crackdowns on Xinjiang
Rabiya Kadeer: Entrepreneur & Political activist

25. CONCLUSIONS
Basque Movement Xinjiang’s ETIM
Scope Larger Smaller
Nature Radical Less radical
Influence Larger, affect the Smaller, along the
mainstream periphery

26. CONCLUSION
• Historical and Political Background
• Cultural: Linguistic Policies
• Globalization and Nationalism

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