Unit VII Scholarly Activity This scholarly activity will include further research on white-collar crime. Visit the site below, and explore the different components of white-collar crime: Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.). What we investigate: White-collar crime. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/white-collar-crime Then, include the following points in your scholarly activity: · different types of crime that are categorized as white-collar, · the victims of these crimes, and · the reasons why you believe it is difficult to enforce these laws. Your scholarly activity must be a minimum of two pages in length (not including the title and reference pages). All sources used, including the referenced website for this activity, must be cited and referenced using the appropriate APA format. Information about accessing the grading rubric for this assignment is provided below. Criminology CHAPTER Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger THIRD EDITION White-Collar and Organized Crime—Crime as a Job 11 Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter ObjectivesDescribe the various types of white-collar crime.Define corporate crime and explain how a corporation can commit a crime.Describe the causes of white-collar crime. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter ObjectivesSummarize the efforts to curtail white-collar crime.Outline the history and activities of organized crime.Explain criminal enterprise and identify some of the more important criminal gangs operating in the United States. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter ObjectivesExplain transnational organized crime.Summarize the effort, including federal legislation, aimed at curtailing organized crime.Describe what can be done to combat organized crime. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 11.1 Describe the various types of white-collar crime. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types of White-Collar CrimeViolations of the criminal law committed by persons of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupationWhite-collar criminals are far less likely to be investigated, arrested, or prosecuted than are other types of offenders. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types of White-Collar CrimeThe chief criterion for a crime to be "white collar" is that it occurs as part of, or a deviation from, the violator's occupational role. White-collar crimes result in mor ...

1. Unit VII Scholarly Activity
This scholarly activity will include further research on white-
collar crime. Visit the site below, and explore the different
components of white-collar crime: Federal Bureau of
Investigation. (n.d.). What we investigate: White-collar crime.
Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/white-collar-
crime Then, include the following points in your scholarly
activity:
· different types of crime that are categorized as white-collar,
· the victims of these crimes, and
· the reasons why you believe it is difficult to enforce these
laws.
Your scholarly activity must be a minimum of two pages in
length (not including the title and reference pages). All sources
used, including the referenced website for this activity, must be
cited and referenced using the appropriate APA format.
Information about accessing the grading rubric for this
assignment is provided below.
Criminology
CHAPTER
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All Rights Reserved
Criminology, 3e
Frank Schmalleger

2. THIRD EDITION
White-Collar and Organized Crime—Crime as a Job
11
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Criminology, 3e
Frank Schmalleger
Chapter ObjectivesDescribe the various types of white-collar
crime.Define corporate crime and explain how a corporation can
commit a crime.Describe the causes of white-collar crime.
continued on next slide
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All Rights Reserved
Criminology, 3e
Frank Schmalleger
Chapter ObjectivesSummarize the efforts to curtail white-collar
crime.Outline the history and activities of organized
crime.Explain criminal enterprise and identify some of the more
important criminal gangs operating in the United States.
continued on next slide
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All Rights Reserved
Criminology, 3e
Frank Schmalleger
Chapter ObjectivesExplain transnational organized
crime.Summarize the effort, including federal legislation, aimed

3. at curtailing organized crime.Describe what can be done to
combat organized crime.
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Frank Schmalleger
Learning Objective 11.1
Describe the various types of white-collar crime.
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Frank Schmalleger
Types of White-Collar CrimeViolations of the criminal law
committed by persons of respectability and high social status in
the course of their occupationWhite-collar criminals are far less
likely to be investigated, arrested, or prosecuted than are other
types of offenders.
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Frank Schmalleger
Types of White-Collar CrimeThe chief criterion for a crime to
be "white collar" is that it occurs as part of, or a deviation from,
the violator's occupational role. White-collar crimes result in
more than $300 billion in losses to the American economy every
year.

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Frank Schmalleger
FIGURE 11-1 Top-Ten Internet Crime Complaint Categories.
Source: National White Collar Crime Center, Annual Report,
2010, p. 10, http://www.ic3.gov/
media/annualreport/2010_ic3report.pdf (accessed March 11,
2012). Used with permission. ©2011. NW3C, Inc. d/b/a the
National White Collar Crime Center. All rights reserved.
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Frank Schmalleger
Types of White-Collar CrimeOccupational CrimeAny act
punishable by law that is committed through opportunity created
in the course of an occupation which is legal
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Frank Schmalleger
Learning Objective 11.2
Define corporate crime and explain how a corporation can
commit a crime.
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Frank Schmalleger
Corporate CrimeCorporate crime is a form of organized crime.A
violation of a criminal statutes either by a corporate entity or by
its executives, employees, or agents acting on behalf of and for
the benefit of the corporation, partnership, or other form of
business entity
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Frank Schmalleger
Corporate CrimeNew York Central and Hudson River Railroad
Co. v. United States (1909)The Supreme Court reasoned that the
criminal acts and intentions of a company's employees can
extend to the company itself.
continued on next slide
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Corporate CrimeNew York Central and Hudson River Railroad
Co. v. United States (1909)Because corporations could be held
liable for civil wrongs involving their employees' bad conduct,
it would be appropriate to hold them criminally liable as well.
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6. Criminology, 3e
Frank Schmalleger
Corporate CrimeMost white-collar crimes are financial crimes.
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Frank Schmalleger
FIGURE 11-2 Types of Financial Crime.
Source: From Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction,
7e by Frank A. Schmalleger. Copyright © 2014 by Pearson
Education. Used by permission of Pearson Education.
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Frank Schmalleger
Corporate CrimeEnvironmental CrimeViolations of the criminal
law that, although typically committed by businesses or
business officials, may be committed by other individuals or
organizational entities that damage some protected or otherwise
significant aspect of the natural environment
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Corporate CrimeTerrorism and White-Collar CrimeTerrorist

7. activity frequently involves some form of white-collar crime
because terrorists need money for daily living expenses.
continued on next slide
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Corporate CrimeTerrorism and White-Collar CrimeTerrorist
groups also frequently send a portion of the money acquired
from illegal activities back to their home country or pass it
along to those higher up in the chain of command.
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Frank Schmalleger
Learning Objective 11.3
Describe the causes of white-collar crime.
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Frank Schmalleger
Causes of White-Collar CrimeWhite-collar criminals have
special characteristics.They are not as dangerous as other forms
of crime.They provide relatively large rewards.The rewards they
produce may follow quickly from their commission.
continued on next slide

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Frank Schmalleger
Causes of White-Collar CrimeWhite-collar criminals have
special characteristics.Sanctions associated with them may be
vague or only rarely imposed.May require only minimal effort
from those with the requisite skills to engage in them.
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Causes of White-Collar CrimePersonal characteristics of most
white-collar workers are not generally associated with crime
commission.High educational levelsA commitment to the status
quoPersonal motivation to succeed
continued on next slide
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Causes of White-Collar CrimePersonal characteristics of most
white-collar workers are not generally associated with crime
commission.Deference to othersAttention to conventional
appearanceOther inherent aspects of social conformity
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Frank Schmalleger
Learning Objective 11.4
Summarize the efforts to curtail white-collar crime.
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Frank Schmalleger
Curtailing White-Collar CrimeWhite-collar crimes are often
difficult to investigate and prosecute for a number of
reasons.White-collar criminals are generally better
educated.Often the evidence involved is only understandable to
financial or legal experts and can be difficult for jurors to
understand.
continued on next slide
*
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Curtailing White-Collar CrimeWhite-collar crimes are often
difficult to investigate and prosecute for a number of
reasons.White collar criminals are better able to conceal their
activities.Business executives are often able to hire excellent
defense attorneys.

10. *
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Curtailing White-Collar CrimeCorporate Fraud Task ForceA
U.S. Department of Justice organization created by George W.
Bush to investigate corporate fraud
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Curtailing White-Collar CrimeSarbanes-Oxley Act (2002)A
federal law that set stiff penalties for corporate
wrongdoingOfficially known as the Public Company Accounting
Reform and Investor Protection ActHas been called the most
far-reaching reform of U.S. business practices
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Curtailing White-Collar CrimeFinancial Fraud Enforcement
Task ForceAn organization created by Barack Obama in 2009 to
replace the Corporate Fraud Task ForcePurpose to combat

11. financial fraud, including false claims made under various
federal economic stimulus legislation
Glossary definition included here
*
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Frank Schmalleger
Learning Objective 11.5
Outline the history and activities of organized crime.
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Frank Schmalleger
History and Activities of Organized CrimeOrganized
CrimeUnlawful activities of the members of a highly organized,
disciplined association engaged in supplying illegal goods and
services, including prostitution, gambling, loan-sharking,
narcotics, and labor racketeering
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History and Activities of Organized CrimeMafiaAnother name
for Sicilian organized crimeLa Casa NostraLiterally "our

12. thing"A criminal organization of Sicilian origin
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FIGURE 11-3 A Typical Italian American Organized Crime
Family.
Source: Adapted from the President’s Commission on Law
Enforcement and Administration of Justice, The Challenge of
Crime in a Free Society (Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1967), p. 47.
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History and Activities of Organized CrimeEthnic successionThe
continuing process whereby one immigrant or ethnic group
succeeds another through assumption of a particular position in
society
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History and Activities of Organized CrimeProhibition and
Official CorruptionIn many ways, the advent of Prohibition was
a godsend for Mafia leaders.The existing infrastructure of

13. organized crime permitted easy and efficient entry into the
running and sale of contraband liquor.
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History and Activities of Organized CrimeActivities of
Organized CrimeRacketeeringVice operationsTheft/fence
ringsGangsTerrorism
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Learning Objective 11.6
Explain criminal enterprise and identify some of the more
important criminal gangs operating in the United States.
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Frank Schmalleger
Criminal EnterpriseCriminal EnterpriseA group of individuals
with an identifiable hierarchy, and extensive supporting
networks, engaged in criminal activityState laws defining
criminal enterprise are generally more inclusive than federal
statutes.

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Frank Schmalleger
Criminal EnterpriseInternational Organized Criminal Groups
Whose Activities Impact the United StatesEurasian Criminal
EnterprisesBalkan Criminal EnterprisesAsian Criminal
EnterprisesAfrican Criminal EnterprisesMiddle Eastern
Criminal Enterprises
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Frank Schmalleger
Learning Objective 11.7
Explain transnational organized crime.
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Frank Schmalleger
Transnational Organized CrimeTransnational Organized
CrimeUnlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized
criminal groups operating across national boundaries
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15. Transnational Organized CrimeRussian organized crime is of
special interest because it has grown quickly following the
collapse of the Soviet Union.Russian organized crime seems to
be a natural outgrowth of the corrupt practices of officials who
operated in the days of strict Soviet control.
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Learning Objective 11.8
Summarize the efforts, including federal legislation, aimed at
curtailing organized crime.
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Frank Schmalleger
Curtailing Organized CrimeOrganized Crime and the LawHobbs
ActThe first federal legislation aimed specifically at curtailing
the activities of organized crime
continued on next slide
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Curtailing Organized CrimeOrganized Crime and the
LawRacketeer-Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO)
ActA statute that was part of the federal Organized Crime

16. Control Act of 1970 and is intended to combat criminal
conspiracies
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Curtailing Organized CrimeAsset ForfeitureA type of
punishment provided under RICOThe authorized seizure of
money, negotiable instruments, securities, or other things of
value
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Frank Schmalleger
Learning Objective 11.9
Describe what can be done to combat organized crime.
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Frank Schmalleger
Controlling Organized CrimeFour approaches to the control of
organized crimeIncreasing resources available to law
enforcement agenciesIncrease law enforcement authorityReduce
the economic lure of involvement in organized crimeDecrease
criminal activity through decriminalization or legalization

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Chapter SummaryThis chapter distinguishes between white-
collar, occupational, corporate, and organized crime.Corporate
crimes come in many forms.White-collar criminals have many
of the same motivations as do other criminals, and
criminologists generally agree that white-collar crime is
learned.
continued on next slide
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Chapter SummaryWhite-collar crimes are often difficult to
investigate and prosecute.Much of what most Americans
traditionally think of today as organized crime has roots that
predate the establishment of the United States.
continued on next slide
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Chapter SummaryA criminal enterprise is a group of individuals
with an identifiable hierarchy, and extensive supporting
networks, engaged in significant criminal activity.Transnational
organized crime refers to unlawful activity undertaken and
supported by organized criminal groups operating across

18. national boundaries.
continued on next slide
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Chapter SummaryThe first federal legislation aimed specifically
at curtailing activities of organized crime was the Hobbs Act.
The single most important piece of federal legislation ever
passed that specifically targets organized crime is the Racketeer
Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act.
continued on next slide
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Chapter SummaryOrganized crime is an integral part of the
social, political, and economic systems in our society.
Criminology
CHAPTER
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Frank Schmalleger
THIRD EDITION

19. Drug and Sex Crimes—Recreational Offenses
12
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Chapter ObjectivesSummarize the early history of drug use in
the United States, and describe the extent of contemporary drug
abuse.Identify the types of legal and illegal drugs that are
commonly abused in the United States today.
continued on next slide
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Chapter ObjectivesDescribe some of the methods used today to
traffic drugs.Explain legislative and social strategies to combat
drug abuse.Summarize the drug legalization/decriminalization
debate.
continued on next slide
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Chapter ObjectivesSummarize prostitution in the United
States.Summarize the prostitution legalization/decriminalization
debate.

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Learning Objective 12.1
Summarize the early history of drug use in the United States,
and describe the extent of contemporary drug use.
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Frank Schmalleger
History of Drugs in the United StatesThe widespread use of
drugs is of relatively recent origin.Throughout the 1800s and
early 1900s, use of illegal drugs was mostly confined to a small
group.Few Americans seriously affected at that time by any
drug other than alcohol.
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History of Drugs in the United StatesPyschoactive substances
gained widespread acceptance during the late 1960s and early
1970s. Psychoactive substances affect the mind, mental
processes, or emotions.
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History of Drugs in the United StatesOffice of National Drug
Control Policy (ONDCP)A national office charged by Congress
with establishing policies, priorities, and objectives for the
nation’s drug-control programThey estimate Americans spend
around $109 billion.
ONDCP definition from glossary
Figure 12-3 Annual amount spent on Illegal Drugs in the United
States, page 243
*
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FIGURE 12-3 Annual Amount Spent on Illegal Drugs in the
United States.
Source: Based on B. Kilmer, S. Everingham, J. Caulkins, G.
Midgette, R. Pacula, P. Reuter, R. Burns, B. Han, R. Lundberg,
What America’s Users Spend on Illegal Drugs: 2000–2010
(Santa Monica, CA; RAND Corporation, 2014).
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22. History of Drugs in the United StatesConsequences of drug
abuseMany cases of HIV/AIDS can be traced to intravenous
drug use.
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Learning Objective 12.2
Identify the types of legal and illegal drugs that are commonly
abused in the United States today.
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Types of DrugsControlled SubstancesChemical substances or
drugs as defined under the 1970 federal Controlled Substances
ActGrouped into five schedules
Controlled substances definition from glossary
*
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Types of DrugsControlled Substances Under the Federal

23. Controlled Substances ActSchedule I – marijuana, heroin,
opioids, peyoteNo currently accepted medical useSchedule II –
cocaine, opium, morphineSometimes accepted for medical use
continued on next slide
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Types of DrugsControlled Substances Under the Federal
Controlled Substances ActSchedule III – anabolic steroids,
ketamineSometimes accepted for medical useSchedule IV –
Xanax, Valium, barbituratesSometimes accepted for medical use
continued on next slide
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Types of DrugsControlled Substances Under the Federal
Controlled Substances ActSchedule V – Some prescription pain
pillsSometimes accepted for medical use
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Types of DrugsFederal Controlled Substances Act also allows
for the control of other dangerous drugs.Term used by the Drug
Enforcement Administration to refer to broad categories or

24. classes of controlled substances other than cocaine, opiates,
hallucinogens, inhalants, and cannabis products
Definition from glossary
*
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Learning Objective 12.3
Describe some of the methods used today to traffic drugs.
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Drug Trafficking MethodsDrug traffickingThe manufacturing,
distributing, dispensing, importing, and exporting (or
possession with intent to do the same) a controlled or
counterfeit substanceDrugs such as cocaine, heroin, and LSD
are especially easy to smuggle.
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Drug Trafficking MethodsTransportation routes into the U.S.
include:Shipment overland from South America through Central

25. America.Direct shipments to U.S. ports while concealed in
containers or packed with legitimate products.
continued on next slide
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Drug Trafficking MethodsTransportation routes into the U.S.
include:Flights into the United States via commercial airplanes
or in private aircraft.Airdrops in vessels waiting offshore for
smuggling into the United States.
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Drug Trafficking MethodsPharmaceutical Diversion and
Designer DrugsThe pharmaceutical diversion and subsequent
abuse of legitimately manufactured controlled substances are a
major source of drug-related addiction or dependence, medical
emergencies, and death
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Drug Trafficking MethodsPharmaceutical diversion The process
by which legitimately manufactured controlled substances are
diverted for illicit useDepressants, including sedatives,

26. tranquilizers, and antianxiety drugs, stimulants, and anabolic
steroids are most often diverted.
Definition from glossary.
Dep
*
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Drug Trafficking MethodsDesigner DrugsNew substances
designed by slightly altering the chemical makeup of other
illegal or tightly controlled drugs
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Drug Trafficking MethodsDrug-defined crimes vs. drug-related
crimesDrug-Related CrimesCan induce violent behaviorCommit
crimes to support drug habitViolence is often characterized
among drug users.
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Drug Trafficking MethodsExtensive evidence of a strong

27. relationship between drug use and crimeDrug users report
greater involvement in crime and are more likely that nonusers
to have criminal records.
continued on next slide
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Drug Trafficking MethodsExtensive evidence of a strong
relationship between drug use and crimePeople with criminal
records are much more likely than others to report being drug
users.Crimes rise in numbers as drug use increases.
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Learning Objective 12.4
Explain legislative and social strategies to combat drug abuse.
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Combating Drug AbusePrior to 1907, any and all drugs could be
bought and sold in the U.S. without restriction.Legislation
changing this included:Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.The
Harrison Act of 1914.
continued on next slide

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Combating Drug AbuseLegislation changing this
included:Marijuana Tax Act of 1937.Violent Crime Control and
Law Enforcement Act (1994).Comprehensive Methamphetamine
Control Act of 1996.
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Combating Drug AbuseMuch legislative emphasis in recent
years has shifted from targeting users to arresting, prosecuting,
and incarcerating the distributors of controlled substances.
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Combating Drug AbuseInterdictionAn international drug control
policy designed to stop drugs from entering the country illegally
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29. Combating Drug AbuseForfeitureA legal procedure that
authorizes judicial representatives to seize things of value
furnished or intended to be furnished by any person in exchange
for a controlled substance and all proceeds traceable to such an
exchange
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Frank Schmalleger
Learning Objective 12.5
Summarize the drug legalization/decriminalization debate.
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Frank Schmalleger
Drug Legalization/DecriminalizationThe war on drugs has been
costly. It has been costly in other ways as well.Court resources
are diverted to address drug cases.High rates of imprisonment
of drug offenders.
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Frank Schmalleger
FIGURE 12-9 Federal Drug Control Spending, Fiscal Years
2012–2014.

30. Source: Executive Office of the President of the United States,
National Drug Control Budget: FY 2014 Funding Highlights
(Washington, DC: April 2013), p. 2.
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Frank Schmalleger
Drug Legalization/DecriminalizationDecriminalization and
legalization have both been suggested as alternative drug
control policies.DecriminalizationThe redefinition of certain
previously criminal behaviors into regulated activities that
become “ticketable” rather than “arrestable”
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Drug Legalization/DecriminalizationLegalizationElimination of
the laws and criminal penalties associated with certain
behaviors – usually the production, sale, distribution, and
possession of a controlled substance
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Frank Schmalleger
Drug Legalization/Decriminalization
Are you in favor of legalization?
Decriminalization?

31. Or would you prefer to keep today’s laws or make them even
tougher?
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Frank Schmalleger
Learning Objective 12.6
Summarize prostitution in the United States.
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Frank Schmalleger
ProstitutionThe offering of one’s self for hire for the purpose of
engaging in sexual relations or the act or practice of engaging in
sexual activity for money or its equivalentExcept in parts of
Nevada, prostitution is a criminal act throughout the United
States and is generally classified as a misdemeanor.
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Frank Schmalleger
FIGURE 12-10 Types of Prostitutes.
Source: From Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction,
7e by Frank A. Schmalleger. Copyright © 2014 by Pearson
Education. Used by permission of Pearson Education.

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Frank Schmalleger
ProstitutionPerspectives on ProstitutionSome feminist thinkers
argue that prostitution exploits and demeans women.Others
argue that selling sex need not be exploitive and might actually
be liberating.
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Frank Schmalleger
Learning Objective 12.7
Summarize the prostitution legalization/decriminalization
debate.
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Frank Schmalleger
Prostitution Legalization/DecriminalizationArguments in favor
of legalizing/ decriminalizing prostitutionWomen beyond a
specified age would be able to offer paid sexual services with
few restrictions.The current practice forces prostitution onto the
streets.
continued on next slide
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Prostitution Legalization/DecriminalizationArguments in favor
of legalizing/ decriminalizing prostitutionKeeping prostitution
illegal means that prostitutes are easy targets for pimps and
offenders.Legalization frees law enforcement resources to be
used on more serious types of crime.
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Frank Schmalleger
Chapter SummaryControlled substances were not regulated until
the 1990s in the United States.The types of drugs commonly
abused in this country include controlled substances, or those
that fall into one of five schedules under the 1970 Controlled
Substance Act.
continued on next slide
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Chapter SummaryDrug trafficking includes the manufacturing,
distributing, dispensing, importing, and exporting of controlled
or counterfeit substances.A number of legislative initiatives and
social strategies have occurred to curtail drug use.
continued on next slide

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Chapter SummaryA number of arguments have been made in
favor of legalizing or decriminalization of drugs.In the U.S.,
over 92,000 individuals are arrested each year for prostitution.A
number of arguments have been made in favor of legalizing or
decriminalization of prostitution.